• 음성과학
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.193-206
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• 2002

The aim of this study is to find out how the labiovelar onglide /w/ in English kwV sequences that have minimal pairs with kV sequences is pronounced differently among Korean EFL learners based on acoustic evidence. This study tries to identify /w/ sound in English kwV sequences through spectrograms and to examine the duration ratios of each segment in kwV words to compare the patterns of an English native speaker with those of Korean speakers of English. In spectrographic analyses, the complete deletion of /w/ and partial pronunciation of /w/ dubbed [$k^{w}$] were identified as well as the targetappropriate production of /w/. The general production patterns with respect to the duration ratios in English [kw] sequence words showed that the subjects who produced /w/ had similar ratio patterns that the native speaker had in that the vowel duration ratio in kwV sequences was shorter than that in kV sequences. By contrast, the subjects who deleted [w] had a long ratio of the onset [$k^{h}$] while the speaker with a partial pronunciation of /w/ had a long ratio of the following vowel.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.240-249
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• 2018

Purpose: The study was done to explore whether the duration of perioperative prophylactic antibiotics therapy influenced uncertainty of recovery in patients with elective laparoscopic uterine myomectomy. Methods: A prospective study was conducted using self-report questionnaires and electrical medical records for patients with uterine myomectomy. According to the length of the perioperative prophylactic antibiotics therapy, the patients were divided into three groups: single-dose antibiotic treatment group, short-term antibiotic treatment group, and long-term antibiotic treatment group. Data were collected from December 20, 2016 to July 31, 2017 from 161 patients who underwent laparoscopic myomectomy at a metropolitan city general hospital. Results: Level of uncertainty of recovery was $2.98{\pm}0.22$. The uncertainty was highest in the long-term antibiotic treatment group, followed by the short-term antibiotic treatment group and the single-dose antibiotic treatment group (F=89.40, p<.001). In the regression analysis, factors influencing uncertainty of recovery among uterine myomectomy patients were duration of perioperative prophylactic antibiotic therapy (${\beta}=.70$, p<.001) and duration of NPO (${\beta}=-.11$, p=.047) which explained 51.5% of the variance (F=83.75, p<.001). Conclusion: Based on these results, information including the administration of antibiotics before surgery should be provided to the patients to help reduce the uncertainty of postoperative recovery.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2006

Background: Recently trigeminal nerve block with alcohol (TnbA) for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) has come to be known as a procedure with a short-term effect and high complications. There has been none of report about long-term outcome of TnbA for TN. The objective of this prospective study for the long-term results of TnbA was to analyse the pain free duration and complication after the administration of blocks and compare them in the first block and subsequent blocks. Methods: From March 1996 to May 2005, 304 consecutive patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia were treated with TnbA including supraorbital nerve block, infraorbital nerve block, maxillary nerve (V2) block, mandibular nerve (V3) block, and V2 and V3 at the same time and were prospectively followed up every two months for 10 years. Results: The mean value of pain free duation of 1st, 2nd and 3rd TnbA were 43, 38 and 48 months, respectively using Kaplan-Meier analysis. The probability of pain recurrence in 1 and 3 years after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd blocks were 25%, 25%, 20% and 53%, 54%, 34%, respectively. The pain free durations of first and subsequent blocks were not statistically different. Complications were reported at 36 (11.8%), 5 (4.2%), and 0 in 1st, 2nd and 3rd blocks. Conclusions: TnbA showed the relatively long duration of pain free and low incidence of complications. Repeated TnbA has pain free duration as long as the 1st block and less complications as well. TnbA is a valuable treatment of TN as a percutaneous procedure.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.188-193
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• 2003

To predict changes in biomechanical parameters such as intradiscal pressure, and the shock absorbing mechanism in the spinal motion segment under different impact duration/loading rates, a three dimensional L3/L4 motion segment finite element model was modified to incorporate the poroelastic properties of the motion segment. The results were analyzed under variable impact duration for normal and degenerated discs. For short impact duration and a given maximum compressive force, relatively high cancellous pore pressure was generated as compared with a case of long impact duration, although the amount of impulse was increased. In contrast relatively constant pore pressure was generated in the nucleus. Disc degeneration increased pore pressure in the disc and decreased pore pressure in the cancellous core, which is more vulnerable to compressive fracture compared with intact case.

• Architectural research
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.109-116
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• 2012

In order to shorten construction duration in high-rise project, construction company tried to make various system method toward simplifying construction method and shortening construction duration. Though high-rise tower-type residential project are growing, there are few case study. Then, the data for preliminary schedule planning in high-rise tower-type residential project are rare. This purpose of research shows construction method in structural work in high-rise tower-type residential project, suggests schedule planning in structural work through case studies. The structural work in high-rise tower-type residential project was divided 1) completion of form in lower part and 2) the typical floor under penthouse. The statistical analysis were done in two parts, the data from analysis were used in simulation. Finally, researcher confirmed the difference between real construction duration and the figure from simulation. The results shows that the more construction duration is long, the less ACS's cost is low. It means the effectiveness is increasing in ACS, if the floor number is high.

• 융합신호처리학회논문지
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.39-44
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• 2001

주파수도약 대역확산 통신은 열악한 채널조건하에서도 송수신기간 서로 약속된 의사 불규칙적인 케리어 주파수의 도약을 위한 정화한 주파수동기가 요구된다. 기존의 주파수도약 통신의 초기동기는 몇 개의 주파수 셑이 정해진 기간 동안 여러 번 반복하여 전송되는 다중주파수도약 동기방법(MFHS)이 사용되었다. 그러나, 동기주파수 전송시간이 길기 때문에 수신기의 동기획득시간이 길고 의도하지 않은 사용자에게 동기정보가 쉽게 누출될 우려가 있었다. 이러한 문제를 풀기 위하여 본 논문에서 적응동기 방법이 제안되었다. 적응동기 방법은 동기주파수의 개수와 반복 전송 횟수를 채널 상태에 따라 가변적으로 변경시킴으로서 통기소요시간을 줄이고 동기진보의 노출가능성을 최소화하는 방법이다. 성능분석을 통해 동기소요시간을 0.5초 수준에서 0.2초 수준으로 줄이고 재밍이나 간섭 영향을 46%까지 감소시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.271-281
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• 2013

Objectives: Emerging evidence indicates that sleep duration is associated with health outcomes. However, the relationship of sleep duration with long-term health is unclear. This study was designed to determine the relationship of sleep duration with mortality as a parameter for long-term health in a large prospective cohort study in Korea. Methods: The study population included 13 164 participants aged over 20 years from the Korean Multi-center Cancer Cohort study. Information on sleep duration was obtained through a structured questionnaire interview. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality were estimated using a Cox regression model. The non-linear relationship between sleep duration and mortality was examined non-parametrically using restricted cubic splines. Results: The HRs for all-cause mortality showed a U-shape, with the lowest point at sleep duration of 7 to 8 hours. There was an increased risk of death among persons with sleep duration of ${\leq}5$ hours (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.41) and of ${\geq}10$ hours (HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.72). In stratified analysis, this relationship of HR was seen in women and in participants aged ${\geq}60$ years. Risk of cardiovascular disease-specific mortality was associated with a sleep duration of ${\leq}5$ hours (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.93). Risk of death from respiratory disease was associated with sleep duration at both extremes (${\leq}5$ and ${\geq}10$ hours). Conclusions: Sleep durations of 7 to 8 hours may be recommended to the public for a general healthy lifestyle in Korea.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.139-146
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• 2008

To clarify the relationship between the timing and the duration of flowering among populations, plants, and individual flowers, the dates of flower budding, flowering and deflowering were monitored for ten woody species from March 1 to June 30, in 2005, 2006 and 2007, in temperate deciduous forests at three sites of Namsan, and individual plants from seven woody species were monitored from March 1 to May 31, in 2006. Total durations of flower budding, flowering, and deflowering varied among the plant species. Three durations of these phenological stages of Stephanandra incisa were the longest (74 days, 109 days, and 101 days, respectively), and those of Prunus serrulata var. spontanea were the shortest (7 days, 7 days, and 4 days, respectively). For each species, phenological durations varied among years but were similar among the study sites in the same year. There was no relationship between flowering time and flowering duration on the population level. On the plant level, the duration of flower budding was over 11 days in all specie; S. incisa had the longest duration (73.3 days), and that of Styrax japonica was long as well (29.0 days), while that of Prunus leveilleana was the shortest (11.3 days). The longer the mean flower budding duration, the greater the difference among the plants within a species. The flowering duration of for S. incisa was 92.2 days, while that of Forsythia koreana was 27.2 days. The flowering durations of all other species were $10{\sim}20$ days. The deflowering duration was 92.0 days in S. incisa and <15 days in all other species. Differences among the plants in deflowering duration were smaller than those of the other phenological stages. In the species that flowered in April, the correlation coefficient between the flowering duration and the first flowering date was negative and significant. However, in the species that flowered in May, the correlation between flowering duration and the first flowering date was not significant. For individual plants of all species except for S. alnifolia, the earlier the flowering time, the longer the flowering duration. Differences between flowering time and flowering duration across years were significant in six species.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.1603-1608
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• 2012

실업의 규모는 실업상태에 진입하는 진입률의 크기와 실업상태의 지속기간이라는 두가지 요인에 의하여 결정된다. 본 연구는 실업의 지속기간을 측정하는 모형을 개발하여 다양한 형태의 실업자들의 실업지속기간을 측정하고자 한다. 분석결과 신규실업참가자의 실업지속기간과 실직자들의 실업지속기간의 결정요인은 서로 다르다는 것을 보인다. 모형을 이용하여 최근 대학 졸업자들이 노동시장에 신규로 참여하여 장기간 구직활동을 하는데 그 요인을 설명한다.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.104-113
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• 2015

Background: Given the long hours on the road involving multiple and interacting work stressors (i.e., delivery pressures, irregular shifts, ergonomic hazards), commercial drivers face a plethora of health and safety risks. Researchers goal was to determine whether and to what extent long-haul trucker work schedules influence sleep duration and quality. Methods: Survey and biometric data collected from male long-haul truck drivers at a major truckstop in central North Carolina over a six month period. Results: Daily hours worked (mean = 11 hours, 55 minutes) and frequency of working over government-mandated daily HOS regulations (23.8% "frequently or always") were statistically significant predictors of sleep duration. Miles driven per week (mean = 2,812.61), irregular daily hours worked (63.8%), and frequency of working over the daily hour limit (23.8% "frequently or always") were statistically significant predictors of sleep quality. Conclusion: Implications of findings suggest a comprehensive review of the regulations and operational conditions for commercial motor vehicle drivers be undertaken.