• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.295-300
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• 2008

This experiment was conducted to compare forage production and feed value of winter forage crops at the experimental field of Livestock Division, National Institute of Animal Science from 2003 to 2004 in Jeju. The experiment was arranged in slit plot design with three replications. Main plots consisted of two cutting times, one time cutting and two times cutting. Sub plots consisted of 5 different seed combinations, T1 (Italian ryegrass), T2 (Oat), T3 (Italian ryegrass 25+Oat 75%), T4 (Italian ryegrass 50+Oat 50%), T5 (Italian ryegrass 75+Oat 25%). One time cutting showed the highest dry matter (DM) yield by 18,680 kg/ha. Tow times cutting showed the highest crude protein (CP) content by 11.97%. The all treatments have narrow range of total digestible nutrient (TDN) from 60.6% to 70.4%.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.341-350
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• 2008

This trial was conducted to investigate effects of different feeding types of conventional or total mixed rations (TMR) provision on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen retention and blood metabolite characteristics in different breeds of native and cross bred Korean black goats. Ten Korean native male goats and 10 Korean crossbred black male goats (Korean native $\times$ Australian feral crossbred, 50:50), average 18 kg of BW, were used in this trial, and each breed of Korean black goats was separated into conventional and TMR diets treatments in a randomized complete block design. Conventional diet was based on forages and commercial diet. All animals were housed in individual metabolism crates and were fed ad libitum. Water was available at all times. Experimental period totally lasted for 38 days, consisting of 14 days of adaptation, 10 days of preliminary period and 14 days of sample collection period. Daily dry matter intake was significantly (p<0.05) higher in TMR treatments of the crossbred goats. Within breeds, crossbred rather than native-bred consumed more highly, and within the feeding type, TMR diets were more fed in comparison with conventional diet. Average daily gain ranked the highest in crossbred : TMR, followed by crossbred: conventional diet, native-bred: TMR, and native-bred: conventional diet (p<0.05). Dry matter digestibility was significantly (p<0.05) higher for TMR than for conventional diets, and it was higher in crossbred than in native-bred Korea black goats. Nitrogen retention was highest in TMR treatments of crossbreed, whereas it was lowest in conventional diet of native breed (p<0.05). Plasma glucose and urea nitrogen concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) higher in crossbred than in native-bred Korean black goats. Overall, the results indicated that feeding total mixed ration to crossbred rather than native-bred Korean black goats had more favourable influences on their performances, intakes, digestibility, nitrogen retention and blood metabolite characteristics. In conclusion, it is conceived that the results may contribute to economical benefit to farms producing Korean black goats together with establishment of an efficient feeding management system.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.355-361
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• 2012

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of concentrate feeding on rumen papillae development in suckling Hanwoo calves before weaning (60 days of age). Twenty-four Hanwoo calves (12 heifers and 12 bulls) at six days of age were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments [hay and two levels (low and high) of concentrate feeding] and given each diet with free access to their dams for suckling until 60 days of age. At 60 days of age, two calves from each treatment were sacrificed and used for post-mortem examination of rumen papillae development. Feed intake between 31 and 60 days of age was significantly higher (P<0.05) for the high concentrate treatment (380.2 g/d) than for other treatments (58.3 and 76.9 g/d for hay and low concentrate treatments, respectively). Although feed intake showed a large difference between the low and high concentrate treatments, body weights at birth and 60 days of age were similar between the two treatments, suggesting that calves in the low concentrate feeding suckled more milk from their dams than those in the high concentrate feeding. The ratio of reticulo-rumen weight to body weight at 60 days of age was significantly increased (P<0.05) in the high concentrate (1.39%), compared with those in the hay (0.85%) and low concentrate (1.06%) treatments. Furthermore, the high concentrate feeding significantly increased both rumen papillae length and width, compared with the hay and low concentrate feeding group. This was also detected clearly by visual observation. The blood concentration of ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate was significantly higher for the high concentrate (176.4 ${\mu}mol/L$) than for other treatments (58.9 and 59.2 ${\mu}mol/L$ for the hay and the low concentrate group, respectively). In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that, to achieve a large development of rumen papillae before weaning (60 days of age) in suckling Hanwoo calves, the amount of concentrate intake should be important. And also the results implied that hay might not be included in the diet for suckling Hanwoo calves before weaning (60 days of age).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.1186-1193
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• 2008

The growth performance of pangasiid catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and catla (Catla catla) was evaluated in polyculture at varied combinations and stocking ratios in earthen pond for a period of 16 weeks. Combinations of pangasiid catfish, silver carp and catla with the total density of 30,000 fish per hectare were evaluated. A commercial pelleted feed containing 28% crude protein and 6% lipid was fed only to pangasiid catfish at the rate of 8% of body weight during the first six weeks, 6% during the second six weeks and 4% thereafter twice daily. The growth and feed utilization efficiency of pangasiid catfish were found similar in all treatments. The growth of silver carp was markedly decreased upon the increase of its own stocking density. The highest growth of silver carp achieved in polyculture of pangasiid catfish, silver carp and catla at 2:1:1 ratio where density of silver carp was lowest. The growth of catla was found to be affected by the presence of silver carp. The growth rate of catla markedly declined with the increase of silver carp density. The highest growth of catla obtained in polyculture of pangasiid catfish only with catla stocked at 1:1 ratio. The highest yield and economic return achieved in polyculture of pangasiid catfish, silver carp and catla at the ratio of 2:1:1 due to higher growth of silver carp and higher market value of catla. The water quality conditions in all different treatment ponds were within optimum ranges throughout the culture period and the values did not show any significant variation (p>0.05) among the treatments.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1994

In order to get information for the improvement of feeding systems of egg-type layers, a dietary self-selection study was conducted. Corn diet, soybean meal diet, wheat bran diet, soybean meal+fish meal diet, and limestone diet were individually prepared for self-selection regime. Forty brown layers were offered either a control laying diet (C) or one of the 3 self-selection regime consisted of corn-soybean meal-limestone diet ($T_1$), corn-soybean meal-wheat bran-limestone diet ($T_2$) and corn-soybean meal+fish meal-wheat bran-limestone diet ($T_3$) for one wk each at 31 wk and 41 wk of age. In all dietary treatments, most of the eggs were laid from 0700 h 1300 h and hens consumed more feed, energy and protein on egg forming days than on non-forming days. On egg forming days, hens fed self-selection regime consumed less energy and protein than those fed control diet. On egg forming days, the consumption of feed, energy and protein increased continuously from 1000 h 2200 h in the control diet group but they decreased during the last 3 hours from 1900 h to 2200 h in self-selection regime groups. Up to 1600 h, calcium intake of the self-selection regime groups were much less than that of the control group but after that time, they increased markedly and were much more than that of the control group. The results of the study suggest that the practical self-selection regime for layers should be developed to meet the daily cyclic requirement for nutrients without consuming an excess energy and protein at certain times of the day.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 1994

A dietary self-selection study was carried out to get information for the improvement of feeding systems of egg-type growing pullets. Corn diet, soybean meal diet, wheat bran diet and soybean meal+fish meal diet were individually prepared for self-selection regime and 380 day-old chicks of a brown egg strain were offered either a control grower diet(C) or one of the 3 self-selection regime consisted of corn-soybean meal diet ($T_1$), corn-soybean meal-wheat bran diet($T_2$) and corn-soybean meal+fishmeal-wheat bran diet($T_3$) during 20 weeks of the growing period. Compared with pullets fed control diet(C), those fed the self-selection diets($T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$) were smaller in body weight at 20 weeks of age by 12% and consumed less energy and protein by 11% and 9%, respectively. Calculated metabolizable energy levels of feed consumed during the growing period were about 3,200 kcal/kg in $T_1$ and 2,300 kcal/kg in $T_2$ and $T_3$ and dietary protein levels were about 12~13% in all self-selection diets ($T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$) regardless of pullet age. The results of the study suggest that the conventional feeding system of egg-type growing pullets should be improved in order to control the body weight effectively and to reduce the cost of grower feed.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.739-746
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• 2002

We investigated the effect of fig fermented product(FFP) supplementation on growth performance, serum profile, carcass performance, meat performance and meat quality in 10 bulls of Korean cattle. Concentrates diet was supplemented with substrate fermented from fig fruit and leaves at 10% of the diet. The feed intake of FFP were slightly higher than the control, but the final weight showed no sifnificant difference between the two. Daily weight gain and feed intake were increased in FFP. The serum profile had no significant difference in the treatment. In carcass performance, the meat quantity grade of the treatment had no significant difference, but in meat quality grade the marbling score of FFP was significantly(P<0.05) increased therefore it showed a positive effect on meat quality grade. Also there was no significant(P<0.05) difference of meat cut performance in the treatment. Due to the proximate characteristics of longissimuss muscles the crude fat content of the FFP was significantly(P<0.05) increased. There was no significant difference(P<0.05) in physical characteristics ; pH level, meat color and heat loss of the treatment, but the shear force value and the cholesterol content of FFP significantly(P<0.05) decreased. Crude fat was increased(P<0.05) and cooking loss, shear force and cholesterol concentration were decreased. In fatty acids composition of the FFP, the linoleic acid from the longissimus increased significantly(P<0.05). In subcutaneous fat of longissimus of the FFP, C16:0(palmitic acid) significantly(P<0.05) decreased, but C18:1 significantly (P<0.05) increased. Therefore in FFP, the concentration of saturated fatty acid significantly decreased (P<0.05), but on the other hand the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids significantly (P<0.05) increased. In sensory evaluation of the FFP, the evaluation of odor increased slightly in a positive manner, also the appearance and the taste increased significantly(P<0.05). In conclusion when annexing additional fig fermented product to Hanwoo bulls, the carcass grade improves and the livestock production increases. Also the shear force, lower cholesterol, improved appearance and taste will open the doors to high quality meat production.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplement of Alisma canaliculatum and Viscum album on the growth performance and immune response of broiler chickens. One hundred and forty Ross broiler chicks (1 day old) were assigned to 4 treatments in 5 replications with 7 birds per replication. The dietary treatments were NC group (without antibiotics), PC group (basal + 50 ppm Oxytetracycline), AC group (basal + Alisma canaliculatum 0.5%), and VA group (basal + Viscum album 0.5%). The results revealed that body weight gain and feed intake were not significantly different among the treatments. Addition of AC to the diet showed significantly higher feed conversion ratios than the VA addition diet and other treatments (p<0.05). The concentration of linolenic acid, ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid in the AC and VA treatment were relatively higher than that in the antibiotic treatment, while there was no difference in the concentration of SFA, USFA, and USFA/SFA. The serum IgG concentration in chickens tended to increase in the AC and VA treatment groups compared to NC group. The IL2 concentration in AC and VA groups was significantly higher than in other group (p<0.05). IL6 was not detected, however. GOT, GPT, and T-billirubin in the VA group were significantly higher than in other groups (p<0.05). Thus, the VA additives can result in the damage of liver and kidney. In conclusion, the dietary supplement of a 0.5% of AC and VA showed a similar growth performance and increased immunity response comparable to supplementing a 50 ppm Oxytetracycline. Therefore, it can be said that the AC and VA are possible alternates of antibiotics.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.401-412
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• 2005

This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary Mogchotan(the mixture of charcoal and pyroligneous acid, 80:20, w/w) supplementation on fattening performance, fatty acid composition and the physico-chemical characteristics of meat in pigs. The present study was also stressed to investigate the possibility of industrial utilization of charcoal and pyroligneous acid as a livestock feed additive. Weight gain and feed conversion in pigs fed the Mogchotan supplemented diet were higher than those of the control group. In fatty acids composition, palmitic acid(C16:0) contents of Mogchotan treatment groups were lower than that of control group. However, Mogchotan supplementation increased C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 contents when compared with control group pigs. Also, Mogchotan supplementation groups decreased saturated fatty acids level than control group. On the other hand, Mogchotan supplementation showed higher unsaturated fatty acids value, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids value compared to control group. The carcass pH of pigs fed the Mogchotan tended to be higher than control, but was not significantly different. The water holding capacity was significantly higher in pigs fed the 3.0% Mogchotan-supplemented diet than those of other treatment groups(p<0.05). Altogether, it has been suggested that dietary $1{\sim}3%$ of Mogchotan supplementation improved the fattening performance and meat quality in pigs.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.323-334
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• 2007

An in vitro study was conducted to examine the influence of alcohol-fermented feedstuff formulated with byproducts on the fermentation characteristics and NDF disappearance in the rumen. Dietary treatments were either a soybean curd-based alcohol-fermented feedstuff (AFS) or brewery grain-based alcohol-fermented feedstuff (AFB). The AFS and AFB are composed of 50% commercial beef cattle feed, 50% soybean curd dreg, 5% molasses and 0.5% yeast and 25% commercial beef cattle feed, 25% brewery grain, 25% soybean curd dreg, 25% corn grit, 5% molasses and 0.5% yeast, respectively. The change of ammonia, pH alcohol, volatile fatty acids, and NDF disappearance were measured at 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 hr after in vitro incubation in the rumen. After 2 hr incubation, higher ammonia concentrations were resulted in AFS (12.47 mg/dl) and AFB (12.85 mg/dl) compared to control (11.84 mg/dl) (p<0.05). Ruminal pH of AFS and AFB were significantly higher than control during 1 to 6 hr fermentation, but the pH of AFS and AFB were decreased after 6 hr. At 12 hr fermentation, the alcohol concentration of AFS and AFB was significantly increased by 43.9% and 48.0%, respectively. The acetate concentration was rapidly decreased in control, while the concentration was slowly decreased in AFS and AFB with increasing the fermentation time. Lower concentrations propionate and butyrate were observed in AFS and AFB during every fermentation time (p<0.05). The NDF disappearance was significantly lower in AFS and AFB after 4 hr fermentation. These results suggest that alcohol fermented feedstuff can control the fermentation pattern in the rumen.