• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2006

This study was carried out to evaluate the mechano-sorptive deflection of shear creep of drift pin jointed solid wood. Specimens were the solid wood of Pinus densiflora. The joint was composed with steel plate and drift pin, 85mm in length and 10mm in diameter. The creep tests were conducted under the constant loads in an variable environment. Five different shearing loads were applied parallel to the grain of specimens. The shearing loads applied were 170, 340, 510, 680 and 850 kgf. The stress levels were 10, 20, and 30, 40 and 50% of the bearing strength obtained from the tension-type lateral strength test. The creep tests for specimens were carried out for 10300 hours. A few general conclusions could be drawn from this study: The mechano-sorptive deflection (${\delta}$ ms) is defined as ${\delta}\;ms={\delta}\;t-({\delta}\;c+{\delta}\;sh)-{\delta}\;o$, where ${\delta}$ t is the total deflection, ${\delta}$ c is the pure creep, ${\delta}$ sh is shrinkage-swelling behavior, and ${\delta}$ o is the initial deflection. Changes of relative humidity may cause more severe creep deflection than those of constant humidity, especially during the drying process. The mechano-sorptive behaviors of specimens, except the effects of shrinkage and swelling, gradually increased with increasing time. The deflection is increased in desorption process and recovered in adsorption process. The deflections of drift pin jointed solid wood under different loads showed almost same tendency in all specimens. Although the creep deflection tendencies of each series are very similar, the specimens subjected to a large shearing load exhibit large creep deflections in the desorption process than do those to the small shearing load specimens.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 1994년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.19-30
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• 1994

This paper reports a case study of aboutment displacement and pavement settlement observed at the construction site for highway bridges. The emphasis was on quantifying the horizontal deflections of about and pavement settlement on the backfill surface. It is shown that in soft clay, bridge aboutments on pile foundations are subjected to lateral earth pressures due to lateral soil movement. Based on the results analyzed, the earth pressure was predicted by deflection shape of piles based on the results of a numerical analysis and an analytical study. Also, the long term settlement of soil below pavement was estimated.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.419-444
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• 2014

In this study experimental result of a total of eight SCC and FRSCC slabs with the same cross-section were monitored for up to 240 days to measure the time-dependent development of cracking and deformations under service loads are presented. For this purpose, four SCC mixes are considered in the test program. This study aimed to compare SCC and FRSCC experimental results with conventional concrete experimental results. The steel strains within the high moment regions, the concrete surface strains at the tensile steel level, deflection at the mid-span, crack widths and crack spacing were recorded throughout the testing period. Experimental results show that hybrid fibre reinforced SCC slabs demonstrated minimum instantaneous and time-dependent crack widths and steel fibre reinforced SCC slabs presented minimum final deflection.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.131-137
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• 1999

The use of higher strength materials with the strength methed of design has resulted in more slender member and shallower sections. For this reason, it is necessary to satisfy the requirements of serviceability even though the structural safety is the most important limit state. This paper is only concerned with the control of deflections in the serviceability. In this study, an analytical model is presented to predict the deflections of reinforced concrete beams to given loading and environmental conditions. This model is based on the finite element approach in which a finite element is generally divided into a number of stiffening effect due to cracking, creep and shrinkage. Comparisons are made with available measured deflections reported by others to assess the capability of the layered beam model. The calculated values of instantaneous and long-term deflection show good agreement with experimental results in the range of tension stiffening parameter $\beta$ between 2.5 and 3.0.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.455-470
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• 2013

RC flat plates that have no flexural stiffness by boundary beams may be governed by a serviceability as well as a strength condition. A construction sequence and its impact on the distributions of construction loads among slabs tied by shores are decisive factors influencing immediate and long term performances of flat plate. Over-loading and tensile cracking in early-aged slabs significantly increase the deflection of a flat plate system under construction. A reshoring work may be helpful in reducing slab deflections by controlling the vertical distributions of construction loads in a multi-shored flat plate system. In this study, a change of construction loads by reshoring works and its effects on deflections of flat plate systems under construction are analyzed. The slab construction loads with various reshoring schemes are defined by a simplified method, and the practical calculation of slab deflections with considering construction sequences and concrete cracking effects is applied. From parametric studies, the reshoring works are verified to reduce construction loads and slab deflections.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2007년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1392-1394
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• 2007

By the examination of data collected by long-term measuring system on high-speed railway bridges, it has been known that the atmospheric temperature may affect the responses of maximum deflection and acceleration of bridge deck. Collected data show a tendency by seasonal factor to that, by the decrease of temperature, the response of acceleration of bridge deck increases, and the response of deflection decreases. To trace the cause of this tendency, parametric analysis on the stiffness of bridge bearing and track ballast has been performed, and the in-site measurement has been achieved in high-speed railway line to understand seasonal influences.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.125-132
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• 2010

최근 건설 사업에서 FRP를 단순 부착하여 구조물을 보강하는 공법은 현재 가장 널리 사용되고 있는 보수보강법이다. 본 논문에서는 FRP로 보강된 철근콘크리트 구조물은 지속하중을 받고 있기 때문에 크리프와 건조수축의 영향을 받는다. 이로 인하여 FRP의 보강효과도 달라지며, 처짐 및 변형의 회복성능, 잔존 내력 역시 크게 달라진다. 따라서 CFRP, GFRP가 휨성능에 영향을 미치는 보강 성능을 파악하고, 일정 시간이 흐른 후 하중을 제거하여 장기 변형 및 처짐의 회복성능을 파악하고, 잔존하는 내력을 알아보고자 정적 재하 실험을 수행하였다. 실험한 결과, FRP 보강 실험체는 즉시 처짐을 제어하는 측면은 매우 효율적이고, 즉시변형 회복량 또한 즉시 변형량보다 큰 결과를 보였다. 잔존강도 실험을 통하여 CFRP로 보강된 실험체가 가장 큰 내력을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. FRP로 보강된 보는 지속하중에 의한 부착성능 및 잔존내력에는 영향이 없었던 것으로 판단된다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.187-194
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• 2013

섬유복합체(FRP)는 비부식성 재료라는 특징으로 인해 이상적인 철근 대체재로 주목 받고 있다. 그러나 현재 FRP 보강근은 철근과 달리 일반적으로 수용되는 고정된 형태가 존재하지 않고 다양한 재료와 성분비, 형태 등으로 제작되기 때문에 이에 대한 성능평가 데이터에 근거한 FRP 보강 콘크리트 부재의 거동특성 구명은 상당부분 제한될 수 있다. 더군다나 FRP 보강 콘크리트 부재의 휨거동에 대한 평가는 주로 단기 거동 측면에 집중되어 이루어져 왔다. 이 연구는 GFRP 보강근 및 이를 사용하여 보강된 콘크리트 부재의 장기거동을 평가하기 위한 것으로, 먼저 철근 대체용으로 개발된 GFRP 보강근에 대한 성능평가 결과를 제시하였고, 이의 크리프 거동 특성에 대한 3년간의 계측 결과를 제시하였다. 실험 결과 인장강도의 약 55% 이하의 하중이 지속적으로 재하되는 경우에는 100년 이상의 내구연한을 확보할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 GFRP 보강 콘크리트 보의 장기거동을 약 1년간 관찰하였으며 이로부터 FRP 보강 부재의 장기처짐 계산식에 사용되는 수정계수 값 0.73을 도출하였다. 따라서 이 연구로부터 도출된 GFRP 보강근 및 이로 보강된 콘크리트 보의 단기 및 장기 거동 특성값은 FRP 보강 콘크리트 부재의 설계에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.289-302
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• 2023

Insulating glass units (IGUs) have been widely used in buildings in recent years due to their superior thermal insulation performance. However, because of the panel reciprocating motion and fatigue deterioration of sealants under long-term wind loads, many IGUs have the problem of early failure of watertight properties in real usage. This study aimed to propose a statistical method for wind-induced deflection of IGU panels during the whole life service period, for further precise analysis of the accumulated fatigue damage at the sealed part of the edge bond. By the estimation of the wind occurrence regularity based on wind pressure return period, the events of each wind speed interval during the whole life were obtained for the IGUs at 50m height in Beijing, which are in good agreement with the measured data. Also, the wind-induced deflection analysis method of IGUs based on the formula of airspace coefficient was proposed and verified as an improvement of the original stiffness distribution method with the average relative error compared to the test being about 3% or less. Combining the two methods above, the deformation of the outer and inner panes under wind loads during 30 years was precisely calculated, and the deflection and stress state at selected locations were obtained finally. The results show that the compression displacement at the secondary sealant under the maximum wind pressure is close to 0.3mm (strain 2.5%), and the IGUs are in tens of thousands of times the low amplitude tensile-compression cycle and several times to dozens of times the relatively high amplitude tensile-compression cycle environment. The approach proposed in this paper provides a basis for subsequent studies on the durability of IGUs and the wind-resistant behaviors of curtain wall structures.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.673-693
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• 2005

A general step-by-step simulation for the time-dependent analysis of segmentally-erected prestressed concrete box-girder bridges is presented. A three dimensional finite-element model for the balanced-cantilever construction of segmental bridges, including effects of the load history, material nonlinearity, creep, shrinkage, and aging of concrete and the relaxation of prestressing steel was developed using ABAQUS software. The models included three-dimensional shell elements to model the box-girder walls and Rebar elements representing the prestressing tendons. The step-by-step procedure allows simulating the construction stages, effects of time-dependent deformations of materials and changes in the structural system of the bridges. The structural responses during construction and throughout the service life were traced. A comparison of the developed computer simulation with available experimental results was conducted and good agreement was found. Deflection of the bridge deck, changes in stresses and strains and the redistribution of internal forces were calculated for different examples of bridges, built by the balanced-cantilever method, over thirty-year duration. Significant time-dependent effects on the bridge deflections and redistribution of internal forces and stresses were observed. The ultimate load carrying capacities of the bridges and the behavior before collapse were also determined. It was observed that the ultimate load carrying capacity of such bridges decreases with time as a result of time-dependent effects.