• PNF and Movement
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.243-253
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of an abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) with a light load while sitting on transverse abdominis contraction in subjects with and without low back pain. Methods: In this study, 20 participants with chronic low back pain and 20 controls participated. Ultrasonography was used to assess the thickness of the external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), and transversus abdominis (TrA) muscles. Muscle thickness was measured at rest and during ADIM in three different sitting postures: (1) just sitting, (2) sitting loaded position (holding a 1 or 2 kg dumbbell in each hand), and (3) sitting loaded shoulder flexion position (holding a 1 or 2 kg dumbbell in each hand). Results: The contraction ratio (CR) and preferential activation ratio (PAR) of the TrA during ADIM had no significant interactional effect between the group and the sitting postures. However, the CR and PRA of the TrA during the ADIM showed significant differences among the three different sitting postures. The CR of the TrA during the ADIM in the sitting loaded shoulder flexion position was significantly increased compared to that in the sitting position (p<0.05). Moreover, the PRA of the TrA muscle during ADIM in sitting loaded and sitting loaded shoulder flexion positions was significantly higher than that in the sitting position (p<0.05). Conclusion: The findings suggest that ADIM in the sitting-loaded shoulder flexion position should be implemented to facilitate TrA activity.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 2004

Backgroud: Immunotherapy using dendritic cells (DC) loaded with tumor antigens may represent a potentially effective method for inducing antitumor immunity. We evaluated the effectiveness of DC-based antitumor immune response in various conditions. Methods: DC were cultured from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) in myelogenous leukemia (ML) and lysates of autologous leukemic cells are used as tumor antigen. The effectiveness of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and CD40L (CD154) on the antigen presenting function of lysates-loaded DC was analyzed by proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxicity tests with activated PBMNC (mainly lymphocytes). For generating antigen-loaded DC, direct fusion of DC with ML was studied. Results: Antigen loaded DC induced significantly effective antitumor immune response against autologous leukemic cells. Administration of IL-12 on the DC based antitumor immune response showed higher proliferation activity, IFN-$\gamma$ production, and cytotoxic activity of PBMNC. Also, fused cell has a potent antitumor immune response. Conclusion: We conclude that lysates-loaded DC with IL-12 may be effectively utilized as inducer of antitumor immune reaction in ML and in vivo application with DC-based antitumor immunotherapy or tumor vaccination seems to be feasible.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.48-56
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• 2012

Radiation characteristics of inductive loaded patch antennas (ILPAs) and conventional patch antennas using a half wavelength resonance mode for substrates with various dielectric constants are investigated. ILPAs have the good radiation characteristics such as high broadside gain and suppressed radiation along the horizontal plane compared to those of conventional patch antennas. We show that ILPAs with the appropriate patch length and via radius have the optimum radiation characteristics such as the highest broadside gain and the most suppressed horizontal radiation.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.49 no.9
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• pp.35-42
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• 2012

An inductive loaded microstrip patch antenna using aperture coupled feeding is designed and an impedance bandwidth enhancement method using a shunt stub is investigated. The -10 dB impedance bandwidth of the AIMPA with a shunt stub is increased up to about 5.51 %. The impedance bandwidth of the corresponding AIMPA without a shunt stub is 2.4 %. The increase of the impedance bandwidth of the AIMPA with a shunt stub is about 129.6 % compared to that of the corresponding AIMPA without a shunt stub.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.44-51
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• 2004

Effect of corrosion characteristics in relation to loaded stress in the welded zone of A5083-H116 aluminum alloy, in the seawater was studied. The corrosion experiment was performed for 120 hours on the specimens in the natural seawater tank with four steps of the loaded stress. The corrosion crack, corrosion rate, electrode potential, current, and corrosion pattern, etc. were examined for the specimens with the elapse of the immersion time. The main result derived from this study is the crack growth length is increased with the increasing loaded stress. The electrode potential and the corrosion current are decreased rapidly in the early stage of the corrosion, and then decreased gradually and stabilized eventually with the elapse of the immersion time. The test condition of the longer crack growth tends to show the higher corrosion rate. Corrosion pattern of the welded zone indicates that the depth and width of the pitting become increasing with the increasing loaded stress.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.87-95
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• 2004

Economic development is remarkable in Asia and progress of industrialization of NIES, ASEAN, and China in East Asia has increased the international physical distribution in this area. However, an imbalance of trade becomes severe in these areas. The imbalance is especially big in the Asia-North America route and the Japan-China route. The imbalance in the Asia -North America liner route is 5.04 million TEUS in 2002.The transportation ratio of loaded containers between China and Japan route is approximately 3:1 in 2000. In other words, it means that the transportation of loaded containers from China to Japan is 3, the transportation of loaded containers from Japan to China is I. The imbalance at a port is generally obtained by subtracting export loaded container cargo volume from import container cargo volume. However, the imbalance and the empty containers at the port are not always same. Then, in order to evaluate rationalization and efficiency of maritime container transportation, we introduce the amount of empty containers at a port as an evaluation index. However, the past data of the amount of handling empty containers have a lot of lacking portions. Then, it is necessary to estimate the past amount of empty containers in order to grasp the amount of empty containers historically. So, we construct the model that estimates the amount of empty containers using the imbalance of main port statistics in Japan.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.393-406
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• 2016

Axially loaded reinforced concrete columns are hardly exist in practice due to the development of some bending moments. These moments could be produced by gravity loads or the lateral loads. First, the current paper presents a detailed analysis on the overall structural behavior of 15 eccentrically loaded columns as well as one concentrically loaded control one. Columns bent in either single curvature or double curvature modes are tested experimentally up to failure under the effect of different end eccentricities combinations. Three end eccentricities ratio were studied, namely, 0.1b, 0.3b and 0.5b, where b is the column width. Second, an expression correlated the decay in the normalized axial capacity of the column and the acting end eccentricities was developed based on the experimental results and then verified against the available formula. Third, based on the equivalent column concept, the equivalent pin-ended columns were obtained for columns bent in either single or double curvature modes. And then, the effect of end eccentricity ratio was correlated to the equivalent column length. Finally, a simplified design procedure was proposed for eccentrically loaded braced column by transferring it to an equivalent axially loaded pin-ended slender column. The results of the proposed design procedure showed comparable results against the results of the ACI 318-14 code.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.346-350
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• 2004

Chitosan microspheres were prepared by ionic gelation process with sodium sulfate for nasal vaccine delivery. Bordetella Bronchiseptica Dermonecrotoxin (BBD) as a major virulence factor of a causative agent of atrophic rhinitis (AR) was loaded to the chitosan microspheres for vaccination. Morphology of BBD-loaded chitosan microspheres was observed as spherical shapes. The average particle sizes of the BBD-loaded chitosan microspheres were about $2.69$\mid${\;}\mu\textrm{m}$. More BBD was released with an increase of molecular weight of chitosan and with an increase of medium pH in vitro due to weaker intermolecular interaction between chitosan and BBD. Tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}{\;}(TNF{\alpha})$ and nitric oxide (NO) from RAW264.7 cells stimulated with BBD-loaded chitosan microspheres were gradually secreted, suggesting that released BBD from chitosan microspheres had immune stimulating activity of AR vaccine.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.767-773
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• 2014

This paper presents the reduction characteristics of electromagnetic penetration through a slit in conducting screen by loaded plate. The FDTD method is used in theoretical analysis. And the characteristics of penetrated electric fields are calculated in terms of length, width, shape, position, and height of the loaded plate to find out how the geometry of plate influences the reduction characteristics of the electromagnetic penetration and shielding effectiveness. The results show that the characteristics of penetrated electric field and shielding effectiveness depend on the geometry of loaded plate. In particular, the optimal geometry of loaded plate which minimize penetrated electric field are verified.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.2249-2252
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• 2009

The clay-based Fe-bearing catalyst was successfully prepared through ion-exchange reaction and applied as heterogeneous catalyst for discoloration of acid fuchsine (AF) in an aqueous solution by Fenton-like reaction. Experimental results demonstrated that the AF discoloration ratios increased by increasing Fe-loaded clay dosage and initial $H_2O_2$ concentration, and by decreasing the pH, respectively. The lower the initial AF concentration, the shorter the reaction time needed to achieve complete discoloration of AF. Comparative studies indicated that AF discoloration ratios were much higher in presence of Fe-loaded clay and $H_2O_2$ than those in presence of $H_2O_2$, raw natural clay or Fe-loaded clay only and raw natural clay and $H_2O_2$ jointly. After AF discoloration, there existed no new phases in the clay samples detected by XRD and no change in the clay crystal morphology observed by SEM. A mechanism proposed suggested adsorption and Fenton-like reaction were responsible for discoloration of AF.