• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.252-258
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• 1998

어분이 $40\%$ 첨가된 조피볼락 실용 배합사료의 미네랄 첨가효과와 적정 mineral premix 개발에 필요한 자료를 제공하기 위해 mineral premix중에 P, Ca, Zn, Mg, Fe, K, Mn 및 Se을 각각 첨가하지 않은 실험구와 mineral pre-mix 전부를 첨가하지 않은 실험구를 설정하여 9주간 3 반복으로 사육하였다. 어분 $60\%$ 첨가사료 (HF)와 어분 $40\%$ 첨가사료 (대조구)에 미네랄을 모두 첨가했을 때의 증체율 및 사료효율은 서로 차이가 없었다 (P>0.05). 어분을 $40\%$ 첨가한 사료에 P, Mg, Fe 및 Mn을 각각 첨가하지 않은 사료의 증체율은 미네랄을 모두 첨가한 HF 사료 및 대조사료와 유의차가 없었고 (P>0.05), Ca, Zn, K 및 Se을 각각 첨가하지 않은 사료는 대조구 및 HF사료보다 유의하게 낮았다 (P<0.05). 일일 사료섭취율은 사료간에 유의차는 없었으며, 사료효율은 Zn 무첨가구와 mineral premix를 첨가하지 않은 실험구가 대조구보다 낮은 값 (P<0.05)을 보였으며, 그 외 실험구들은 차이가 없었다. 간의 일반성분 및 중량지수는 사료의 미네랄에 영향을 받지 않았다 (P>0.05). 위의 결과로부터 사료에 어분이 $40\%$ 함유된 사료에는 P, Mg, Fe 및 Mn을 별도로 첨가하지 않아도 될 것으로 판단되며, Ca, Zn, K 및 Se은 별도 첨가가 필요할 것으로 보인다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.15-22
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• 1973

Sodium chloride plays an important role as the main condiment at daily meal. It is well known that humans require sodium chloride as an essential nutrient to keep the homeostasis of electrolytes. The amounts of salt intake may be a reflection of geography, culture and food habit rather than necessity. Lee has reported (1962) that Koreans ingest high amounts of sodium chloride in their meals, with an intake of excess carbohydrate (80-90% of total Calories) and low protein in their diet. This includes large amounts of rice, Kimchi and other fermented soybean products common in the Korean diet. This investigation was designed to study the dietary relations of sodium chloride to other nutrients in the Korean diet. Twenty four albino male rats, weighing from 290-300g, were divided into four dietary groups according to the amounts of carbohydrate, protein and fat in the basal diet. Each diet contained a rice powder as a carbohydrate source. Diet I was a control diet, Diet II, low protein, Diet III, low protein and low fat diet and Diet IV, low fat diet. All rats were provided with 3% sodium chloride solution. Diet and salt solution were given ad libitum. The experiment was carried out for 9 weeks during which time the body weight, the food intake, and 3% sodium chloride solution consumption were determined. At the 9th week, the urine was collected the blood sample from the artery of each rat for the analysis of sodium and potassium and other chemical studies. The rats were sacrificed and the kidney, adrenal, liver and spleen were measured, and observed changes of the pathological tissue in the kidney and adrenal. The results were summarized as follows: 1) The growth rate was higher in Diet I than in the other experimental diets (II, III and IV) after 4 weeks. There was no significant difference found between the experimental Diets II, III and IV. 2) The daily food intake was greater in the experimental diets II, III and IV than in the control diet. However, there was no difference among the high carbohydrate diets Diet II, III and IV. 3) The daily water (3% sodium chloride solution) intake was also greater in the Diets II, III and IV, than in the control diet. However, there was no difference between Diets II, III and IV. 4) The concentration of sodium and potassium in the blood were within the normal range in all diets. 5) The amount of sodium chloride in the urine was significantly greater in Diets II, III and IV than in the control diet. Diets II, III, IV had a larger amount of sodium solution consumption. 6) Observation of pathological tissue in the experimental diets found a cell proliferation in the glomerlulus of the kidney, while such change was not found in the control diet.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.139-145
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• 2012

Two feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of experimental extruded pellets (EEPs) and commercial EPs (CEPs) on Far Eastern catfish $Silurus$ $asotus$ in pilot- (experiment I) and commercial-scale (experiment II) tanks. Four diets were prepared: three EEPs (EEP1, EEP2 and EEP3) that contained different amounts of tuna fish meal, soybean meal, and squid liver oil, and one CEP diet. In experiment I, three replicate groups of juveniles were fed one of the four EPs in pilot-scale tanks for 19 weeks. The weight gains (WGs) of fish fed EEP1 and CEP were significantly higher than those of fish fed EEP2 or EEP3. The highest feed efficiency (FE) was observed in fish fed the CEP diet ($P$<0.05), and the FE of fish fed EEP1 and EEP3 were significantly higher than that with EEP2 ($P$<0.05). In experiment II, juveniles were fed one of four EPs in commercial-scale tanks for 19 weeks. WG and FE values of fish fed EEP1 and CEP were higher than those of fish fed EEP2 and EEP3. The results of this study indicate that the dietary formulation used in EEP1 could be used as a practical feed for Far Eastern catfish.

• 약학회지
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.286-292
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• 2009

In this study, we investigated the anti-obese activity of HPJ extract in C57BL/6J mice. The C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into five groups: normal control group (Con), high fat diet control group (HFD), treatment groups with HPJ at 125 mg/kg (HPJ125), 250 mg/kg (HPJ250), or 500 mg/kg (HPJ500). To induce an obesity, mice were fed by a high fat diet for 6 weeks, and mice were administered with HPJ extract once a day for 8 weeks. At the end of treatment, we examined the effect of HPJ extract on body weight, plasma lipid, and lipogenic enzymes. HPJ extract was found to lower whole body and epididymal adipose tissue weights and lowered plasma levels of glucose, insulin, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and leptin, compared to those in HFD group. Histological analyses of the liver and fat tissues of mice treated with HPJ extract revealed significantly decreased number of lipid droplets and decreased size of adipocytes compared to the HFD group. In addition, HPJ extract preserved the morphological integrity of pancreatic islets. To elucidate an action mechanism of HPJ extract, Western blot and RT-PCR were performed using epididymal adipose tissues. HPJ extract up-regulated the levels of phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its substrate, acetyl-CoA carboxylasse (ACC). HPJ extract also attenuated lipogenic gene expressions of sterol regulatory element-binding protein $1{\alpha}$ (SREBP$1{\alpha}$), fatty acid synthase (FAS), sterol-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) in dose-dependent manners. In contrast, expressions of lipolytic genes such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-$\alpha$ (PPAR-${\alpha}$) and CD36, and fatty acid $\beta$-oxidation gene, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) were increased. These results suggest that HPJ extract ameliorates obesity through inhibiting synthesis of lipogenic enzymes as well as stimulating fatty acid oxidation resulting from activation of AMPK, and HPJ extract could be developed as a potential therapeutic agent for obese patients.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2003

Single and 28-day repeated dose toxicity studies of botulimnn toxin type A were carried out in ICR mice and Sprague-Dawley rats, respectively. In the single dose toxicity study, botulinwn toxin was injected intraperitoneally to male and female mice at a single dose of 40, 59, 89 133 and 200 ng/10 ml saline/kg. All animals died from 59 ng/kg group. Some clinical signs, such as decrease in locomotor activity, dyspnea, prone position and ptosis, were observed in most of both sexes from 59 ng/kg group, but no signs were seen in all animals at 40 ng/kg group. The results showed that the median lethal dose of botulinum toxin might be in the range of 40-59 ng/kg in both sexes. In the repeated dose toxicity study, the test material was administered intradermally for 28 days at doses of 0 (vehicle-treated control), 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and $10.0ng/head/50{\mu}{\ell}$ saline in male and female rats. No test material-related changes were noted in survivals, clinical signs, food and water consumptions and gross finding in any group. Botulinum toxin treatment significantly decreased the body weight gain rate in male of 5.0 ng/head group and over and in female of 10.0 ng/head group compared to vehicle-treated control. One or more relative organ weights (i.e., spleen, thymus, liver and kidney) were increased significantly from 5.0 ng/head group compared to vehicle-treated control in both sexes. Serum biochemistry revealed increases in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine phosphokinase, total protein and albumin in male, and increases in AST and ALT and decreases in $K^+$ and $Cl^-$ in female without dose-pendent manners. In the histopathological study, physical stimulation by needle caused slight inflammations of dennis. In addition, botulinum toxin treatment induced denervation of nerve cell and disuse of muscle, resulting in atrophy of skeletal muscle in both sexes from 2.5 ng/head group. When the antibodies to toxin were determined in all animals, a significant increase in serum antibodies was observed from 5.0 ng/head group. The results showed that the NOAEL of botulinum toxin might be 1.25 ng/head for 28-day repeated dose toxicity in rats.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.743-752
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• 1995

The study was carried out to characterize the properties of Korean isolates of EHV from aborted fetuses and determine envelope protein profiles. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. Two strains of EHV was isolated from 2 liver samples among 10 aborted fetuses from which the virus isolation was attempted. 2. Morphological and some enzymatic properties of the Korean isolates of EHV which was designated as $LC_1$ and $LC_2$ was identical to those of a reference strain of Australia-N of EHV-1. The Korean isolates of EHV could be propagated on ED cell culture and they formed typical plaques 1 to 2 days after infection in the ED cells from which typical cuboidal particles of 150~170 nm diameter herpesvirus were observed. The virus could be detected specifically from neucleus and cytoplasm of infected cells by flourescent antibody technique using FITC labelled anti-Aust IV(EHV-1) antiserum. The Korean isolates, $LC_1$ and $LC_2$ were specifically neutralized by anti Aust IV antiserum and reacted positively to CELISA. 3. The structural polypeptides of purified enveloped virions of $LC_1$ and $LC_2$ isolates of EHV were determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to identify the envelope glycoproteins. $LC_1$ and $LC_2$ strains revealed 14 glycoproteins ranging in molecular weight from 190 kD to 31 kD while 17 structural proteins of Aust IV(EHV-1), of which 14 were identical to those of $LC_1$ and $LC_2$, were identified. Upon immunoblotting by rabbit antiserum against EHV isolates and EHV-1(Aust IV), 4 immunogenic proteins of $LC_1$ and $LC_2$ were 135 kD, 88 kD, 64 kD and 59 kD, of which 135 kD, 88 kD and 64 kD proteins were also found in Aust IV(EHV-1).

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.100-107
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• 1996

인슐린 의존형 당뇨병 및 인슐린 비의존형 당뇨명 모델동물을 이용하여 오디의 항당뇨 효과를 검정해 보았다. 오디의 투여에 의해 정상 ICR 마우스 및 STZ 투여로 제1형 당뇨병을 유발한 ICR 마우스에서 체중과 혈당치의 유의성 있는 변화를 관찰할 수 없었다. 뿐만 아니라 STZ-유도성 당뇨병 유발억제 효과에 대한 실험에서도 역시 유의성 있는 억제 효과를 나타내지 않았으나 STZ로 유발한 당뇨병에서 용량의존적으로 혈당이 강하되는 경향을 관찰할 수 있었다. 2일령의 랫트에 STZ를 투여하여 제2형 당뇨병을 유발한 실험에서 오디 투여군은 혈당을 유의성 있는 감소를 나타내었으며, 간장의 무게 역시 대조군에 대해 유의성 있게 감소되었다. 그리고 자연발생 제2형 당뇨병 모델동물인 KK 마우스에서 오디 투여군은 대조군에 비해 내당능이 유의성 있게 회복되는 경향을 관찰 할 수 있었다. 오디는 제1형당뇨병에 대해서는 유의한 영향을 미치지 못하는 반면, 제2형당뇨병에 대해서는 유의성 있는 향당뇨 효능을 나타내었다. 이러한 사실은 오디를 이용하여 인슐린 비의존성 당뇨병에 대하여 항당뇨효과를 가진 기능성 식품을 개발 할 수 있는 가능성을 시사하고 있다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.229-237
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• 1989

알콜과 단백질 수준이 칼슘과 인의 대사에 미치는 영향을 관찰하고자, 알콜은 음료수에 5%로 혼합하여 상음케하였고, 단백질 수준은 8, 16 및 24%로 조절하였다. 각 실험식이로 생후 15주된 숫쥐를 4주 및 10주간 사육하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 체중증가, 장기중량 및 hemoglobin과 hematocrit치는 알콜섭취에 따른 영향은 없었다. 비장중 칼슘농도는 16PC군에 비하여 알콜섭취군인 8PE, 16PE및 24PE군이 유의하게 감소되었다. 간, 심장, 신장, 근육 및 혈청의 칼슘과 인의 농도는 알콜과 단백질섭취량에 따라서 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 대퇴골의 중량, 길이 및 칼슘과 인의 농도는 각 실험군이 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 알콜섭취군에서 식이단백질 수준이 증가할 수록 분중 칼슘배설량은 다소 감소하는 경향이었고, 반대로 뇨중 칼슘의 배설량, 평형 및 흡수율은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 인의 뇨중 배설량은 4주군에서는 16PC군에 비하여 알콜섭취군인 8PE 및 24PE군이 감소하였고, 10주에는 알콜섭취군이 감소하였다. 인의 평형과 흡수율은 알콜섭취시 단백질 수준이 증가할수록 증가되어 24PE군은 16PC군과 비슷한 경향으로 나타났다.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.353-361
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• 1996

자주복 유어의 필수지방산 요구 및 사료중의 적정함량을 규명하기 위하여, 평균체중 3.45g의 유어를 사용하여 사육실험을 실시하였다. 8주간의 사육실험의 결과, 성장은 실험개시 4주부터 실험구들 사이에 차이가 보여 실험 종료시에는 $0.5\~1\%$ n-3 HUFA 실험구와 $0.5\%$ DHA 실험구가 다른 실험구에 비교하여 우세한 성장을 보였다(P<0.05). 또한, EPA, DHA 및 n-3 HUFA 실험구 사이에 효율성의 비교에서 EPA$1\%$ EPA실험구는 사료중에 $0.5\%$에서 $1\%$로 지방산을 증량시킴에 의해 첨가효과가 인정되었으나, DHA와 n-3 HUFA실험구는 EPA실험구와 상이하게 $1\%$ DHA실험구에서 급격한 성장의 저하와 $1\%$ n-3 HUFA 실험구에서는 성장의 정체가 나타났다. 실험기간동안에 생잔률은 $73\~93\%$의 범위로 지방산과의 관련성은 보이지 않았다. 사료효율은 n-3 HUFA실험구와 $0.5\%$ DHA실험구에서 높았고, $1\%$ LNA실험구는 $0.5\~1\%$ EPA실험구와 $0.3\%$ DHA실험구와의 차이가 거의 없었다. 이상의 결과로 부터, 유어기의 자주복은 EPA나 DHA등의 n-3 HUFA를 필수지방산으로 요구함이 사료되며, 사료중의 $0.5\%$ 정도의 HUFA 또는 $0.5\%$ DHA가 적정함량으로 추측된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권9호
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• pp.1120-1125
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• 2008

괴각 추출물을 농축하여 동결 건조해서 실험동물인 Sprague-dawley rats의 해당 식이에 0.5% 수준으로 첨가하여 4주간 사육하면서 체중은 3일 간격으로 섭취는 2일 간격으로 일정한 시각(오전 9시)에 측정하였으며, 활성산소 및 항산화 활성 측정은 2주 간격으로 측정하였다. 또한 실험이 종료된 후 실험동물을 단두 도살하여 혈청 중 total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, phospholipid를 측정하여 지질함량에 미치는 영향을 측정한 결과 아래와 같은 결론을 얻었다. 괴각 추출물을 Sprague dawley rats에 급여 후 식이섭취량, 식이효율 및 체중증가량을 측정한 결과 각 군 간에 차이를 보이지 않았으며 2주 간격으로 항산화 활성 및 활성산소를 측정한 결과 2주째부터 항산화에서 차이를 보였으며 활성산소 생성량은 대조군과 비교했을 때 큰 차이가 없었다. 4주 후 괴각 추출물 급여군의 항산화 값은 대조군에 비해 17.04%로 높게 나타났다. 실험식이 종료 후 실험동물에서 적출한 장기의 무게를 측정한 결과 심장, 신장, 장, 간 모두 커다란 차이를 보이지 않았다. 또한, 혈청중의 total cholesterol 함량 측정 결과 괴각 추출물 급여군이 대조군에 비해 낮은 함량을 나타내었고, HDL-cholesterol 함량에서는 대조군에 비해 높은 함량을 보였다. Triglyceride 함량은 거의 차이가 없었으며 glucose 함량은 대조군에 비해 낮았고, phospholipid 함량은 높았으나 차이가 없었다. 이상에서와 같이 괴각 추출물을 이용한 동물실험에서 항산화 활성 및 혈청의 지질대사에 개선 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 향후 이들 추출물을 항산화활성 및 지질대사 개선에 기능성을 갖는 식품소재로의 이용 가능성이 기대되며 향후에 추출물 투여농도의 증가나 투여기간의 연장에 따른 추가적인 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.