• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.247-252
• /
• 1995

To evaluate the effect of xanthine oxidase on liver injury by $CCl_4$, liver damage was induced both in allopurinol pretreated rats (500 mg/kg. ip) and control group by twice intraperitoneal injection of $CCl_4$ (0.1 ml/100 g body wt. 50% in olive oil) at interval of one day. Increases in the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and liver weight/body weight (%) by $CCl_4$ were significantly smaller inallopurinol pretreated rats than in control whereas the hepatic microsomal glucose-6-pholphatase activities were significantly higher in allopurinol pretreated rats than control group by $CCl_4$ treatment. These results indicates that allopurinol pretreatment may reduce the liver damage in $CCl_4$ intoxicated rats. In rats either with $CCl_4$or not, hepatic type O xanthine oxidase activities were significantly reduced by allopurinol pretreatment and the increasing rate of these enzymes to each control was remarkably lower in allopurinol pretreated rats than control. Liver cytosolic protein contents and aniline hydroxylase, aminopyrine demethylase activities were higher in allopurinol pretreated rats than coirol rats when animals were treated with $CCl_4$. On the other hand, neither allopurinol pretreated nor $CCl_4$ treatment caused any significant changes in hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Hepatic glutathione contents were higher in $CCl_4$-treated rats than control, but no significant changes were found in both between the allopurinol treated rats and $CCl_4$-treated rats pretreated with allopurinol, and glutathione and glutathione S-transferase activities were significantly reduced in $CCl_4$-treated rats than control whereas these enzyme activities showed on significant change in both between allopurinel treated and $CCl_4$-treated rats pretreated with allopurinol. It is concluded that xanthine oxidase reaction system augment $CCl_4$ induced liver injury via even oxygen free radical system.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.3-10
• /
• 2006

Effects of garlic powder supplementation on blood lipid profile and antioxidant system were investigated in rats with and without swimming exercise. Sprague-Dawley rats of four experimental groups were fed for 4 weeks diets containing $15\%$ beef tallow and $1\%$ cholesterol; control without garlic and exercise, Go with $2\%$ garlic alone, Ex with exercise alone, GoEx with $2\%$ garlic and exercise. Rats were trained 40 min a days a days a week. Group Ex and GoEx showed significant lowering in body weight gain and fat accumulation. In Go, Ex and GoEx, plasm TG and LDL-C were lower and HDL-C was higher, although not significantly, compared to levels in control. Total cholesterol was significantly reduced in group Go, and Ex and GoEx were lower than control. The total/HDL cholesterol ratio was also found to be significantly different, decreasing the ratios in Go, Ex and GoEx. The hepatic TBARS increased significantly in group Ex $(51.7{\pm}3.43nM/g\;liver)$, while TBARS in Go and GoEx were low $(35.68{\pm}3.61,\;39.30{\pm}5.55nM/g\;liver)$ and similar to control's one. The activity of hepatic SOD in Go and GoEx tended higher than control and Ex without garlic. The hepatic catalase showed significantly the highest activity in Go. Activity of GSH-px was significantly low in Ex with $0.14{\pm}0.03$ unit/mg protein, and control, Go and GoEx had higher activities of $0.23{\pm}0.08,\;0.20{\pm}0.07,\;0.22{\pm}0.01\;unit/mg$ protein, respectively. Lower activities of antioxidant enzymes in Ex are likely to associated with the highest level of TBARS. It seems that a decrease in TBARS in GoEx relative to Ex was related to the increase in GSHpx and SOD with garlic supplemented, which led to compensate the oxidative stress from exercise. The results suggests that exercise or garlic supplement exerts blood lipid attenuating effect. In adition, garlic supplementation could strengthen the antioxidant potential against exercise-induced oxidants, partly by modulating oxidant enzyme activity. These effects of garlic may make it a beneficial agent on CVD.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.108-112
• /
• 2012

Glycogen storage disease type III (GSD type III, OMIM #232400) is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by a deficiency of the glycogen-debranching enzyme (GDE) with a mutation in the AGL gene (OMIM *610860). It is known to be bifunctional enzyme, that is, having two independent catalytic activities; 1,4-${\alpha}$-D-glucan 4-${\alpha}$-D-glycosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.25) and amylo-1,6-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.33) that occur at separate active sites on a single polypeptide chain. Most patients with GSD type III usually have symptoms related to decreased glycogenolysis in liver and muscles, such as hepatomegaly, hypoglycemia, failure to thrive, hyperlipidemia, muscle weakness and cardiomyopathy (type IIIa), however some patients show symptoms restricted to liver (type IIIb). GSD type III is diagnosed by enzyme test through liver or muscle biopsy or mutation analysis of the AGL gene. We report the case of GSD type III proven by gene study after liver biopsy, which revealed c.476delA, c.3444_3445insA in exon 6, 27 of AGL gene in Korean patient.

• Biomedical Science Letters
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.37-43
• /
• 1995

To evaluate an effect of xanthine oxidase(XO) reaction system on the carbon tetrachloride($CCl_4$) metabolism, $CCl_4$ was given twice at 0.1ml/100g body wt. at intervals of 18 hour to the rats and those pretreated with allopurinol (50mg/kg. body wt.). The influence of XO on the metabolism of $CCl_4$ was focused on the degree of liver damage and the activities of a $CCl_4$ metabolizing marker enzyme, glucose-6-phosphatase. The increasing rate of liver weight per body weight and the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase to the control group were more decreased in allopurinol-pretreated rats than in those treated with $CCl_4$ alone. The liver XO activities were more increased in $CCl_4$-treated rats than the control group and the $CCl_4$-treated rats pretreated with allopurinol showed a decreased activities of XO compared to the $CCl_4$-treated rats. The type conversion (type D --> type O) rate was more decreased tendency in allopurinol pretreated rats than those treated $CCl_4$ alone. In dialyzed liver enzyme preparations, all of the xanthine oxidase activities: $CCl_4$-treated, allopurinol and $CCl_4$-treated rats pretreated with allopurinol showed the more increased Vmax value than the control group, but similar Km value. Moreover, $CCl_4$-treated rats pretreated with allopurinol showed the more increased Vmax value than the group treated with $CCl_4$ alone. In conclusion, it can not be negate the possibility of metabolism of $CCl_4$ by the xanthine oxidase enzyme system.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.74-82
• /
• 1990

The effects of naturally occurring furanocoumarins on cytochrome P-450 have been investigated in rat liver microsomes. Incubation of microsomes with an NADPH-generating system and four furanocoumarins such as imperatorin, isoimperatorin, phellopterin and byakangelicin at $37^{\circ}$ in vitro resulted in a significant destruction of cytochrome P-450. A single treatment(50 mg/kg, i.p.) of rats with each furanocoumarin caused a rapid loss of cytochrome P-450 accompanied by the loss of heme from the microsomes but not by the loss of cytochrome $b_5$. It is suggested that cytochrome P-450 is specifically destroyed by furanocoumarins in a metabolic process involving destruction of its heme group and as a consequence, hepatic enzyme activities are depressed markedly.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.234-238
• /
• 2009

Effects of ginseng on in vivo antioxidant capacities with age were studied in rats. All rats were reared in the conventional system. Ginseng-treated rats were supplied with ginseng water extracts (25 mg/kg/day) continuously from 6 weeks of age to spontaneous death. None of the rats showed any discernible adverse effects of treatment with ginseng-containing water. There was no significant difference in body weight (BW) gains with age between treated and control groups. However, ginseng extracts did cause a decrease in the level of serum low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, glucose, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the treated rats. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in liver cytosol decreased with age in the control group. However, these enzyme activities were well maintained in the ginseng-treated rats and, especially, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were consistently higher than in control rats. The levels of total sulfhydryl group (T-SH) and glutathione reductase (GR) were unchanged, and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) activity gradually decreased with age in both groups. There were no differences in T-SH, GR, or GST between the control and treatment groups. These results indicate that long-term administration of ginseng retards age-related deterioration in some biochemical parameters such as cholesterol, glucose, and lactate dehydrogenase in serum and it has an enhancing effect on antioxidant capacity in the liver.

• Journal of mucopolysaccharidosis and rare diseases
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.37-40
• /
• 2017

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is caused by accumulation of the glycosaminoglycans in all tissues due to decreased activity of the lysosomal enzyme. Patients exhibit multisystemic signs and symptoms in a chronic and progressive manner, especially with changes in the skeleton, cardiopulmonary system, central nervous system, cornea, skin, liver, and spleen. In the past, treatment of MPS was limited to enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). The outcome for affected patients improved with the introduction of new technologies as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, relegated to specific situations after ERT became available. Intrathecal ERT may be considered in situations of high neurosurgical risk but still it is experimental in humans. New insights on the pathophysiology of MPS disorders are leading to alternative therapeutic approaches, as gene therapy, inflammatory response modulators and substrate reduction therapy. In this paper, we will highlight the recent novel treatment and clinical trials for MPS and discuss with the goal of fostering an understanding of this field.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.41-52
• /
• 2003

Objectives : Circii Herba has been used as a natural drug for the treatment of stress digestive system disease. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of Circii Herba aqua-acupuncture solution (CHAS) in experimental oxidative liver injury. Methods : In order to investigate the effects of CHAS on acute liver injury, male ICR mice were pretreated with CHAS(0.2 ml/mouse/day) at the loci of BL18 and CV12 for 6days, starved for 24hrs, and administerated acetaminophen(500 mg/kg, i.p.). After acetaminophen administeration, mice were sacrificed, and the liver was removed, rinsed with ice-cold $1.15{\%}$ KCI buffer, and homogenized at $4^{\circ}C$. Fractions(fraction Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ) were isolated by differential centrifugation. Lipidperoxide, total SH, and glutathione(GSH) levels were measured in the Fraction Ⅰ. In addition, activities of hepatic enzyme, such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) were measured in the Fraction Ⅱ, and glutathione S-transferase(GST) was measured in the Fraction Ⅲ. Results : In vivo treatment of CHAS(BL18 and CV12) showed effective inhibition of acetaminophen induced lipid peroxidation, and showed elevations of total SH, GSH level, catalase, GSH-Px, GST activities. Conclusions : These results suggested that CHAS might suppress the formation of oxidative metabolites, and prevent acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.13 no.9
• /
• pp.1290-1295
• /
• 2000

The present study was conducted to evaluate effects of the increased dietary vitamin A supplementation on the vitamin A, vitamin E and ascorbic acid concentrations in the plasma and liver and activities of some enzymes in the liver of the growing chicken. One hundred and twenty female chickens at 4 weeks of age were divided in 6 equal groups in accordance with their body weight. They were housed in cages and fed on standard wheat-barley-based broiler diet balanced in the major nutrients. Vitamin A was supplemented in the form of retinyl acetate. Control diet was supplemented with 10 IU/g and experimental feeds were supplemented with 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 2000 IU/g. At days 42 and 56 of the development 8 chickens from each group were killed, plasma and liver were collected for vitamin and enzyme analyses. The increased vitamin A supplementation was associated with its increased accumulation in the liver and with a reduction of ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ concentrations in the plasma and liver. The blood plasma was more resistant to vitamin A concentration changes and the retinol level was elevated only when the vitamin A dose exceeded 100 IU/g feed. Ascorbic acid concentration in the liver was elevated when moderately high vitamin A supplementation was used but significantly decreased at the highest vitamin A dose. Similar changes were observed with glycogen concentration in the liver. Activities of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase in the chicken liver were also dependent on vitamin A supplementation, decreasing with highest vitamin A doses. Therefore the observations showed that the vitamin A excess compromises antioxidant system of the growing chickens suggesting that prooxidant activity may be responsible for at least part of the toxicity of vitamin A.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.114-120
• /
• 2010

The effects of grape seeds extract and grape peels extract prepared from grape pomace on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, degree of lipid peroxidation in serum and liver tissue were investigated in rabbits fed on high cholesterol diet. New Zealand white rabbits were divided as follows ; 1) NOR (normal group); 2) CHOL (cholesterol group); 3) GSH (cholesterol + grape seed extract group); 4) GPE (cholesterol + grape peel extract); 5) GSP (cholesterol + grape seed powder); 6) GPP (cholesterol + grape peel powder); 7) GE (cholesterol + grape seed and peel extract); 8) GP (cholesterol + grape seed and peel powder). Eight groups of rabbits were studied for 8 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, rabbits were sacrificed and the liver tissue were removed. Then, GSH, GPx, GST, CAT and MDA in the liver were measured. In liver tissues, total glutathione contents (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activity, which was significantly higher by grape seed extract supplementation. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was lower in the serum of rabbits fed grape seed extract or grape peel powder plus cholesterol than in the serum of rabbits fed cholesterol alone. It is therefore likely that grape seed extract prepared from grape pomace functioned as antioxidants in vivo, negating the effects of the oxidative stress induced by 1% cholesterol diet. The grape seed extract was found effective in converting the oxidized glutathione into reduced glutathione, and in removing $H_2O_2$ that is created by oxidative stress. The grape peel powder was found to have small influence on reduced glutathione content, CAT and GPX activity, but it increased GST activity in liver tissues, resulting in promoting the combination of lipid peroxide and glutathione (GSH), and further, lowering the formation of lipid peroxide in the serum. Therefore, grape pomace (grape seed extract and grape peel powder) supplementation is considered to activate the antioxidant enzyme system and prevent damage with hypercholesterolemia.