• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.69-74
• /
• 2002

This study was performed to evaluate an applicability of the SMMCMAS system for reuse of the sewage from spa area and was operated to HLR(Hydraulic loading rate) of 211.3 to 126.8 $\ell$/㎥/d. The operating HRT(Hydraulic retention time) ranges were 2.5 to 1.5 hours. Conclusions are as follows; At the optimum HLR of 158.5 $\ell/\m^2$/d (HRT of 2.0 hours), the maximum BOD removal efficiency was 94% and the effluent BOD concentration was 1.1mg/$\ell$ in result. As the HLR was increased to 211.3 $\ell/\m^2$/d, BOD removal efficiency was decreased to 75% and BOD removal efficiency was also reduced to 74% at lower HLR of 126.8 $\ell/\m^2$/d. It shows that the maximum BOD removal efficiency occurs at an optimum HLR value and that the removal efficiency decreases when the HLR is either higher or lower than the optimum value. Sludge production rates were ranged 0.01 to 0.24gVSS/gBODrem/d and accomplished to 0.01gVSS/gBODrem/d at the optimum HLR of 158.5 $\ell/\m^2$/d.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.157-163
• /
• 2000

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the treatment efficiency of paper-mill wastewater using pure oxygen activated sludge process. Effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and organic loading on process performance and kinetics were investigated. The raw paper-mill wastewater(BOD concentration ${\leq}500mg/L$) and the effluent from dissolved air flotation(DAF) treatment(BOD concentration ${\geq}500mg/L$) were used as influent for pure oxygen activated sludge process. Average BOD removal efficiencies were above 89.3% under 6hours or longer of HRT, while under 3hours of HRT they decreased to about 82%. With the effluent from DAF process, the half saturation constants($K_S$) and the maximum specific substrate removal rate($K_{max}$) were 85 mg/L and 2.25 L/day, respectively. However, with the raw paper-mill wastewater, both $K_S$ and $K_{max}$ increased to 156 mg/L and 3.84 L/day, respectively. The microbial yield coefficient(Y) and the decay coefficient($K_d$) were 0.46 gVSS/gBOD and 0.03 L/day, respectively, with effluent from DAF process. While, Y and $K_d$ were 0.24 gVSS/gBOD and 0.035 L/day, respectively, with the raw paper-mill wastewater.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.461-469
• /
• 2004

This research is to determine the stormwater effects on sewer concentrations by measuring and comparing the flow and pollutant concentrations during dry and rainy periods in the existing BOX type combined sewer pipes. The monitoring was carried out in two sites, which are the Daesachen outfall having PE separation wall in BOX type combined sewer pipes and the Yongunchen outfall not having seperatioin wall. The average flow-weighted BOD concentraion in Yongunchen outfall is 2-fold lower than in Daesachen outfall because of the dilution effect from ravine water. However, the pollutant mass loading is 16 fold higher in Yongunchen outfall than in Daesachen outfall because of more flows. According to the research, the separation wall controls 52% pollutant mass during a storm period (11.5 mm/hr rainfall intensity). Therefore, the Yongunchen combined sewer system (CSS) need separation wall to control and to prevent more pollutant input in stream. In Daesachen area, the maximum sewer flow rate during a storm period measured about 10 fold bigger than average sewer flow during dry periods. Also the concentrations between rainy and dry periods increase approximately 33 fold for BOD and 120 fold for SS. In Yongunchen area, it increases about 9 fold for the maximum flow rate, 18 fold for BOD and 22 fold for SS during a storm. Therefore, the research is concluded that the separation wall between stromwater (or ravine water) and sewage can decrease the dilution effect in CSS and control the pollutant loading.

• 환경영향평가
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.81-92
• /
• 1999

This study discussed the appropriateness of organic matter indexes such as biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) and chemical oxygen demand with potassium permanganate($COD_{Mn}$) in water quality environmental standard of streams and lakes and the applicability of the items to water quality environmental standard to add or substitute COD with potassium dichromate ($COD_{Cr}$) and total organic carbon(TOC) being used as index of organic matter. And indexes of organic matter content and organic carbon concentration were distinguished between dissolved and particulate component in water sample to estimate their effect on pollutants loading in lake and stream. The ratio of $COD_{Cr}$/BOD was 5.1 under BOD concentration 3mg/L in river water quality environmental standard II, and 2.67 above it. This ratio was diminished to 2.04 when BOD concentration was more than 8mg/L, in river quality environmental standard IV. Also the ratio of $COD_{Mn}$/BOD showed 2.16 under 3mg/L(BOD), and 1.1 above it. This ratio is also diminished to 0.84 over 8mg/L(BOD). Accordingly, we should apply this ratio depending on the concentration level to add and change organic matter index of water quality environmental standard newly. The ratio $COD_{Cr}/COD_{Mn}$ both in lake and stream shows 2.37(r=0.986, p<0.001). But the ratios showed range of 2.34~2.50, which is no much difference of this ratio according to $COD_{Mn}$ concentration.

• 환경생물
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.394-399
• /
• 2004

S. marcescens LSY4가 충전된 BOD센서를 제작하여 표준오염물질을 포함한 수용액의 BOD를 측정하였다. 배양시간이 9∼16시간일 때에는 배양시간에 따른 BOD센서의 감응도에 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았으며, 균체량도 0.22~0.75mg $cm^{-2}$의 범위에서는 거의 동일한 센서의 감응도를 나타내었다. 수용액의 pH가 4~9사이로 변화할 경우 센서의 감응도가 가역적으로 변화하였으나 수용액이 더 산성이거나 더 염기성이 되면 센서의 감응도가 비가역적으로 저하되었다. 수용액에 중금속이온이 첨가되면 센서의 감응도가 감소하였으며, $Zn^{2+}$나 $Cd^{2+}$보다 $Cu^{2+}$혹은 $Ag^+$가 첨가되었을 때 센서의 감응도가 더 급격히 감소하였다. 중금속에 대한 내성이 유도된 균체를 충전하였을 때 중금속이온의 첨가에 따른 센서의 감응도 감소가 크게 완화되었으며, 이런 효과는 $Cd^{2+}$내성주보다 $Cu^{2+}$내성주에서 더 현저하였다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.233-241
• /
• 1993

도시 하수처리장에서 발생되는 반송수의 성상과 처리계통에서의 영향을 검토하기 위해 본 연구가 수행되었다. 각 단위 공정별 반송수의 유량과 분석자료를 이용하여 물질수지를 작성한 뒤 반송수의 특성을 결정하였으며 실험실 완전혼합 활성슬럿지 반응조를 현장 운전 조건과 유사한 방법으로 운전하여 반송수의 영향을 살펴보았다. 연구 결과 반송수의 유량은 유입원수량에 대해 1.2-1.8%로 적은 양이지만 높은 농도로 인하여 유기물과 영양소 부하량은 평균 부하시 20-30% 정도로 증가되고 있었으며 충격부하시는 40-70 %까지 증가되고 있었다. 혼합하수의 침전효율은 BOD 30%, SS 45%를 나타내고 있으나, 반송수에 의한 부하증가로 인해 BOD의 제거효율은 원수 기준시 10% 미만으로 떨어져 포기조에 큰 영향을 미치고 있었다. 즉, 반송수의 평균부하가 포기조에 유입되는 경우 반송수의 유입이 없는 경우에 비해 10%의 BOD 제거효율이 저하되었고 충격부하시는 80% 이상의 BOD 제거효율을 얻을 수 없었으며 50% 이하의 질산화율에 불과하였다.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.250-257
• /
• 2006

The objective of this study is to propose an alternative process for the small sewage treatment plants in rural communities. A biofilter has been used for biological wastewater treatment, which is becoming the alternative to the conventional activated sludge system. The proposed process used in this study, which is packed with floating media (i.e. expanded polystylene), has advantages of biofilter system and alternative flow system and they are incorporated into one process. Pilot and bench scale studies were performed using domestic wastewater. In the results of pilot plant study, it was observed that the stable effluent water quality was achieved and it met the present effluent criteria of suspended solid (SS), organic matters, T-N and T-P. In the study for determination of the cycle of backwashing, it was observed that the cycle of backwashing depended on BOD loading rates of influents. In the BOD loading rates of $0.5kg\;BOD/m^3{\cdot}day$ and $1.0kg\;BOD/m^3{\cdot}day$, the backwashing cycle of 28 hour and 16 hour were needed, respectively. The optimum backwashing time was 120~80 seconds at the media expansion rate of 50%. In the removal of SS, organic matters, T-N and T-P, SS removal was rather achieved by physical filtration than biological mechanism and the removal of organic matters except for SS, T-N and T-P were mainly rather achieved by biological mechanism than physical filtration. In bench-scale study, the effects of recirculation rate was investigated on removal of SS, TCOD, T-N and T-P. It was observed that the recirculation made removal efficiencies of SS, TCOD, T-N and T-P increased. Especially, in T-N removal, the increase of T-N removal efficiency of 40% was observed in the reicirculation rate of 1Q compared with 0Q.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.223-230
• /
• 2004

The QUAL2E and Box-Jenkins time series model were applied to the Miho river, a main tributary of the Geum river, to predict water quality. The models are widely used to predict water quality in rivers and watersheds because of its accuracy. As results of the study, we concluded as follows: Pollutant loadings in upper stream of Miho river were determined to 57,811 kgBOD/d, 19,350 kgTN/d, and 5,013 kgTP/d. The loading of TN in Mushim river was 19,450 kgTN/d, respectively. As the mass loadings were compared with pollutant sources, it concluded that the farming livestock contributed highly to mass emissions of BOD and TP and the population contributed to TN mass loading. The observed water quality values were applied to the models to verify and the models were used to predict the water quality. The QUAL2E Model predicted the concentrations of DO, BOD, TN and TP with high accuracy, but not for E-Coli. The Box-Jenkins time series model also showed high prediction for DO, BOD and TN. However, the concentrations of TP and E-Coli were poorly predicted. The result shows that the QUAL2E model is more applicable in Miho basin for prediction of water quality compared to Box-Jenkins time series model.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.119-127
• /
• 2001

The Keum river is one of the important river in Korea and has a drainage area of 9,873$\textrm{km}^2$. The Keum river is deepening pollution state due to development of the lower city and construction of a industrial complex. The water quality of the Keum river come to eutrophication state and belong to III grade of water quality standard. The concentration BOD in river is affected by the organic loading from a tributary and the algae biomass that largely happen to under eutrophication state. In the eutrophic water mass such as the Keum river, the autochthonous BOD was very important part for making a decision of water quality management, because it was accounted for majority of the total BOD. The purpose of this study was to survey the chatacteristics of water quality in summer and to estimate reaction coefficient. Also, we studied to correlationship between chlorophyll a and BOD(COD) for estimation of the autochthonous BOD. The correlationship between chlorophyll a and BOD(COD) were obtained through the culture experiment of phytoplankton in the laboratory. The results of this study may be summarized as follows ; The characteristics of water quality in summer were belong to III~IV grade of water quality standard as BOD and nutritive condition is very high. The BOD, ammonia nitrogen and phosphate loadings in Miho stream which inflowing untreated sewage from Chungju city was occupied with 64.07%, 26.36%, 46.08%, respectively. Maximum nutrient uptake (Vmax) was 0.4400$\mu$M/hr as substrate of ammonia nitrogen, 0.1652$\mu$M/hr as substrate of phosphate. Maximum specific growth rate ($\mu$max) was 1.2525$hr^{-1}$ as substrate of ammonia nitrogen, 1.5177$hr^{-1}$ as substrate of phosphate. The correlation coefficient between chlorophyll a and BOD by the culture experiment were found to be 0.911~0.935 and 0.942~0.947 in the case adding nutrient and no adding nutrient, respectively. The correlation coefficient between chlorophyll a and COD through the culture experiment were found to be 0.918~0.977 and 0.880~0.931 in the case adding nutrient and no adding nutrient, respectively. The autochthonous BOD(COD) was estimated to the relationship between BOD(COD) and chlorophyll a. The regression equation were found to be autochthonous BOD=(0.045~0.073)${\times}chlorophyll$ a and autochthonous $COD=(0.137~0.182){\times}chlorophyll$ a.

• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제2권3호
• /
• pp.23-32
• /
• 1982

본연구(本硏究)는 다절기(多節期)에는 저온(低溫)으로 하절기(夏節期)에는 고온(高溫)으로 혐기성(嫌氣性) 소화조(消化槽)를 운전(運轉)시킬 수 있는지를 검토(檢討)하기 위한 것으로 실험실(實驗室) 완전혼합형(完全混合型) 혐기성(嫌氣性) 소화조(消化槽)를 $18.5^{\circ}C$ 부터 $60^{\circ}C$까지의 11단계(段階)의 온도(溫度)에서 유기물질(有機物質)의 제거효율(除去効率) 가스생산량(生産量)을 서로 비교(比較)하였다. $35^{\circ}{\sim}40^{\circ}C$ 내외(內外)에서 BOD와 VS 제거효율(除去効率)은 각각(各各) 71%와 53%였으며 이 온도(溫度)에 있어서 가스생산량(生産量)은 주입분뇨량(注入糞尿量)의 16배(倍) 또는 $0.63m^3gas/kg$ VS fed 였다. 화조(消化槽) 유출수(流出水)를 심전(沈殿)시키면 BOD제거효율(除去効率)은 78%까지 상계(上界)하였다. 본실험(本實驗)의 결과(結果)는 $32^{\circ}$에서 $47^{\circ}C$로 운전(運轉)시킨 기존(旣存) 분뇨처리장(糞尿處理場)의 결과(結果)와 $40^{\circ}C$까지는 비교적(比較的) 잘 맞았으나 $40^{\circ}C$ 이상(以上)에서는 실험실(實驗室) 결과(結果)가 처리효율(處理効率)이나 가스생산량(生産量)으로 볼 때 양호(良好)하였다. 분뇨(糞尿)에 정화조폐액(淨化槽廢液)이나 우분(牛糞) 혼합처리(混合處理) 가능성(可能性) 검토(檢討)하였는데 1:1로 혼합처리(混合處理)시켰을 때의 BOD제거효율(除去効率)이나 가스생산량(生産量)이 분뇨(糞尿)만의 처리시(處理時)와 별로 차이(差異)가 없었다. 한편 혐기성(嫌氣性) 소화조(消化槽)의 유출수(流出水)를 희석(稀釋)없이 호기성처리(好氣性處理)도 가능(可能)한지 알아 보았는데 이때의 BOD와 SS제거효율(除去効率)은 98% 이상(以上)이었다.