• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2001

This study was performed to elucidate the effects of copper poisoning on the reproductive organ of rats. After consecutive oral administrations of copper sulfate, the weights of testis, the numbers and motilities of sperms, organ weights and histological changes of testes were compared between control and experimental groups. 1. Testis weights of 1,000, 2,000 or 4,000 ppm/kg of copper sulfate-administrated rats gradually decreased compared with control group, and the values no significant changes. 2. The sperm numbers of 1,000, 2,000 or 4,000 ppm/kg of copper sulfate-administrated rats were lowered in dose dependent manners than those of control group's and the values no significant changes. 3, The motilities sperms of 1,000, 2,000 or 4:000 ppm/kg of copper sulfate-administrated rats decreased significantly in dose-dependent manners compared with those of control group's. 4. The weights of livers and kidneys of 1,000, 2,000 or 4,000 ppm/kg of copper sulfate-administration rats decreased or increased. 5. Necrosis of hepatocytes around the central veins and infiltrations of fine granules-harboring macrophages in periportal and interstitial tissues were found out in the livers of copper sulfate-administrated rats. The Bowman's capsule and tubules of kidneys were filled with hyaline material.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 2004

Changes in cell cycle control in the lungs and liver of the B6C3F1 mice (20 males per each group) exposed to ozone (0.5 ppm), 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK, 1.0 mg/kg), and dibutyl phthalate (DBP, 5,000 ppm) after 52 weeks were examined through Western, Northern blot, and immunohistochemistry based on alterations in protein expression levels of G1/S checkpoints (cyclin D1, cyclin E, and PCNA), G2/M checkpoints (cyclin B1, cyclin G, and cyclin A), negative regulators (p53, p21, GADD45, and p27), and positive regulator (mdm2). Expression levels of cyclins D1, E, G, PCNA, mutant p53, and mdm2 proteins were higher in the lungs and livers treated with combination of toxicants than in those treated with ozone only. Expression levels of the wild-type and mutant p53, p21, GADD45, p27, and mdm2 proteins and mRNAs were higher in toxicant-treated groups than those of the control. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed staining intensities of the PCNA, cyclin D1, c-myc and mdm2 protein- treated lungs and livers were stronger than those of the control group. Our results showed that combined treatment of ozone with NNK/DBP altered the cell cycle control through instability of the wild-type p53 gene. Such pivotal p53-mediated cell cycle alterations may be responsible for the toxicity observed under our experimental condition. These results may be applied to risk assessment of mixture-induced toxicity.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.177-193
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• 2005

Purpose: To identify genes specifically expressed in biliary atresia, we compared the patterns of gene expression between biliary atresia and neonatal hepatitis syndrome using cDNA microarray analysis. Methods: Liver tissues were taken from livers of 11 patients (7 patients with biliary atresia and four with neonatal hepatitis) with neonatal cholestasis by needle biopsy. Normal control could be obtained from donor liver tissue during living-related liver transplantation. Total RNA was extracted from each samples and reversely transcribed to make cDNA. Then fluorescent cDNA were pooled and hybridized to the clones on the microarray. Fluorescence intensities at the immobilized targets were measured. Utilizing cDNA arrays of 4.7 K human genes, gene expression profiles were analyzed. Results: Among 4,700 microarray clones, 17 cDNA clones were significantly over-expressed in all 11 patients with neonatal cholestasis, while 20 clones were significantly decreased. Genome-wide expression analysis was carried out in livers obtained at the time of diagnosis. We could identify 49 genes, in which there showed differential expression between biliary atresia and neonatal hepatitis syndrome. Conclusion: This study shows the pattern of differentially expressed genes in biliary atresia and neonatal hepatitis syndrome. We believe that this study can contribute to the understanding of pathogenesis of neonatal cholestasis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.187-193
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• 2014

This study investigated whether or not Citrus unshiu peel extract (CPE) affects fat accumulation in livers of rats fed an ethanol-containing liquid diet. Initially, male Sprague-Dawley rats were housed individually in stainless steel, wire-bottomed cages with free access to a Lieber-Decarli control liquid diet. Rats were divided by body weight into three groups of eight each: one group of rats was fed the Lieber-Decarli control liquid diet devoid of ethanol (control), another was fed the Lieber-Decarli ethanol diet (ethanol), and third was fed the same ethanol diet except containing CPE. All three groups were fed their respective diets for 6 weeks. Serum and liver lipids were analyzed and liver histology performed. Body weight did not differ among the groups over the 6-wk duration. Histology images showed that CPE administration significantly improved fat accumulation in livers, which was induced by ethanol diet. Serum levels of transaminases and lipids also were reduced by CPE consumption. Taken together, the results indicate that CPE may protect ethanol-induced fatty liver by lowering fat accumulation in both the liver and blood. The protective effects of CPE appear to be due to its phenolic contents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.194-199
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-obesity effects of Lentinus edodes water extract powder (LEP) in mice fed a high fat diet (HF, 45% kcal fat). Mice were administrated a HF diet supplemented with 1%, 3%, or 5% LEP for 12 weeks. Consumption of HF diet caused increases in body weight, serum lipid profiles, and adipose tissue weights. Serum TC and TG levels in the LEP-supplemented groups were lower than those in the NC group. Supplementation with 5% LEP significantly suppressed body weight gain and reduced the weight of subcutaneous adipose tissue compared to the HF group. HF diet ingestion resulted in higher lipid content and increased lipid peroxidation in the liver. However, LEP supplementation inhibited accumulation of hepatic lipids induced by HF diet, considerably decreased MDA levels, and elevated total antioxidant activity in the livers of mice in the 5% LEP group. Histopathological analysis indicated that the livers of mice fed HF diet developed hepatic steatosis, whereas LEP-treated groups showed small fat droplets. These results suggest that long-term supplementation with LEP may also have an ameliorating effect on HF-induced obesity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1206-1211
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• 2006

The effects of taurine supplementation on growth performance, serum and liver concentrations of lipid, fatty acid composition and lipid peroxidation in the livers of broilers under chronic heat exposure conditions were investigated. The chicks with a similar body weight were equally assigned to one of three controlled-environment chambers. The brolier chicks, which were kept at $34^{\circ}C$ were fed either with a control diet or the control diet supplemented with 0.8% taurine, whereas broiler chicks kept at $22^{\circ}C$ were fed a control diet. Both of the BW and BW gains of broilers maintained at a temperature of $34^{\circ}C$ were significantly lower than those of the control group, which was maintained at a temperature of $22^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05). However, taurine addition in the diet of birds submitted to heat stress siginficantly improved BW gain (p<0.05). The feed intake of chicks declined with increases in temperature. The relative liver and gall bladder weights of chicks fed the control diet and maintained at $34^{\circ}C$ were significantly lower than those measured in the control birds (p<0.05). However, dietary taurine was found to compensate for these reductions in liver and gall bladder weights. Relative weights of abdominal fat did not differ significantly among the three groups. Serum triglyceride concentrations were significantly lower in the chicks fed the control diet and maintained at $34^{\circ}C$ compare to those measured in the chicks fed the control diet at $22^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05). Heat stress resulted in a significant reduction in total lipid and triglyceride levels, but also increased the levels of total cholesterol in the liver (p<0.05). However, dietary taurine supplementation under the heat stress condition resulted in the recovery, to control levels, of serum triglyceride concentrations, as well as the amounts of total lipids, triglycerides, and cholesterol in the liver. The livers of chicks fed on taurine diets at $34^{\circ}C$ showed significantly higher proportions of C14:0, C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, and 20:3, and lower C18:0 and C20:4 proportions than those of chicks fed on control diets at the same temperature (p<0.05). The total levels of saturated fatty acids decreased, but monounsaturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acid levels increased in chicks fed the taurine diet, as compared to chicks fed the control diet at $34^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05). Peroxidizability indices were significantly lower in the heat-exposed chicks fed the taurine diet than in the non-taurine heat-exposed groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, dietary taurine results in an increase in the growth performances of chicks under heat stress conditions via improvements in lipid absorption and metabolism, as well as an induced reduction in lipid peroxidation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2020

This aimed at figuring out if there were the radioprotection effects of aronia on livers of laboratory rats radiated through serum test. For the objects of animal testing, one group consists of five male laboratory rats (weight 200~250 g), and the groups were set as follows: Group 1, normal; Group 2, 5 Gy radiated control group; and Group 3, 5 Gy radiated experiment group with aronia. Group 1(A) was prescribed with ordinary meal without radiation while the control group, Group 2(B) was prescribed with ordinary meal and radiation, and the experiment group, Group 3(C) was orally prescribed with aronia (daily oral dosage: 100 mg/kg/day) diluted with distilled water at the amount of 50 mg/kg/day twice a week, using oral zonde needle for rats for 14 days before being radiated, and then, radiation were made on them. For the study, using Linac (Linear Accelerator) 6 MV X-ray therapy device, rats were irradiated on their whole bodies once, and their blood was sampled for conducting five blood serum tests with regard to liver. For statistical analysis, ANOVA test was conducted. In conclusion, as a result of the analysis, it seemed that there were no the radioprotection effects of aronia on liver. However, it was confirmed statistically that ALB (P>0.05) showed no significance and that TP (P<0.05) showed significant differences. It is expected that there should be more tests in future.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.117-129
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• 2000

This study was carried out to examine proliferative activity and expression of c-myc oncoprotein and p2lras in normal and preneoplastic rat livers induced by an in vivo mid-term chemical carcinogenesis assay. Sixty, six-week-old male specific pathogen free Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into five groups. Group I was received a single intraperitoneal(IP) dose(200mg/kg) of diethylnitrosamine(DEN). Group 2(10 rats) was operated partial hepatectomy(PH) and Group 3 was received IP(200mg/kg) DEN, fed two weeks later with 500ppm of phenobarbital(PB). Group 4 was received IP(200mg/kg) DEN, fed two weeks later 500ppm(PB) and PH at week 3 after the onset of experiment. While group 5(20 rats) was not treated and used as a control group. All the rats were sacrificed at age 14 weeks except 10 rats from group 5 were sacrificed at the onset of experiment. Livers of all rats were examined for 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine(BrdU) incoporation, proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA), silver-binding nucleolar organizer regions(AgNORs) counts per nucleus and expression of c-myc oncoprotein and p21ras. Both the number and area of the preneoplastic lesions were significantly(p<0.01) compared to other groups. A significant(p<0.01) increase in immunoreactive cells were detected in preneoplastic hepatocytes in Groups 3 and 4 by PCNA and BrdU immunohistochemical stain. The number of the positive cells were significantly(p<0.05) lower in normal 14-week-old rats than those of 6-week-old rats. The results showed that proliferative activity of the hepatocytes was increased by treatment with DEN, PH and PB. Meanwhile, AgNORs counts per nucleus were significantly(p<0.05) increased in the preneoplastic hepatocytes of rats in both groups 3 and 4. The expression of c-myc oncoprotein and p21ras were more readily localized within the hepatic preneoplastic lesions such as hyperplastic nodules. Especially, group 4 showed significantly (p<0.05) overexpressed levels compared to groups 1 and 3. These findings suggest that PCNA, BrdU and AgNORs are significantly increased and c-myc oncoprotein and p21ras are significantly overexpressed in hepatic preneoplastic lesions induced by mid-term carcinogenesis. So these parameters can be an effective markers for hepatic prencoplastic lesions.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.511-521
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• 1992

The distribution of the hepatic arteries within the liver in 30 Korean native cattle were observed. Vinylite solution was injected into the hepatic arteries of 10 livers for cast preparation. The angiography was prepared in 20 livers by injected 30% barium sulfate solution into the hepatic arteries and then radiographed on X-ray apparatus. The results were summarized as follow ; 1. The hepatic arteries were divided into the Ramus (R.) sinister, R. dexter and R. intermedius. The intrahepatic arteries were derived from the R. sinister and R. dexter. The R. intermedius divided into the Arteria(A.) gastrica dextra, A. gastroduodenalis and A. cystica. 2. The right branch (ramus dexter) of the hepatic artery supplies the right lobe and caudate process. It consisted of the A. dorsalis lobi dextri, A. ventralis lobi dextri and A. lobi caudati. They formed one common trunk with three arteries(6 cases, 20%), and two arteries formed common trunk with the A. ventralis lobi dextri and A. lobi caudati (16 cases, 52.8%), or with A. dorsalis lobi dextri and A. lobi caudati (5 cases, 16.5%). The three arteries arose from the A. hepatia independently(3 cases, 10%). 3. The left branch (ramus sinister), larger than the right and often double (6 cases, 20%), supplies the caudate, quadrate and left lobes, and often gives origin to the A. gastrica dextra. 4. The branches of hepatic artery in the left lobe were derived from A. dorsalis lobi sinistri, A. ventralis lobi sinistri and A. intermedius lobi sinistri. The A. intermedius lobi sinistri were absent in some cases (3 cases, 10%). They almostly originated a single branch and often two branches. 5. The A. cystica arose from the R. intermedius(27 cases, 90%) and A. hepaica(3 cases, 10%). 6. The Rami processus papillarum arose from dorsal border of the Pars transversa of the left branch(19 cases, 62.7%), the left branch and right branch (9 cases, 30%) or A. hepatica(2 cases, 6.6%). 7. The A. lobi quadrata arose from either the Pars transversa of left branch (12 cases, 40%) or A. hepatica(4 cases, 13.2%). It also arose from both Pars transversa of left branch and A. ventralis lobi sinistri (3 cases, 10%). 8. The anastomosis on the branches of A. hepatica was observed in intrahepatic and cystic arteries. The left and right branches ramified several secondary radiating branches within the liver. 9. The hepatic arteries formed a very short common trunk of the right branch ($18.75{\pm}11.89$ : 2.20~44.8mm) and a long Pars transversa of the left branch($72.85{\pm}20.04$ : 28.2~104.1mm). 10. The ramified angles at the A. dorsalis lobi dextri, A. ventralis lobi dextri, A. lobi sinistri, A. ventralis lobi sinistri, A. lobi quadrata, A. cystica and Rami processus papillarum were 50-80, 270-300, 340-20, 120-160, 160-290, 200-230, 250~290, 230~280 and 80~120 degrees, respectively.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.423-434
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• 1986

The role of macrophages in the resistance of ICR mice to Candida albicans and Salmonella typhimurium was assessed using silica, agent which selectively inactivates macrophages or poly-2-vinylpyridine-N-oxide(PVNO), a lysosomal stabilizing agent. In addition, effect of silica on humoral and cellular immune responses to sheep red blood cells(SRBC) or polyvinylpyroridone(PVP) was examind. Colonyforming units(CFU) of C. albicans or S. typhimurium in the spleen, livers and kidneys of silica-treated or diluent-treated mice were enumerated at various times after infection. Silica was given i. v. to mice at 4 days or 1 day before infection. Although there was no apparent differences in the number of CFU of C. albicans cultured from the spleens or livers of silica-treated and control mice at every assay period, significant differences in the number of CFU of C. albicans in the kidneys of silica-treated and control mice. Namely, silica given to mice 1 day before infection significantly increased the number of CFU of C. albicans in the kidneys at 2, 4 and 6 days after infection, but did not change the number of CFU at 8 days after infection. Silica given to mice at 4 days before infection significantly increased the number CFU in the kidneys at 2 and 4 days after infection, but rather decreased the number of CFU at 8 days after infection. The number of CFU of C. albians cultured from the kidneys of splenectomized which were experimentally infected mice was similar to the number recovered from sham-operated mice at 4 and 8 days postinfection irrespective of time of infection relative to operation. The pretreatment of mice with PVNO appeared to abrogate the silica-induced susceptibility of mice to C. albicans. PVNO alone showed somewhat protective effect against challenge with C. albicans. In contrast, silica treatment did not alter the number of CFU of S. typhimurium recovered from the spleens and kidneys of mice. The administration of silica to mice at 4 days or 1 day before SRBC immunization significantly suppressed delayed-type hypersensitivity(DTH) reactions to SRBC and antibody production to SRBC, a thymus-dependent antigen and PVP, a thymus-independent antigen. These results provide evidence that macrophages play an important role in susceptibility to Candida infection and strongly demonstrated that macrophages play an essential role in the induction of immune responses in mice.