• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.6-16
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• 2023

To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of submerged culture using Cordyceps militaris mycelium, culture-including mycelia was extracted and lyophilized into postbiotics (hot-water extract; CM-HW). HW was fractionated into crude polysaccharide (CM-CP) by ethanol precipitation, and CM-CP was further dialyzed into CM-DCP by dialysis with running water using 12~14 kDa dialysis tube. When the cytotoxicity of subfractions against cells was assessed, no subfraction had a cytotoxic impact that was substantially different from the control groups. In an inflammatory model using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, CM-DCP significantly decreased IL-6 and MCP-1 production levels compared to the LPS-control group. CM-DCP also inhibited IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in HaCaT keratinocytes stimulated with TNF-α and IFN-γ. In the meanwhile, the neutral sugar content and mannose ratio of anti-inflammatory CM-DCP were higher than the other fractions, and CM-DCP contained β-1,3/1,6-glucan of 216.1 mg/g. High pressure size exclusion chromatography revealed that CM-DCP contained molecules with a molecular weight range of 5.6 to 144.0 kDa. In conclusion, postbiotics of C. militaris mycelium significantly promoted anti-inflammatory activity, suggesting that neutral polysaccharides including Glc and Man contribute to the anti-inflammation in RAW 264.7 or HaCaT cells.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.487-497
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• 2021

To investigate the industrial availability of liquid fermentation (PL-ferment) by Phellinus linteus mycelium as a postbiotics for the inhibition of inflammation, PL-ferment was fractionated into culture supernatant (CS), hot-water extract (HW) from PL-ferment, EtOH-precipitate (CP) fractionated from HW, and the dialysate (DCP) of CP. Compared to the other fractions, DCP which is expected to contain exopolysaccharide (EPS) as the major component, significantly decreased the production of NO, IL-6, and MCP-1 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, and IL-6 and IL-8 in TNF-α and IFN-γ-induced HaCaT cells. The general component analysis results showed that no significant difference in components was observed between the fractions, whereas sugar composition analysis revealed that DCP had decreased glucose and increased mannose contents compared to the other fractions. This suggests that mannose played an important role in the anti-inflammatory activity of the active fraction, DCP. Molecular weight distribution analysis revealed that DCP was mainly composed of low-molecular-weight material-removed high-molecular-weight polysaccharides of 18-638 kDa, suggesting that EPS originated from P. linteus EPS. In conclusion, our results suggest that the DCP of P. linteus mycelium fermentation using the anti-inflammatory activity could be used industrially as postbiotic material.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.389-395
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• 2017

A simultaneous determination of 5 phenolic acids (gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, pcoumaric acid, trans ferulic acid) and 9 flavonoids (procyanidin b1, aspalathin, rutin, vitexin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, luteolin, quercetin, chrysoeriol) in rooibos tea has been carried out by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A validated analysis method in this study was applied to rooibos aqueous infusions. Rooibos tea is an antioxidant-rich tea which has anti-cancer, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic effect. Extraction yield of phenolics depends on steeping time and temperature of water. Tea infusions were prepared by placing 1 g of tea leaves or 1 tea bag in 100 mL of boiled water, and then at 3, 6 and 30 minutes intervals the infused teas were taken to carry out the analysis of phenolic contents. Another tea infusion was conducted with cold water ($25-30^{\circ}C$) for 30 minuntes. As a result, the total amount of phenolics was highest in rooibos tea steeped with hot water for 30 minutes, followed by 6 minutes, 3 minutes and cold water 30minutes and the result has statistical significance.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.859-866
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to develop a supplemental healthy food that can help prevent high blood pressure-related diseases caused due to the excessive consumption of sodium in salt. This was achieved by using ion-displacement techniques to produce mineral salt with lower sodium content by using fermented brown rice by-products rich in minerals. Mineral salt containing 2019.2 mg/100 g of potassium, 678.5 mg/100 g of magnesium, 48.7 mg/100 g of calcium, and 19.5 mg/100 g of sodium was obtained by fermenting brown rice by-products to create a culture medium for the mineral salt. Mineral salt containing 1769.7 mg/100 g of potassium, 573.6 mg/100 g of magnesium, 35.3 mg/100 g of calcium, and 19.5 mg/100 g of sodium was obtained by filtering and refining the by-product extract of fermented brown rice. The results showed that when the stream velocity of the instrument used for electrolysis was 200 mL/min and the current and the concentration of the reactive liquid in the purified water chamber were higher, the effect of electrolysis was greater. Ion hot water extraction of the fermented brown rice by-products improved by up to 95% and was collected as purified water within 90 min of the reaction time. Chloride ions with pH 7.4 were produced by mixing sodium hydroxide in a purified saline water chamber with electro-analyzed water. The salt produced in this study contained low sodium, 5.7~30%, as compared to 40% sodium content of the normal salt.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.119-127
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• 2002

This study was conducted to develop the heat exchanger by utilizing the heat energy of underground water(15℃), which might be used for cooling and heating system of the agricultural facilities. We developed the heat exchanger, parallel type plat fin tube made of Aluminum(Al 6063), which was named Aloo-Heat(No. of The registration design : 0247164, by Korean Intellectual property Office). The fin of exchanger was design of the granulated surface for minimizing fouling factor and dew forms, and also placed parallel to the tube in order to minimized the resistance of flows. 1. Aloo-heat was designed to have 0.03m for inside diameter, 0.036m for outside diameter of tube, 0.0012m for thickness of fin and 0.032m for length of plat fin. 2. t was also designed to have 1.5248m²/m for outside area of heat transfer, 0.0942m²/m for inside area contacting hot liquid, and the ratio (Ra) was 16.1869. 3. Efficiency of the fin was 93 percentage when fin length was 0.032m, and the fin thickness satisfied equation $\frac{h{\rho}}{k}$< 0.2 when it was 0.0012m. 4. According to the performance test of Aloo-heat, as the temperature and rate increased, the heating value also increased, heating value was 504kJ/h·m and 6,048kJ/h·m when it was 60℃, 10 𝑙/min and 80℃, 40 𝑙/min respectively. 5. The test of heating value was confident, because correlation value(R²) was 0.9898 for the temperature and 0.9721 for flow rate of hot liquid, respectively.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.203-212
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• 1988

To find antitumor components from the higher fungi of Korea, the mycelia of Favolus alveolarius (Fr.) Quelet were cultured in a liquid medium. The cultured mycelia were extracted with hot water twice, and a high molecular weight fraction was obtained by adding two volumes of ethanol to the extract. Two grams of Fraction A were obtained by dialyzing it. It was further separated into four fractions by gel filtration with Sepharose CL-4B, and they were designated Fractions B, C, D, and E. The results of the antitumor test showed that Fractions A, B, C, D and E had tumor inhibition ratios of 92.3, 78.5, 59.6, 77.4 and 62.2%, respectively. Anthrone test was carried out to determine the contents of total polysaccharide of the five fractions, and they had 46.3, 27.3, 65.3, 64.6, and 46.1%, respectively. The contents of the total protein of the five fractions were 29.4, 13.9, 14.3, 14.3, and 29.1%, respectively. Monosaccharide subunits of each fraction were analyzed with gas chromatography, and glucose, xylose, mannose, galactose and fucose were identified. Fraction A was examined for immunological effects. It increased the count of hemolytic plaque forming cells 12.8 times to that of the control group, and the population of macrophage in peritoneal cavity 3.2 times to that of the control group.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.248-253
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• 2006

For the determination of vitamin I using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the most critical and time consuming step is the Quantitative extraction of all vitamin E homologs from sample matrix. Three different extraction methods were compared to determine vitamin E in grains. Saponification used alkaline hydrolysis followed by solvent extraction. Direct solvent extraction included dispersing the samples in hot water, addition of isopropanol and $MgSO_4$, and extraction of the analytes with extracting solvent with Polytron homogenization. Using Soxhlet extraction, the samples were extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus with hexane containing butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Vitamin E content in 14 grains were analyzed and compared by three different extraction methods. Generally, the highest values were observed from direct solvent extraction and Soxhlet extraction followed by saponification. a-Tocopherol equivalent (a-TE) levels in grains ranged from 0.32 a-TE/100 g in prosomillet to 5.12 a-TE/100 g in black rice.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2020

P. linteus (Korea Sanghwang, PLKS) and P. baumii (Jangsoo Sangwhang, PBJS) were artificially cultivated under the same conditions. Fruiting bodies were extracted using 70% methanol, 60% ethanol, and hot water. Phenol and flavonoid contents were optimally extracted using 60% ethanol. Antioxidant activities of 60% ethanol extracts from fruiting bodies and mycelia from each Sanghwang mushroom species were measured using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbisthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activities, and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power). The antioxidant activities of fruiting bodies were relatively higher in comparison to those of mycelial samples. In high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, styrylpyrone-class poly phenolic compounds, davallialactone, hispidin, hypholomine B, and inoscavin A were detected in fruiting body samples of two Sanghwang mushroom species, but not in their mycelial samples.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.359-366
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• 2009

In this study, paclitaxel-loaded lipid nanosuspension (PxLN) was prepared and the in vivo profiles after intravenous administration in rats were investigated. We compared the manufacturing processes depending on the temperature: PxLN-H for a hot homogenization process and PxLN-C for solidification of lipid-drug mixtures by liquid nitrogen. Both formulations showed submicron size distribution and the similar drug loading efficiency of about 70%. In vitro release of PxLNs and Taxol$^{(R)}$ performed by a dialysis diffusion method showed similar pattern for PxLN-H and Taxol$^{(R)}$, but the reduced release profile for PxLN-C. PxLN or Taxol$^{(R)}$ was intravenously administered to the rats at a dose of 5 mg/kg as paclitaxel. The drug in blood samples were assayed by the HPLC/MS/MS method. The AUC$_t$ of PxLN-H was 3.4-fold greater than that of Taxol$^{(R)}$. PxLN-H gave higher biodistribution in all tissues than did Taxol$^{(R)}$. In addition, it maintained the higher drug concentration for 12 h. This lipid nanosuspension might be a promising candidate for an alternative formulation for the parenteral delivery of poorly water-soluble paclitaxel.

• Clean Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.100-125
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• 1996

After recycle of spent materials has been optimised, there remains a proportion of waste which must be dealt with in the most environmentally friendly manner available. For materials such as municipal waste, clinical waste, toxic waste and special wastes such as tyres, incineration is often the most appropriate technology. The study of incineration must take a process system approach covering the following aspects: ${\bullet}$ Collection and blending of waste, ${\bullet}$ The two stage combustion process, ${\bullet}$ Quenching, scrubbing and polishing of the flue gases, ${\bullet}$ Dispersion of the flue gases and disposal of any solid or liquid effluent. The design of furnaces for the burning of a bed of material is being hampered by lack of an accurate mathematical model of the process and some semi-empirical correlations have to be used at present. The prediction of the incinerator gas phase flow is in a more advanced stage of development using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, although further validation data is still required. Unfortunately, it is not possible to scale down many aspects of waste incineration and tests on full scale incinerators are essencial. Thanks to a close relationship between SUWIC and Sheffield Heat&Power Ltd., an extended research programme has been carried out ar the Bernard Road Incinerator plant in Sheffield. This plant consists of two Municipal(35 MW) and two Clinical (5MW) Waste Incinerators which provide district heating for a large part of city. The heat is distributed as hot water to commercial, domestic ( >5000 dwelling) and industrial buildings through 30km of 14" pipes plus a smaller pipe distribution system. To improve the economics, a 6 MW generator is now being added to the system.