• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.171-177
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the effects of liquid culture of Agaricus blazei Murill on the weight gains, food efficiency ratios, serum protein and mineral levels, and serum enzyme activities in growing male rats. Sprague-Dawley rats (7 weeks old) were given four different types of diets for a succeeding period of 6 weeks, respectively: a normal diet group, a control diet group (normal diet + 15％ lard + 0.5％ cholesterol), a 30％ or 40％ A. blazei diet groups (control diet + 30％ or 40％ A. blazei in water) according to the levels of A. blazei supplementation. The body weight gains, food efficiency ratios, and the liver of the rats fed control diet, 30％ or 40％ A. blazei diets were significantly increased compared to rats fed the normal diet, but those of rats fed the 30％ and 40％ A. blazei diets were similar to those of rats fed the control diet. The concentrations of total protein, albumin, glucose, and hematocrit value in serum of rats fed the control diet, 30％ or 40％ A. blazei diets were similar to those of rats fed the normal diet. The concentrations of urea and creatinine in serum of rats fed the 30％ or 40％ A. blazei diets were similar to those of rats fed the control diet. but the urea of rats fed the 30％ and 40％ A. blazei diets were significantly decreased compared to rats fed the normal diet. The concentrations of Ca, P, Fe and Mg, and $Ca^{++}$, $K^+$, $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ of rats fed the control diet, 30％ or 40％ A. blazei diets were similar to those of rats fed the normal diet. There were no differences in the activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, $\gamma$-glutamyltranspeptidase and alkaline phosphatase in the serum among the experimental groups. In conclusion, the rats fed the A. blazei maintained normal protein and mineral levels, and enzyme activities of serum. But the A. blazei feeding could not decrease the body and liver weights in the rats fed high cholesterol diets.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.543-551
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• 2017

Purpose: The objective of the present study was to determine whether fermentation can increase the protective effects of blueberry liquid in a high-fat diet-induced obese mice model. Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HD, 60% fat, w/w,), HD supplemented with 10 ml/kg BW/day of blueberry liquid (BHD, blueberry high-fat diet), or HD supplemented with 10 ml/kg BW/day of fermented blueberry liquid (FBHD, fermented blueberry high-fat diet) for 10 weeks. Results: There were significant decreases in the body, epididymal adipose tissue, and liver weights of blueberry-fed groups compared to HD, whereas there were no significant differences in food intake among the groups. Furthermore, blueberry liquid groups, especially fermented blueberry liquid, significantly attenuated the contents of hepatic triglycerides and total cholesterol induced by HD. Serum LDL-cholesterol was significantly lower in the BHD and FBHD-fed groups, whereas FBHD significantly increased the serum HDL-cholesterol level compared to the control. Concentrations of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and leptins in serum were also reduced by blueberry liquid supplementation. The mRNA expression of hepatic acetyl CoA carboxylase was significantly reduced in both the BHD and FBHD groups compared to HD. Furthermore, FBHD altered the mRNA expression level of hepatic lipolysis genes. Conclusion: In conclusion, these results suggest that blueberry, especially fermented blueberry liquid, may improve obesity-related abnormalities.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2016

This study was performed to investigate the cholesterol-lowering effect of liquid extract from Leonurus sibiricus Linne (LS). SD rats were fed atherogenic diet for 6 weeks. During the experimental period, LS liquid extract (3 g/kg and 6 g/kg) was orally given to the rats. The liver weight and levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides in serum were significantly increased in rats fed with atherogenic diets. Oral treatment of LS liquid extract to the rats fed atherogenic diet significantly reduced the liver weights and significantly decreased the levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides. The level of serum HDL-cholesterol was significantly increased at a high dose group compared with rats fed normal diet chow. These results indicate that LS liquid extract has the potential to restore altered lipid profiles induced by cholesterol rich diets and prevent the development of atheroclerosis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.774-780
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• 1998

This report includes an extensive bibliography of research articles investigating various facets of rearing neonatal piglets using liquid diets, and includes historical publications dating back to the 1940's. However, in order to provide concise and timely focus for application in modem swine production, only a selected number of recent findings are reviewed in detail. Collectively, the data presented illustrate that growth of piglets fed liquid diets can greatly exceed that of littermates fed dry diets and can even exceed growth rates of sow-reared controls (by up to 160%). The central questions that remain unanswered are: 1) Can this improved performance be obtained routinely and economically under applied farm conditions? and if so, 2) Does improved growth during the early-weaning period translate into improved net economic returns overall? Unfortunately, due to the current practical management constraints related to liquid-diet feeding (i.e., lack of an easy-to-manage feed delivery system), limited data are available which examine the efficacy of liquid-diet feeding under practical, commercial farm conditions.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1272-1280
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• 2005

The study was performed by examining the effects of fermented liquid of Crataegi Fructus on the lipid profile improvement in rats fed high fat diets. Sprague-Dawley rats of weighting $180.0{\pm}30g$ were randomly divided into five groups : basal diet (Normal control group, NCG), only high fat diet (High fat control group, HFC), high fat diet and supplemented with 1.69 mg/100 g body weight, 3.38 mg/100 g body weight, 6.76 mg/100 g body weight by fermented liquid of Crataegi Fructus - HFL, HFM, HFH group). These experimental diets were fed for 6 weeks. The fermented liquid of Crataegi Fructus fed groups had more significantly decreased in the levels of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index than the high fat control group, while the HDL-cholesterol was higher when compared to the normal control group. Total lipid, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol contents in liver were decreased in high fat experimental groups. But the degree of increment was reduced by administration of fermented liquid of Crataegi Fructus. while the fermented liquid of Crataegi Fructus fed group had ore significantly increased in the level of HDL-cholesterol than the high fat control group. The singularity of the unsaturated fatty acid contents attracted our attention. Especially, the polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions were 36.36%, 34.70%, 20.31%in serum, liver and fecal of fermented liquid of Crataegi Fructus fed groups, respectively. These results imply that the fermented liquid of Crataegi Fructus can be used as possible food resources and medicinal food materials.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.367-372
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• 2015

We investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of two types (powder or liquid) of propolis on innate immunity and disease resistance of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus against Edwerdsiella tarda. A total of 600 fish averaging 30 g were randomly distributed into 24 tanks in groups of 25. Three tanks were assigned to each of eight experimental diets: 0 (Control), 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 % propolis in powder form and 0.25, 0.5 and 1 % propolis in liquid form (PP0.25, PP0.5, PP0.75, PP1, LP0.25, LP0.5 and LP1, respectively). Fish were fed each experimental diet twice daily for four weeks to apparent satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, lysozyme and myeloperoxidase activities and total immunoglobulin level were significantly higher in fish fed the PP1 and LP0.5 diets compared to those fed the control diet. The PP1 diet was also associated with a significant increase in anti-protease activity compared to the control diet. After challenge with E. tarda, fish fed the LP0.5 diet showed numerically higher survival compared to the other groups. This study indicates that non-specific immune responses of olive flounder can be enhanced by dietary supplementation with powder and liquid forms of propolis, and that the optimal level would be 1% in powder form or 0.5% in liquid form. It seemed that growth performance and feed utilization are not affected by the propolis supplementation in diets for olive flounder.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.531-536
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• 2004

The effects of liquid culture of Agaricus blazei Murill on the weight gains, serum and hepatic lipid concentrations were studied in male rats. Sprague-Dawley rats (7 weeks old) were given four different types of diets for 6 weeks, respectively: a normal diet group, a high fat control diet group (normal diet+15% lard +0.5% cholesterol), a 30% or 40% A. blazei diet groups (high fat control diet+30% or 40% A. blazei in water) according to the levels of A. blazei supplementation. The body weight gains, food intake, food efficiency ratios, and the liver, kidney, and epididymal fat pad weights of the rats fed 30% or 40% A. blazei diets were similar to those of the rats fed high fat control diet. The concentrations of serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index in rats fed the 30% or 40% A. blazei diets were significantly decreased compared with those of rats fed the high fat control diet. The HDL-cholesterol/total-cholesterol ratios of the rats fed 30% or 40% A. blazei diet were significantly increased compared with those of rats fed the high fat control diet. The fecal excretion of total lipid . in the rats fed 40% A. blazei diet was significantly increased compared with those of rats fed the high fat control diet. The concentrations of serum total lipid in the rats fed 40% A. blazei diet was significantly lower than that in the rats fed high fat control diet. But the concentrations of serum HDL-cholesterol, hepatic total cholesterol and triglyceride of rats fed the 30 or 40% A. blazei diets were similar to those of rats fed the high fat control diet. These results showed that the 30 or 40% A. blazei diets feeding decreased the total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index, and increased the HDL-cholesterol/total-cholesterol ratio in serum of rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.731-738
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• 1998

The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of $\beta$-carotene on vitamin A metabolism in ethanol-fed rats. Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 190~210g were fed a liquid diet containing 36% of total calories as ethanol for 6 weeks. The pair-fed control rats(1BP group, 2BP group) were given an isocaloric amount of diet containing sucrose instead of ethanol on the following day. Additionally, the liquid diet, contained different levels of $\beta$-carotene(1BE group: 2.1, 2BE group: 21mg/L liquid diet). Body weight gains and food efficiency ratios of ethanol groups were lower than those of pair-fed groups. This effect did not change with dietary supplementation of $\beta$-carotene. The levels of plasma and hepatic retionl were decreased after chronic ethanol feeding, but the values in 2BE group were higher than in 1BE group. The content of hepatic retinoic acid tended to increase in proportion to $\beta$-carotene supplementation. There results suggest that ethanol consumption may affect the vatamin A methabolism and reduce the conversion of $\beta$-carotene to retinol in rats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.834-843
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• 2011

Bacterial diversity was studied using PCR-DGGE, cloning and sequencing. DNA was isolated from digesta samples from stomach, ileum and colon of 28 weaned piglets (Large White${\times}$Mong Cai) fed dry control feed, naturally fermented liquid feed (FE) and a liquid diet with inclusion of rice distiller's residue feed. General bacterial diversity was described using DGGE analysis of the V3 region of 16S rDNA. The microbial populations in the stomach and the ileum were considerably influenced by the diet, while only marginal effects were observed in the colon. There was a large variation of the microbial flora in the stomach between individuals fed non-fermented diets. In contrast, animals fed diet FE had a more uniform microbial flora in the stomach and the ileum compared to the other diets. In total 47 bands from the DGGE profiles were cloned. In stomach, most frequently lactic acid bacteria were found. Feeding diet FE resulted in the occurrence of Pediococcus species in stomach and ileum. In pigs fed the other diets, Lactobacillus gallinarum, Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus fermentum were found in stomach and ileum. Most of the sequences of bands isolated from colon samples and several from ileum matched to unknown bacteria, which often grouped within Prevotellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroidaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae. This study demonstrates that fermented liquid feed affects bacterial diversity and the specific microflora in stomach and ileum, which provides a potential to modulate the gut microflora with dietary means to increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria and improve piglets' health.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.393-402
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• 1995

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritive values of supplemental L-lysine, liquid and powder type, and DL-methionine in weanling pigs. For feeding trial, 165 weanling pigs were treated in 2 controls; 18 and 16% CP, 6 supplementations of lysine alone to 16% CP diets; 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4% of liquid and powder type each, and 3 supplementations of lysine + methionine to 15% CP diets; 0.05 + 0.025, 0.1 + 0.05 and 0.2 + 0.1%. Pigs were fed for 5 week to investigate the protein sparing effect of supplemental amino acid, and the optimal supplemental level. A metabolic trial included the measurements of digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, energy, phosphorus and amino acids. The liver acinar cell culture was conducted for the protein synthesis activity of the pigs fed each experimental diet. Supplementation of both type of L-lysine in 16% CP diet showed improved daily weight gain and feed efficiency which were compatible with those of pigs fed 18% CP diet. Groups fed liquid lysine did not differ from those fed powder type in growth performance. Supplementation of lysine and methionine to 15% CP diet did not improve growth performance of pigs to the extent that 18% CP diet was fed. In nutrient digestibility, 16% CP control diet showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower crude protein digestibility than any other treatments. Digestibilities of 16% CP diets with lysine supplementation were equal to that of 18% CP control, while digestibilities of 15% CP diets with the supplementation of lysine + methionine was inferior to that of 18% CP control. Supplementation of lysine alone reduced the nitrogen excretion compared to the none supplemented control groups. However, addition of lysine + methionine excreted more nitrogen than controls. Pigs fed diet supplemented with lysine alone, or lysine + methionine excreted less fecal phosphorus than those fed none supplemetation. Retained protein from liver tissue of pigs fed 18% diet was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than those fed 16% CP diet. A significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in physical type of lysine. Feeding of powder type showed less secreted protein and greater retained protein in the culture of liver acinar cell. It is concluded that supplementation of lysine at the level of 0.1 to 0.2% can spare 2% of dietary protein and reduce nitrogen excretion by 19.3%. Also, no difference in nutritional values was observed between liquid and powder lysine in weanling pigs.