• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.133-144
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• 2014

As the Internet and smartphones prevail, this study investigated the purchasing factors of a new beauty marketing method, the social commerce, and verified the relationship of such purchasing factors to consumer satisfaction and repurchasing intentions. In order to verify the validity of purchasing factors, five sub-factors, such as service, price, interaction, convenience, and interest were classified, while consumer satisfaction and repurchasing intentions are grouped into one factor, using data about 20-39 years old. According to results of this study, purchasing factors in the beauty service markets through social commerce that had effects on the consumer satisfaction were price, service, convenience, and interest, but no relationship was found with interaction. We can predict that consumers buy not based on community activities among buyers or purchasing comments of others, but rather his/her own subjective thoughts and opinions about the services. As the result of repurchasing intention according to purchasing factors, affecting sub-factors were price, service, and convenience. Repurchasing intention is an positive response that reflects satisfactions. Since low price, satisfaction on the service, and convenience for busy modern people should be met, repurchasing intentions are not affected by interest, but rather systematic and professional service. Also, higher satisfaction on service raises repurchasing intention. In this study, it is clear that not only purchasing factors through social-commerce effect the satisfaction and the repurchasing intention, but also consumer satisfaction mediates partly purchasing factors and the repurchasing intention. And as sub-factors of purchasing factors, price, service, or convenience are more important to the consumer satisfaction than community or replies activities. Thus differentiated and professional customer service, the establishment and enhancement of trendy marketing should improve long term repurchasing intentions. This will lead to the increasing revenue of personal-shop and the developments of beauty markets, so strengthening product sourcing and promotion suitable for mobile shoppers are essential.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.261-270
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• 2014

This study was conducted to establish the method for preserving chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) that enables long-term storage in liquid nitrogen ($LN_2$) for developmental engineering or preservation of species. The purpose of this study is to clarify the effects of simple freeze-thaw treatment on viability of PGCs in chickens and to the optimal protocol for PGCs freezing. PGCs obtained from the germinal gonade of an early embryos of 5.5~6 day (stage 28) of Isa Brown, Korean Ogye (KO), White Leghorn and Commercial breeds, using the MACS method were suspended in a freezing medium containing a freezing and protecting agents (e.g. dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG) and propylene glycol (PG)). The gonadal cells, including PGCs, were then frozen in 1 of the following cryoprotectant treatments : 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 0% cryoprotectant (DMSO, EG, PG) as a control. Effects of exposure to simple freezing, with different concentrations of the cryoprotectant solution, were examined. After simple freezing, the viability of PGCs after freeze-thawing was significantly higher for Commercial breeds ($88.7{\pm}2.4%$) than KO ($85.1{\pm}0.4%$), Isa Brown ($84.6{\pm}0.2%$) and White Leghorn ($85.9{\pm}0.1%$) (p<0.05) using 10% EG cryoprotectant. Therefore, these systems may contribute in the improvement of cryopreservation for a scarce species in birds preservation. This study established a method for preserving chicken PGCs that enables systematic storage and labeling of cryopreserved PGCs in liquid ($LN_2$) at a germplasm repository and ease of entry into a database.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2014

The purpose of the present study was to determine the priming effects of progesterone that affect the emergence of LH surge mode secretion by three different progesterone levels. In previous studies, we have shown that LH surge occurred in follicular levels of progesterone, whereas there was no surge mode secretion of LH and FSH in either the subluteal or luteal levels of progesterone. In this study, the hypothesis was that the priming effects of progesterone on the timing of the LH surge induced by exogenous estradiol are same between subluteal and luteal levels of progesterone. Long-term ovariectomized Shiba goats that had received implants of estradiol capsules (Day 0) and three different progesterone silastic packet inducing follicular, subluteal and luteal levels of progesterone were divided into three groups such as non-P, low-P and high-P group. Blood samples were collected daily throughout the experiment for the analysis of gonadal steroid hormone levels. On Day 7, all devices of progesterone packets were removed but estradiol capsules were maintained during the experiment, and blood samples were collected at 1 hr interval for 12 h from the time of progesterone removals to determine peripheral changes of estradiol and progesterone concentration. Then all animals were infused estradiol on the Day 7 after 13 h from the removals of progesterone devices with a peristaltic pump into jugular vein at a rate of 3 ${\mu}g/h$ for 36 h. For analysis of peripheral LH and estradiol concentration, blood samples were collected via another jugular vein at 2 h intervals for 52 h (from 4 h before the start of estradiol infusion to 48 h after the start of estradiol infusion). In all animals of the three groups treated with estradiol infusion, an LH surge was expressed but the peak time of LH surge was different. This time interval from estradiol infusion until the peak of LH surge was gradually and significantly extended by the different levels of progesterone treated before estradiol infusions in the three groups.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.538-543
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• 2009

Purpose : To report the clinical experience with amitriptyline for managing children with cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS). Methods : Totally, eleven children (eight males) were diagnosed with CVS. Of these, medical records were reviewed for eight children treated with amitriptyline; three children were not treated because one was not followed up and two were kept under observation to study the natural course without medication, because the frequency of vomiting had recently decreased to less than one episode per year. The eight amitriptyline-treated children were divided into three groups by the therapeutic response: (1) complete remission (CR), with no recurrence of symptoms after treatment; 2) partial remission (PR), in which the frequency of symptoms decreased by almost 50% after treatment; and (3) no response. Results : For the eight amitriptyline-treated children, the mean age of symptom onset was 4.7 (0.3-7) yr and mean age at diagnosis was 8.9 (6.0-11.3) yr. The mean number of vomiting episodes was 8.8 (2-25) per year, and the duration of vomiting in each episode ranged from 3 hours to 5 days. CR was achieved in five (62.5%) of the eight amitriptyline-treated children (0.2-0.8 mg/kg/day orally, at night) and PR was achieved in three children (37.5%). Two children relapsed on discontinuation of amitriptyline by their parents decision but showed improvement on remedication. No adverse effects were noted throughout the study period. Conclusion : Amitriptyline can be used in long-term prophylaxis for the management of children with CVS aged over 6 yr. However, a large-scale study is needed to ascertain its effects.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.12
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• pp.1534-1539
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• 2002

Purpose : This study was designed to exclude radiation in advanced(stage 3, 4) Wilms tumor (WT) by increasing the chance of complete surgical removal with preceding neoadjuvant chemotherapy, thereby reducing the incidence of late effects. Methods : Between December 1998 and July 2002, we conducted neoadjuvant chemotherapy after needle aspiration biopsy on patients who had advanced WT. If needle biopsy was accessible, we conducted neoadjuvant chemotherapy(vincristine, adriamycin, dactinomycin) for 12 weeks and then performed surgical removal, excluded radiation therapy and conducted postoperative chemotherapy (vincristine, dactinomycin${\pm}$adriamycin). In other cases, we firstly conducted the operation and then performed radiation and postoperative chemotherapy. Results : Of the 17 patients diagnosed as WT, 12 patients had an advanced stage of disease. In two of the 12 patients, initial surgical removal was conducted. The median age of patients was 21 months(5-103 months). Of the 10 the patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, eight patients were stage 1, one patient was stage 2, and the other was stage 3 at operation. In nine patients except one with stage 3 disease, we could perform complete surgical resection and therefore could omit radiation. In four cases we could also exclude adriamycin after operation. All but one patient was alive, disease-free, for a median follow-up of 21 months(9-43 months). Conclusion : After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, we could increase the chance of complete tumor resection, exclude radiation and decrease the intensity of postoperative chemotherapy in selected cases. Long term follow-up is needed to determine whether our method would significantly decrease late effects.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 2002

Video-assisted thoracic sympathicotomy is a safe and effective therapy for the treatment of essential hyperhidrosis with immediate symptomatic improvement. However, this is offset by the occurrence of a high rate of side effects, such as embarrassing compensatory hyperhidrosis. Therefore, by comparing and assessing the degree of symptomatic improvement or compensatory sweating following sympathicotomy at various levels and the extent of block, we are to determine the optimal level of sympathicotomy and which method will result in minimal side effects and maximal benefits. Material and Method: From January 1998 to June 2001, the thoracoscopic sympathicotomy was performed in 150 patients suffering from essential hyperhidrosis in the Dept. of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Wonkwang University Hospital. The patients were divided into three groups. GroupI(n=50): patients having undergone 72,3,4 sympathicotomy, GroupII (n=50): patients having undergone 72 sympathicotomy which consist of blocking the interganglionic neural fiber on the second rib, and group 111(n=50): patients having undergone 73 sympathicotomy which consist of blocking the interganglionic neural fiber on the third rib. The parameters were composed of the satisfaction rate of treatment, the degree of compensatory sweating, postoperative complications, and changes of plantar sweating. Results: There was no difference in age and sex among the groups. All of the treated patients obtained satisfactory alleviation of essential hyperhidrosis in immediate postoperative period. However the rate of long-term satisfaction were 80%, 92%, and 96% in groupsI,II, and III respectively(p<0.05). More than embarrassing compensatory hyperhidrosis was present in 50%, 28%, and 18% in groups I,II ,and III respectively(p<0.05). Slight but comfortable amounts of palmar humidness was expressed in decreasing order, group III(34%), groupII(6%), and group I(4%) respectively(p<0.05). In regard to plantar sweating, decrease in sweating was expressed in each of the three groups, but was not significant between the groups.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.197-205
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• 2013

This study established a method for preserving chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) that enables long-term storage in liquid nitrogen ($LN_2$) for preservation of the species. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of Ethylene Glycol (EG) and Propylene Glycol (PG) on viability of cryopreserved PGCs with vitrification in Korean Native Chicken (Ogye), and to fine should be find or to the optimal protocol for PGCs freezing. One of the important components of cryopreservation process is cryopreservation medium that plays a vital role in preventing cellular injury during freeze-thawing. Cryoprotective agents have been known to improve cell viability after freeze-thawing. PGCs obtained from the germinal gonade of 5.5~6 day (stage 28) chick embryos, using the MACS method were suspended in a freezing medium containing a freezing and protecting agents. Gonads were harvested from stage 28 chick embryos and pooled in groups of 10E embryos, contributing gonads to the cell suspension. The gonadal cells, including PGCs, were then frozen in 1 of the following cryoprotectant treatments: 2.5% EG, 5% EG, 10% EG, 2.5% PG, 5% PG, 10% PG, and 0% cryoprotectant as a control. Effects of exposure to vitrification solution and vitrification, with different concentrations of the cryoprotectant solution, were examined. After freezing and thawing, survival rates of the frozen-thawed PGCs from the 0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15% EG plus FBS treatment were 44.24%, 64.51%, 85.63%, 80.51% and 73.52% (p<0.05), respectively. The viability of PGCs after freeze-thawing was significantly higher for 10% EG plus FBS treatment than for 10% PG + FBS treatment (p<0.05)(85.63% vs 66.81%). Therefore, these systems may contribute in the improvement of cryopreservation for a scarce species in birds preservation. This study established a method for preserving chicken PGC that enables systematic storage and labeling of cryopreserved PGCs in liquid N at a germplasm repository and ease of entry into a database. In the future, the importance for this new technology is that poultry lines can be conserved while work is being conducted on improving the production of germline chimeras.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.17-39
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• 2015

This study examined the structural changes and volatility in the global stock markets using a Markov Regime Switching ARCH model developed by the Hamilton and Susmel (1994). Firstly, the US, Italy and Ireland showed that variance in the high volatility regime was more than five times that in the low volatility, while Korea, Russia, India, and Greece exhibited that variance in the high volatility regime was increased more than eight times that in the low. On average, a jump from regime 1 to regime 2 implied roughly three times increased in risk, while the risk during regime 3 was up to almost thirteen times than during regime 1 over the study period. And Korea, the US, India, Italy showed ARCH(1) and ARCH(2) effects, leverage and asymmetric effects. Secondly, 278 days were estimated in the persistence of low volatility regime, indicating that the mean transition probability between volatilities exhibited the highest long-term persistence in Korea. Thirdly, the coefficients appeared to be unstable structural changes and volatility for the stock markets in Chow tests during the Asian, Global and European financial crisis. In addition, 1-Step prediction error tests showed that stock markets were unstable during the Asian crisis of 1997-1998 except for Russia, and the Global crisis of 2007-2008 except for Korea and the European crisis of 2010-2011 except for Korea, the US, Russia and India. N-Step tests exhibited that most of stock markets were unstable during the Asian and Global crisis. There was little change in the Asian crisis in CUSUM tests, while stock markets were stable until the late 2000s except for some countries. Also there were stable and unstable stock markets mixed across countries in CUSUMSQ test during the crises. Fourthly, I confirmed a close relevance of the volatility between Korea and other countries in the stock markets through the likelihood ratio tests. Accordingly, I have identified the episode or events that generated the high volatility in the stock markets for the financial crisis, and for all seven stock markets the significant switch between the volatility regimes implied a considerable change in the market risk. It appeared that the high stock market volatility was related with business recession at the beginning in 1990s. By closely examining the history of political and economical events in the global countries, I found that the results of Lamoureux and Lastrapes (1990) were consistent with those of this paper, indicating there were the structural changes and volatility during the crises and specificly every high volatility regime in SWARCH-L(3,2) student t-model was accompanied by some important policy changes or financial crises in countries or other critical events in the international economy. The sophisticated nonlinear models are needed to further analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2008

This study investigated the anti-hypertensive effect of Phyllostachys pubescens culm extract (PCE) by examining its effects on renal angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition and blood pressure using the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) system. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured weekly for 8 weeks. Also, total antioxidant capacity and protein oxidation of tissues were examined by plasma Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity assay (TEAC) and hepatic protein carbonyl values, respectively. Twenty male SHR were randomly divided into four groups: PCE50, PCE100, and PCE500 (50, 100, and 500 mg of PCE per kilogram bodyweight daily, respectively), and control group. At week 2, the SBP in all PCE groups appeared to be significantly lower than the control (p<0.05), whereas the DBP were not different until week 4 (p<0.05). At week 8, SBP in the PCE500 was lower by 20% than the control. PCE groups considerably suppressed ACE dose-dependently compared with the control. Plasma TEAC and hepatic protein carbonyl values indicated increased antioxidative activity due to the PCE feed. No adverse effect was observed on the liver of SHR as there was no difference for the GOT and GPT values among the groups. Results of this study suggest that ACE inhibition may be one possible mechanism for the blood pressure lowering effect of PCE; thus, long term consumption of PCE may be beneficial in preventing high blood pressure along with the increased antioxidative status.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.83-92
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• 1994

Paroxetine is a potent and selective serotoin re-uptake inhibitor. It is well known as an effective and safe antidepressant and increasingly used for neurotic or non-psychotic depression with anxiety symptoms. The present study assessed antidepressant and antianxiety efficacy and tolerability of paroxetine against placebo in child-adolescent and adult depressive neurosis patients. 232 subjects aged 8-55 years and meeting DSM-III-R criteria for depressive neurosis or dysthymia were divided into 8 subgroups according to their sex and age(8-11 yeard old, 12-17 years old, 18-35 years old and 36-55 years old subgroup in each male and female group). In each subgroup, the randomly assigned half of the patients were treated with paroxetine(10-30mg/day) and the others with placebo for the first 2 weeks in double blind fashion. After 1 week of drug-washout period, paroxetine and placebo groups were crossed over. The depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed with Hamilton Depression Scale(HDS) and Hamilton Anxiety Scale(HAS) at baseline and every 1 week during the trial periods. The levels of reduction in HDS and HAS scores from baseline after 2-week trial were compared between paroxetine- and placebo- treated periods by paired t-test. In all the 8 subgroups, statistically significant differences between paroxetine and placebo were found on the antidepressant efficacy after 2-week treatment. The antidepressant efficacy of paroxetine compared to placebo was most prominent in child and adolescent female groups. On anxiety symptoms, paroxetine was also significantly more effective than placebo. The antianxiety efficacy of paroxetine compared to placebo was most prominent in male and female child groups and young adult female group aged 18-35 years. As for the adverse effects of paroxetine, 3 out of 232 subjects reported mild indigestion and abdominal pain. however, in all the 3 cases, the symptoms improved without reduction of dosage or discontinuation of the drug. In conclusion, paroxetine showed significantly higher antidepressant and antianxiety efficacy compared to placebo in child-adolescent and adult depressive neurosis patients after 2-week treatment. Further trials of paroxetine in depressive neurosis are warranted to elucidate the long-term antidepressant and antianxiety efficacy of paroxetine.