• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.67-78
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to predict the water quality using the RNN (recurrent neutral network) and LSTM (long short-term memory). These are advanced forms of machine learning algorithms that are better suited for time series learning compared to artificial neural networks; however, they have not been investigated before for water quality prediction. Three water quality indexes, the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), COD (chemical oxygen demand), and SS (suspended solids) are predicted by the RNN and LSTM. TensorFlow, an open source library developed by Google, was used to implement the machine learning algorithm. The Okcheon observation point in the Geum River basin in the Republic of Korea was selected as the target point for the prediction of the water quality. Ten years of daily observed meteorological (daily temperature and daily wind speed) and hydrological (water level and flow discharge) data were used as the inputs, and irregularly observed water quality (BOD, COD, and SS) data were used as the learning materials. The irregularly observed water quality data were converted into daily data with the linear interpolation method. The water quality after one day was predicted by the machine learning algorithm, and it was found that a water quality prediction is possible with high accuracy compared to existing physical modeling results in the prediction of the BOD, COD, and SS, which are very non-linear. The sequence length and iteration were changed to compare the performances of the algorithms.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.17-36
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• 2021

Purpose - This study provides useful information to stakeholders by forecasting the tramp shipping market, which is a completely competitive market and has a huge fluctuation in freight rates due to low barriers to entry. Moreover, this study provides the most effective parameters for Baltic Dry Index (BDI) prediction and an optimal model by analyzing and comparing deep learning models such as the artificial neural network (ANN), recurrent neural network (RNN), and long short-term memory (LSTM). Design/methodology - This study uses various data models based on big data. The deep learning models considered are specialized for time series models. This study includes three perspectives to verify useful models in time series data by comparing prediction accuracy according to the selection of external variables and comparison between models. Findings - The BDI research reflecting the latest trends since 2015, using weekly data from 1995 to 2019 (25 years), is employed in this study. Additionally, we tried finding the best combination of BDI forecasts through the input of external factors such as supply, demand, raw materials, and economic aspects. Moreover, the combination of various unpredictable external variables and the fundamentals of supply and demand have sought to increase BDI prediction accuracy. Originality/value - Unlike previous studies, BDI forecasts reflect the latest stabilizing trends since 2015. Additionally, we look at the variation of the model's predictive accuracy according to the input of statistically validated variables. Moreover, we want to find the optimal model that minimizes the error value according to the parameter adjustment in the ANN model. Thus, this study helps future shipping stakeholders make decisions through BDI forecasts.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.39-46
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• 2021

AI is deeply applied to various algorithms that assists us, not only daily technologies like translator and Face ID, but also contributing to innumerable fields in industry, due to its dominance. In this research, we provide convenience through AI categorization, extracting the only data that users need, with objective classification, rather than verifying all data to find from the internet, where exists an immense number of contents. In this research, we propose a model using LSTM(Long-Short Term Memory Network), which stands out from text classification, and compare its performance with models of RNN(Recurrent Neural Network) and BiLSTM(Bidirectional LSTM), which is suitable structure for natural language processing. The performance of the three models is compared using measurements of accuracy, precision, and recall. As a result, the LSTM model appears to have the best performance. Therefore, in this research, text classification using LSTM is recommended.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.179-184
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• 2021

In this paper, we propose the deep learning-based neural network model to predict bunker price. In the shipping industry, since fuel oil accounts for the largest portion of ship operation costs and its price is highly volatile, so companies can secure market competitiveness by making fuel oil purchasing decisions based on rational and scientific method. In this paper, short-term predictive analysis of HSFO 380CST in Singapore is conducted by using three recurrent neural network models like RNN, LSTM, and GRU. As a result, first, the forecasting performance of RNN models is better than LSTM and GRUs using long-term memory, and thus the predictive contribution of long-term information is low. Second, since the predictive performance of recurrent neural network models is superior to the previous studies using econometric models, it is confirmed that the recurrent neural network models should consider nonlinear properties of bunker price. The result of this paper will be helpful to improve the decision quality of bunker purchasing.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.204-208
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• 2018

In this paper, we proposed and evaluated the time series deep learning prediction model for learning fluctuation pattern of stock price. Recurrent neural networks, which can store previous information in the hidden layer, are suitable for the stock price prediction model, which is time series data. In order to maintain the long - term dependency by solving the gradient vanish problem in the recurrent neural network, we use LSTM with small memory inside the recurrent neural network. Furthermore, we proposed the stock price prediction model using bidirectional LSTM recurrent neural network in which the hidden layer is added in the reverse direction of the data flow for solving the limitation of the tendency of learning only based on the immediately preceding pattern of the recurrent neural network. In this experiment, we used the Tensorflow to learn the proposed stock price prediction model with stock price and trading volume input. In order to evaluate the performance of the stock price prediction, the mean square root error between the real stock price and the predicted stock price was obtained. As a result, the stock price prediction model using bidirectional LSTM recurrent neural network has improved prediction accuracy compared with unidirectional LSTM recurrent neural network.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.34-43
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• 2019

The maintenance cost for road pavement is gradually increasing due to the continuous increase in road extension as well as increase in the number of old routes that have passed the public period. As a result, there is a need for a method of minimizing costs through preventative grievance preventive maintenance requires the establishment of a strategic plan through accurate prediction of road pavement. Hence, In this study, the deep neural network(DNN) and the recurrent neural network(RNN) were used in order to develop the expressway pavement damage prediction model. A superior model among these two network models was then suggested by comparing and analyzing their performance. In order to solve the RNN's vanishing gradient problem, the LSTM (Long short-term memory) circuits which are a more complicated form of the RNN structure were used. The learning result showed that the RMSE value of the RNN-LSTM model was 0.102 which was lower than the RMSE value of the DNN model, indicating that the performance of the RNN-LSTM model was superior. In addition, high accuracy of the RNN-LSTM model was verified through the comparison between the estimated average road pavement condition and the actually measured road pavement condition of the target section over time.

• Clean Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.138-146
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• 2022

Electricity has become a factor that dramatically affects the market economy. The day-ahead system marginal price determines electricity prices, and system marginal price forecasting is critical in maintaining energy management systems. There have been several studies using mathematics and machine learning models to forecast the system marginal price, but few studies have been conducted to develop, compare, and analyze various machine learning and deep learning models based on a data-driven framework. Therefore, in this study, different machine learning algorithms (i.e., autoregressive-based models such as the autoregressive integrated moving average model) and deep learning networks (i.e., recurrent neural network-based models such as the long short-term memory and gated recurrent unit model) are considered and integrated evaluation metrics including a forecasting test and information criteria are proposed to discern the optimal forecasting model. A case study of South Korea using long-term time-series system marginal price data from 2016 to 2021 was applied to the developed framework. The results of the study indicate that the autoregressive integrated moving average model (R-squared score: 0.97) and the gated recurrent unit model (R-squared score: 0.94) are appropriate for system marginal price forecasting. This study is expected to contribute significantly to energy management systems and the suggested framework can be explicitly applied for renewable energy networks.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.3855-3867
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• 2022

Name separation (splitting full names into surnames and given names) is not a tedious task in a multiethnic country because the procedure for splitting surnames and given names is ethnicity-specific. Malaysia has multiple main ethnic groups; therefore, separating Malaysian full names into surnames and given names proves a challenge. In this study, we develop a two-phase framework for Malaysian name separation using deep learning. In the initial phase, we predict the ethnicity of full names. We propose a recurrent neural network with long short-term memory network-based model with character embeddings for prediction. Based on the predicted ethnicity, we use a rule-based algorithm for splitting full names into surnames and given names in the second phase. We evaluate the performance of the proposed model against various machine learning models and demonstrate that it outperforms them by an average of 9%. Moreover, transfer learning and fine-tuning of the proposed model with an additional dataset results in an improvement of up to 7% on average.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.322-323
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• 2022

The most necessary thing for the optimal operation of a water purification plant is to accurately predict the pattern and amount of tap water used by consumers. The required amount of tap water should be delivered to the drain using a pump and stored, and the required flow rate should be supplied in a timely manner using the minimum amount of electrical energy. The short-term demand forecasting required from the point of view of energy optimization operation among water purification plant volume predictions has been made in consideration of seasons, major periods, and regional characteristics using time series analysis, regression analysis, and neural network algorithms. In this paper, we analyzed energy management methods through AI-based complex sensor applicability analysis such as LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) and GRU (Gated Recurrent Units), which are types of cyclic neural networks.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.371-382
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• 2019

Machine reading comprehension is the task of understanding a given context and finding the correct response in that context. A simple recurrent unit (SRU) is a model that solves the vanishing gradient problem in a recurrent neural network (RNN) using a neural gate, such as a gated recurrent unit (GRU) and long short-term memory (LSTM); moreover, it removes the previous hidden state from the input gate to improve the speed compared to GRU and LSTM. A self-matching network, used in R-Net, can have a similar effect to coreference resolution because the self-matching network can obtain context information of a similar meaning by calculating the attention weight for its own RNN sequence. In this paper, we construct a dataset for Korean machine reading comprehension and propose an $S^2-Net$ model that adds a self-matching layer to an encoder RNN using multilayer SRU. The experimental results show that the proposed $S^2-Net$ model has performance of single 68.82% EM and 81.25% F1, and ensemble 70.81% EM, 82.48% F1 in the Korean machine reading comprehension test dataset, and has single 71.30% EM and 80.37% F1 and ensemble 73.29% EM and 81.54% F1 performance in the SQuAD dev dataset.