• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.281-293
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• 2002

Empiricism has characterized the traditional methods of pile design; in essence, pile design recommendations are based on the accumulated knowledge of pile behaviour based on the construction and subsequent load testing of piles in soil and rock. In this paper, the traditional approaches to design of piles in rock will be briefly reviewed. It will be shown that the unrelated empirical relationships developed fur rock lead to considerable uncertainty in the design of piles. A new method for predicting the shaft resistance of piles socketed into rock, and based on fundamental principles is outlined. It is shown that the shaft resistance predictions of this method agree well with the field test data for rock and hard soil. It is demonstrated by way of a limited parametric study that shaft roughness and socket diameter are critical factors in the performance of piles constructed in these materials. The application of the method to piles socketed into the granites and gneisses of Korea is discussed by way of a case study and by reference to recent direct shear tests on these rocks.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.29-41
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• 2017

There are uncertainties about the seismic load caused by seismic waves, which cannot be predicted due to the characteristics of the earthquake occurrence. Therefore, it is necessary to consider these uncertainties by probabilistic analysis. In this paper, procedures to develop a fragility curve that is a representative method to evaluate the safety of a structure by stochastic analysis were proposed for cut slopes. Fragility curve that considers uncertainties of soil shear strength parameters was prepared by Monte Carlo Simulation using pseudo static analysis. The fragility curve considering the uncertainty of the input ground motion was developed by performing time-history seismic analysis using selected 30 real ground input motions and the Newmark type displacement evaluation analysis. Fragility curves are represented as the cumulative probability distribution function with lognormal distribution by using the maximum likelihood estimation method.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.493-493
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• 2017

부유사 수리실험에서 부유사의 농도를 측정하는 것은 불확실성이 매우 크다. Einstein(1950)은 유사의 pickup function 결정에서 이러한 불확실성 때문에 유사입자의 거동을 발생시키는 양력의 확률을 적용하기도 하였다. 일반적으로 부유사의 측정은 부유사 채집기를 통해 수행하지만, 시간적으로 비효율 적이며, 채집 시 채집기의 부피로 인한 난류 발생으로 채집 후 흐름 변화가 발생할 수 있다. 수리실험의 규모라면 이 문제는 더욱 부각될 수 있다. 연속적인 부유사의 농도 측정을 위해 이러한 점은 개선되어야 하는 문제이다. 본 연구에서는 유사 실험의 이러한 단점을 극복하고자 image processing 기법을 적용하였다. Image processing은 부유사의 농도가 증가할수록 탁도가 증가하는 특성을 이용하여, 부유사 농도를 추정하는 방법이다. 이 과정에서 RGB(Red-Green-Blue)로 색을 표시하는 방식에서 image를 변환하여 gray scale로 전환해야 하며, 파(wave)의 전파에 의한 image 결과의 변형은 없다고 가정하였다. Gray scale과 탁도와의 관계를 도출하기 위해 하상에 유사를 포설하고, 단파(surge)를 발생 시켰다. 실험은 길이 12.0m, 폭 0.8m, 높이 0.75m의 개수로에서 수행하였으며, 수로 상류에 sluice형 gate를 급격하게 개방하는 것으로 단파를 재현하였다. 탁도 측정을 위해 유사 채집기를 이용하였으며, 상기에서 제시한 흐름 교란문제로, 1지점에서 1개의 시간동안만 채집을 수행하였으며, image의 촬영을 병행하였다. 또한 data의 정확도를 높이기 위해 3번의 반복실험을 수행하였다. 실험결과 gray scale과 탁도와는 일정한 관계가 나타났으며, 이를 토대로 gray scale-SSC(suspended sediment concentration)와의 관계를 도출하였다. Bayesian 분석을 이용하여 image processing의 보정(확률적 보정)을 추가적으로 수행하였다. 최종적으로 실측한 값과 image processing을 통한 값을 1:1 curve를 통해 비교하였으며, 약 9%의 평균 오차가 발생하여, image processing과 bayesian 적용을 통한 부유사 농도 측정은 신뢰할 만한 결과를 도출하는 것으로 판단된다.

• Structural Monitoring and Maintenance
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.87-105
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• 2023

Seismic regulations have been updated from time to time to accommodate an increase in seismic hazards. Comparison of seismic fragility of the existing bridges in Indonesia from different historical periods since the era before 1990 will be the basis for seismic assessment of the bridge stock in Indonesia, most of which are located in earthquake-prone areas, especially those built many years ago with outdated regulations. In this study, seismic fragility curves were developed using incremental non-linear time history analysis and more holistically according to the actual strength of concrete and steel material in Indonesia to determine the uncertainty factor of structural capacity, βc. From the research that has been carried out, based on the current seismic load in SNI 2833:2016/Seismic Map 2017 (7% probability of exceedance in 75 years), the performance level of the bridge in the era before SNI 2833:2016 was Operational-Life Safety whereas the performance level of the bridge designed with SNI 2833:2016 was Elastic - Operational. The potential for more severe damage occurs in greater earthquake intensity. Collapse condition occurs at As = F_PGA x PGA value of bridge Era I = 0.93 g; Era II = 1.03 g; Era III = 1.22 g; Era IV = 1.54 g. Furthermore, the fragility analysis was also developed with geometric variations in the same bridge class to see the effect of these variations on the fragility, which is the basis for making bridge risk maps in Indonesia.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.661-675
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• 2022

In this paper, an electric vehicle drives with efficient control and low cost hardware using four quadrant DC converter with Permanent Magnet Direct Current (PMDC) motor fed by DC boost converter is presented. The main idea of this work is to improve the energy efficiency of the conversion chain of an electric vehicle by inserting a boost converter between the battery and the four quadrant-DC motor chopper assembly. Consequently, this method makes it possible to maintain the amplification gain of the 4 quadrant chopper constant regardless of the battery voltage drop and even in the presence of a fault in the battery. One of the most important control problems is control under heavy uncertainty conditions. The higher order sliding mode control technique is introduced for the adjustment of DC bus voltage and mechanical motor speed. To implement the proposed approach in the automotive field, experimental tests were carried out. The performances obtained show the usefulness of this system for a better energy management of an electric vehicle and an ideal control under different operating conditions and constraints, mostly at nominal operation, in the presence of a load torque, when reversing the direction of rotation of the motor speed and even in case of battery chamber failure. The whole system has been tested experimentally and its performance has been analyzed.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.129-147
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• 2022

The properties of soil are naturally highly variable and thus, to ensure proper safety and reliability, we need to test a large number of samples across the length and depth. In pile foundations, conducting field tests are highly expensive and the traditional empirical relations too have been proven to be poor in performance. The study proposes a state-of-art Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) hybridized Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS); and comparative analysis of metaheuristic models (ANN-PSO, ELM-PSO, ANFIS-PSO) for prediction of bearing capacity of pile foundation trained and tested on dataset of nearly 300 dynamic pile tests from the literature. A novel ensemble model of three hybrid models is constructed to combine and enhance the predictions of the individual models effectively. The authenticity of the dataset is confirmed using descriptive statistics, correlation matrix and sensitivity analysis. Ram weight and diameter of pile are found to be most influential input parameter. The comparative analysis reveals that ANFIS-PSO is the best performing model in testing phase (R² = 0.85, RMSE = 0.01) while ELM-PSO performs best in training phase (R² = 0.88, RMSE = 0.08); while the ensemble provided overall best performance based on the rank score. The performance of ANN-PSO is least satisfactory compared to the other two models. The findings were confirmed using Taylor diagram, error matrix and uncertainty analysis. Based on the results ELM-PSO and ANFIS-PSO is proposed to be used for the prediction of bearing capacity of piles and ensemble learning method of joining the outputs of individual models should be encouraged. The study possesses the potential to assist geotechnical engineers in the design phase of civil engineering projects.

• Journal of Wind Energy
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.13-21
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• 2022

When a wind turbine is designed, the dynamic stability of the system as well as the dynamic characteristics of the main components such as blades, hub, main shaft and tower must be evaluated. In particular, the natural frequencies of a blade, as a main load-generating component, need to be measured and assessed by component level testing. In conventional practice, the natural frequencies of a blade are determined as the measured frequencies near the reference frequencies provided by FE analysis results. But the reference frequencies are also uncertain since designers have difficulty distinguishing the torsional mode shape among the analysis results due to the complexity of its mode shape. So, in conventional practice, the determination of a measured torsional frequency inevitably contains uncertainty. Therefore, a novel method to definitely determine the torsional frequencies from the experimental data itself is necessary. In this paper, a new methodology to measure the torsional frequency of a blade was studied from the perspective of a modal test procedure, data processing method and mode determination logic. Finally, the validity of the method that can measure torsional frequency without reference FE analysis results was verified by applying it to an actual large wind turbine blade

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.81-87
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• 2010

The coverage ability is one of essential techniques for the Robotic Vacuum Cleaner (RVC). Most of the RVCs rely on random or regular pattern movement to cover a target space due to the technical difficulties to implement localization and map and constraints of hardwares such as controller and sensors. In this paper, we consider two main issues which are low computational load and using sensors with very limited sensing capabilities. First, in our approach, computing procedures to build map and detect the RVC's position are minimized by simplifying data obtained from sensors. To reduce computational load, it needs simply presenting an environment with objects of various shapes. Another isuue mentioned above is regarded as one of the most important problems in our approach, because we consider that many RVCs use low-cost sensor systems such as an infrared sensor or ultrasonic sensor with limited capabilities in limited range, detection uncertainty, measurement noise, etc. Methods presented in this paper are able to apply to general RVCs equipped with these sensors. By both simulation and real experiment, we evaluate our method and verify that the proposed method guarantees a complete coverage.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.44 no.12
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• pp.991-1000
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• 2011

The relationship between discharge (Q) and suspended sediment (SS) concentration often is used for the estimation of inflow SS concentration in reservoir turbidity modeling in the absence of actual measurements. The power function, SS=aQb, is the most commonly used empirical relation to determine the SS load assuming the SS flux is controlled by variations of discharge. However, Q-SS relation typically is site specific and can vary depending on the season of the year. In addition, the relation sometimes shows hysteresis during rising limb and falling limb for an event hydrograph. The objective of this study was to examine the hysteresis of Q-SS relationships through continuous field measurements during flood events at inflow rivers of Yongdam Reservoir and Soyang Reservoir, and to analyze its effect on the bias of SS load estimation. The results confirmed that Q-SS relations display a high degree of scatter and clock-wise hysteresis during flood events, and higher SS concentrations were observed during rising limb than falling limb at the same discharge. The hysteresis caused significant bias and underestimation of SS loading to the reservoirs when the power function is used, which is important consideration in turbidity modeling for the reservoirs. As an alternative of Q-SS relation, turbidity-SS relation is suggested. The turbidity-SS relations showed less variations and dramatically reduced the bias with observed SS loading. Therefore, a real-time monitoring of inflow turbidity is necessary to better estimate of SS influx to the reservoirs and enhance the reliability of reservoir turbidity modeling.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.55-64
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• 2016

In this paper bearing capacity and safety margin of shallow foundation on weathered soil ground against shear failure by using current design method of allowable stress design (ASD), load resistance factor design (LRFD) based on reliability analysis and partial safety factor design (PSFD) in Eurocode were estimated and compared to each other. Results of the plate loading test used in construction and design were collected and analysis of probability statistics on soil parameters affecting the bearing capacity of shallow foundation was performed to quantify the uncertainty of them and to investigate the resistance bias factor and covalence of ultimate bearing capacity. For the typical sections of shallow foundation in domestic field as examples, reliability index was obtained by reliability analysis (FORM) and the sensitivity analysis on soil parameters of probability variables was performed to investigate the effect of probability variable on shear failure. From stability analysis for these sections by ASD, LRFD with the target reiability index corresponding to the safety factor used in ASD and PSDF, safety margins were estimated respectively and compared.