• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제82권2호
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• pp.195-206
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• 1993

본 연구는 임업기계화(林業機械化)의 전제조건인 지역별(地域別) 산림수종체계(山林收種體系)를 수립하기 위한 기초연구로 시도되었다. 이를 위하여 산림수확방법(山林收穫方法)과 집재방법(集材方法)들을 제어(制御)하는 인자들이 무엇인가를 특히 지형적(地形的)인 관점에서 조사하고 분석하였다. 주요한 산림수확방법은 단재수확법(短材收穫法), 장재수확법(長材收穫法) 및 전목수확법(全木收穫法)이다. 단재수확법은 지형조건(地形條件)이 열악(劣惡)한 산림(山林)에, 전목수확법은 양호(良好)한 산림(山林)에, 그리고 장재수확법은 중간조건(中間條件)의 산림(山林)에 적용됨이 조사되었다. 집재방법(集材方法)에 대해서는 육상집재법(陸上集材法)을 중심으로 검토하고 주요 집재법으로는 축력집재(畜力集材), 인력(人力) 및 중력(重力) 집재(集材), 차량집재(車輛集材), 그리고 강선집재(鋼線集材) 등이다. 강선집재 중 케이블 크레인에 의한 집재는 집촌거리(集村距離)에 따라 단거리(短距離)(300 혹은 400m까지), 중거리(中距離)(700 혹은 800m까지) 및 장거리(長距離)(700 혹은 800m 이상) 등으로 구분한다. 집재작업범위(集材作業範圍)를 제어하는 인자는 경사(傾斜)와 집재거리(集材距離)이다. 차량집재(車輛集材)는 산림에 큰 부하(負荷)를 주며, 중력집재(重力集材) 중 log-line과 강선집재(鋼線集材) 중 케이블 크레인에 의한 집재법은 산림훼손(山林毁損)을 최소화(最小化)한다. 차량집재는 경사가 급할수록 어려워지고 케이블 크레인 집재는 120%까지 가능하다(상향집재(上向集材)).

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제84권2호
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• pp.239-246
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• 1995

이 연구(硏究)는 대규모(大規模) 벌채지(伐採地) 운재로(運材路)에서의 침식(浸蝕) 및 퇴적(堆積)에 관련되는 주요(主要) 인자(因子)와 그 영향(影響)을 구명(究明)할 목적(目的)으로 1993년부터 1994년까지 2개년간 백운산(白雲山) 지역(地域)(서울대학교(大學校) 농업생명과학대학(農業生命科學大學) 부속(附屬) 남부연습림(南部演習林) 제(第)26임반(林班)에 개설된 운재로(運材路)에서 수행한 연구(硏究)로서 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 운재로(運材路) 노면(路面) 침식(浸蝕)의 설명에 유의한 인자(因子)는 누가강우량(累加降雨量), 침식거리(浸蝕距離), 운재로(運材路)의 횡단(橫斷)물매, 토양경도(土壤硬度) 등(等) 4개(個) 인자(因子)이었으며, 누가강우량(累加降雨量)이 많을수록, 운재로(運材路) 시점(始點)으로부터 거리가 멀수록, 운재로(運材路)의 횡단(橫斷)물매가 급할수록 운재로(運材路)의 노면(路面) 침식량(浸蝕量)은 증가하였다. 2. 우재로(運材路)에서 절토사면(切土斜面) 침식량(浸蝕量)의 설명(說明)에 유의한 인자(因子)는 절토사면(切土斜面)의 모양(模樣), 침식(浸蝕)편의 위치(位置), 식생피복도(植生被覆度), 토양경도(土壤硬度), 모래함유율(含有率), 누가강우량(累加降雨量), 점토함유율(粘土含有率), 미사함유율(含有率) 등(等) 8개(個) 인자(因子)이었으며, 식생피복도(植生被覆度)가 낮을수록, 누가강우량(累加降雨量)이 많을수록, 토양중(土壤中)의 모래함유율(含有率)이 많을수록 운재로(運材路)의 절토사면(切土斜面) 침식량(浸蝕量)은 증가하였다. 3. 운재로(運材路)에서 발생된 총침식량(總浸蝕量)의 설명에 유의한 인자(因子)는 총강우량(總降雨量), 강우(降雨)횟수, 토양경도(土壤硬度) 등(等) 3개(個) 인자(因子)이었으며, 강우량(降雨量)이 많을수록, 강우(降雨)횟수가 많을수록 운재로(運材路)의 성토사면(盛土斜面) 침식량(浸蝕量)은 증가하였다. 4. 운재로(運材路)d서 발생된 총침식량(總浸蝕量)은 운재로(運材路) 개설(開設) 당해연도(當該年度)에는 $5.04{\times}10^{-2}m^2/m^2$, 그 다음 해에는 $7.37{\times}10^{-2}m^2/m^2$로, 이중 노면(路面) 침식량(浸蝕量)은 운재로(運材路) 개설(開設) 당해연도(當該年度)와 그 다음 해에 각각 운재로(運材路) 총침식량(總浸蝕量)의 32.7%, 57.1%, 절토사면(切土斜面) 침식량(浸蝕量)은 각각 총침식량(總浸蝕量)의 30.4%, 21.0%, 성토사면(盛土斜面) 침식량(浸蝕量)은 각각 총침식량(總浸蝕量)의 36.9%, 21.9%이었다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)를 종합해 볼 때 산림벌채(山林伐採)를 위하여 개설(開設)된 운재로(運材路)에서 침식(浸蝕)을 저감(低減)하기 위해서는 운재로(運材路) 개설시(開設時) 환경보전적(環境保全的)으로 적절한 노선(路線) 설계(設計)가 이루어져야 하며, 절 성토사면(切 盛土斜面)에는 조기(早期) 식생피복(植生被覆)을 위한 안정(安定) 녹화(綠化) 방안(方案)이 강구되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 1999년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.357-364
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• 1999

In recently site investigations, the need for the determination of dynamic soil properties such as dynamic modules of rigidity, elasticity, dynamic poison's ratio and damping ratio etc. is increasing for the astigmatic designs of the civil structures. To obtain some of the dynamic properties, measurement of elastic waves velocity, both P and S wave, is required. Among various methods to measure elastic wave velocity such and Down Hole, Cross Hole and Refraction etc., Suspension P.S. Logging has an advantage to use for the off-shore investigation where generation of the shock wave and traveling of the wave is difficult. In suspension P.S. logging, specially designed prove equipped with source of shock wave, two 3-channel receivers, departing 1m distance, and other auxiliary facilities is inserted down in a bore hole bottom and raised in predetermined interval, usually 1m or 2m, and measurement is conducted. P.S. logging have been conducted in a off-shore construction project near InChon in the west coast for the first in the country, and form the result, potential of the liquefaction of the subsoil was evaluated and compared with the conventional method.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.419-425
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• 2020

There are many accident risks in logging operation of forestry such as struck by felled trees and caught in, under, or between felled trees. These accidents are primarily occurred by not keeping a safe distance between workers. According to the forestry safety instruction, workers are not supposed to go into the safety zone which is a circle with a radius of more 2 times the height of felling tree. However, this rule does not keep because of poor safety consciousness, poor sight and extreme noise of logging operation machines. This problem causes many major accidents every year. To solve this problem, we made forestry safety helmets based on IoT technology. These helmets have functions to make a visual and an acoustic alarm signal when reach the distance between workers within 20 meters. We developed the algorithm to operate the helmet's functions and conducted tests to check the functions. As a result of tests, we assured the normal system operating conditions.

• 대한임베디드공학회논문지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.169-178
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• 2018

Currently, various sensors have been used for advanced driver assistance systems. In order to overcome the limitations of individual sensors, sensor fusion has recently attracted the attention in the field of intelligence vehicles. Thus, vision and radar based sensor fusion has become a popular concept. The typical method of sensor fusion involves vision sensor that recognizes targets based on ROIs (Regions Of Interest) generated by radar sensors. Especially, because AVM (Around View Monitor) cameras due to their wide-angle lenses have limitations of detection performance over near distance and around the edges of the angle of view, for high performance of sensor fusion using AVM cameras and radar sensors the exact ROI extraction of the radar sensor is very important. In order to resolve this problem, we proposed a sensor fusion scheme based on commercial radar modules of the vendor Delphi. First, we configured multiple radar data logging systems together with AVM cameras. We also designed radar post-processing algorithms to extract the exact ROIs. Finally, using the developed hardware and software platforms, we verified the post-data processing algorithm under indoor and outdoor environments.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2005년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.401-408
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• 2005

Recently shield TBM tunnellings are being applied to subway construction in Korean cities. Generally these kinds of tunnellings have the problems in the stability of ground such as subsidence because urban subway is constructed in the shallow depth. A sinkhole occurred on the road just above the tunnel during tunneling in Kwangju, so a survey for upper layer of the tunnel was needed. But conventional Ground Probing Radar can't be applicable due to the presence of steel-mesh screen in the shield segment, so no existent geophysical method is applicable in this site. Because the outer surface of each shield segment is electrically insulated, dipole-dipole resistivity method which is popular in engineering site investigation, was tried to this survey for the first time. Specially manufactured flexible ring-type electrodes were installed into the grouting holes at an interval of 2.4 m on the ceiling. The K-Ohm II system which has been developed by KIGAM and tested successfully in many sites, was used in this site. The system consists of 1000Volt-1Ampere constant-current transmitter, optically isolated 24 bit sigma-delta A/D conversion receiver - maximum 12 channel simultaneous measurements, and graphical automatic acquisition software for easy data quality check in real time. Borehole camera logging with circular white LED lighting was also done to investigate the state of the layer. Measured resistivity data lack of some stations due to failing opening lids of holes, shows general high-low trend well. The dipole-dipole resistivity inversion results discriminate (1) one approximately 4 meter diameter cavity (grouted but incompletely hardened, so low resistivity - less than $30{\Omega}m$), (2) weak zone (100-200${\Omega}m$), and (3) hard zone (high resistivity - more than 1000${\Omega}m$) very well for the distance of 320 meters. The 2-D inversion neglects slight absolute 3-D effect, but we can get satisfactory and useful information. Acquired resistivity section and video tapes by borehole camera logging will be reserved and reused if some problem occurs in this site in the future.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.203-212
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• 2023

Directional felling is a felling method practised by the Forestry Department in Peninsular Malaysia as prescribed in Field Work Manual (1997) for Selective Management Systems (SMS) in forest harvesting. Determining the direction of tree felling in Peninsular Malaysia is conducted during the pre-felling inventory 1 to 2 years before the felling operation. This study aimed to predict and analyze the direction of tree felling using the vector-based path distance back link method in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and compare it with the felling direction observed on the ground. The study area is at Balah Forest Reserve, Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia. A Path Distance Back Link (spatial analyst) function in ArcGIS Pro 3.0 was used in predicting tree felling direction. Meanwhile, a binary classification was used to compare the felling direction estimated using GIS and the tree felling direction observed on the ground. Results revealed that 61.3% of 31 trees predicted using the vector-based projection method were similar to the felling direction observed on the ground. It is important to note that dynamic changes of natural constraints might occur in the middle of tree felling operation, such as weather problems, wind speed, and unpredicted tree falling direction.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.76-86
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• 2024

The bio-logging method could be a valuable approach to studying the underwater movement of marine fish. We investigated the horizontal and vertical movement patterns of two yellowtails Seriola quinqueradiata weighing 8.7 kg and 9.5 kg with a popup satellite archival tag from October 2020 to January 2021 in the East Sea of Korea. Our results showed that a yellowtail migrated northward in October and November, and then shifted southward in mid-December. The average swimming depth and temperature of the fish monitored over 82 days were 24.9 ± 9.3 m (average ± SD) and 16.5 ± 1.9℃, respectively, and the total traveled distance was 1,172.4 km. The fish swam significantly deeper during the daytime (33.70 ± 14.80 m) than at nighttime (20.65 ± 8.44 m) from November to December (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the horizontal migratory route of yellowtails in accordance with the East Korea Warm Current which is the main branch of Tsushima Warm Current in the fall and early winter seasons, and showed significant diel vertical movement patterns from November to December.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제41권10호
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• pp.290-301
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• 2017

Background: Forest edges create distinctive ecological space as adjacent constituents, which distinguish between different ecosystems or land use types. These edges are made by anthropogenic or natural disturbance and affects both abiotic and biotic factors gradually. This study was carried out to assess edge effects on disturbed landscape at the pine-dominated clear-cut area in a genetic resources reserve in Uljin-gun, eastern Korea. This study aims to estimate the distance of edge influence by analyzing changes of abiotic and biotic factors along the distance from forest edge. Further, we recommend forest management strategy for sustaining healthy forest landscapes by reducing effects of deforestation. Results: Distance of edge effect based on the abiotic factors varied from 8.2 to 33.0 m. The distances were the longest in $Mg^{2+}$ content and total nitrogen, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ contents, canopy openness, light intensity, air humidity, $Na^+$ content, and soil temperature followed. The result based on biotic factors varied from 6.8 to 29.5 m, coverage of tree species in the herb layer showed the longest distance and coverage of shrub plant in the herb layer, evenness, species diversity, total coverage of herb layer, and species richness followed. As the result of calculation of edge effect by synthesizing 26 factors measured in this study, the effect was shown from 11.0 m of the forest interior to 22.4 m of the open space. In the result of stand ordination, Rhododendron mucronulatum, R. schlippenbachii, and Fraxinus sieboldiana dominated arrangement of forest interior sites and Quercus mongolica, Vitis amurensis, and Rubus crataegifolius dominated spatial distribution of the open area plots. Conclusions: Forest interior habitat lies within the influence of both abiotic and biotic edge effects. Therefore, we need a forest management strategy to sustain the stability of the plant and further animal communities that depend on its stable conditions. For protecting forest interior, we recommend selective logging as a harvesting method for minimizing edge effects by anthropogenic disturbance. In fact, it was known that selective logging contributes to control light availability and wind regime, which are key factors affecting microclimate. In addition, ecological restoration applying protective planting for the remaining forest in the clear-cut area could contribute to prevent continuous disturbance in forest interior.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.1401-1407
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• 2002

This paper represents an investigation of the vehicle-to-vehicle distance control system using Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation(HiLS). Control logic is primarily developed and tested with a specially equipped test vehicle. Establishment of an efficient and low cost development tool is a very important issue, and test vehicle approach is costly and time consuming. HiLS method is useful in the investigation of driver assistance and active safety systems. The HiLS system consists of a stepper motor for throttle control, a hydraulic brake system with an electronic vacuum booster, an electronic controller unit, a data logging computer which are used to save vehicle states and signals of actuator through a CAN and a simulation computer using mathematical vehicle model. Adaptation of a CAN instead of RS-232 Serial Interface for communication is a trend in the automotive industry. Since this environment is the same as a test vehicle, a control logic verified in laboratory can be easily transferred to a test vehicle.