• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.87-99
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• 2017

Objective: The aims of this study were to measure and compare the facial dimensions of the Miss Korea pageant contestants and a selected group of women from the general population by using three-dimensional (3D) image analysis, as well as to compare various facial ratios to the golden ratio within each group. Methods: Three-dimensional images of 52 Miss Korea pageant contestants (MK group) and 41 young female adults selected from the general population (GP group) were acquired. Fifty-four variables and ratios were measured and calculated. Intergroup comparisons were performed using multivariate analysis of variance. Results: Compared to the GP group, the MK group showed greater total facial height and eye width, lesser lower-facial height, and lesser facial, lower-facial, and nasal widths. Moreover, compared to the GP group, the MK group had more protruded noses with greater nasolabial angle, greater vertical curvature of the foreheads, lesser horizontal curvature of the cheek, and lesser lower-lip-and-chin volume. Conclusions: The MK group had longer faces but smaller lower lips and chins than did the GP group. The golden ratio was not matching the current facial esthetic standards. These data might be beneficial for treatment planning of patients undergoing orthognathic and plastic surgeries.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.273-278
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• 2010

왜매치 Abbottina springeri Banarescu and Nalbant의 분자계통학적 위치를 밝히기 위해 한국에 서식하는 버들매치속 2종과 모래주사속 5종의 핵 유전자인 recombination activating gene 1 (RAG1)의 염기서열을 분석하였다. RAG1 유전자 염기서열 정보에 기초한 계통수에서 배들매치 A. rivularis는 단계통군을 형성하는 왜매치, Biwia zezera 및 모래주사속 종들과 분리되었다. 이 계통 내에서 B. zezera는 왜매치와 모래주사속 5종을 구성된 단계통 그룹과 자매계통 관계를 보였다. 분자계통수 상에서 버들매치속 2종은 다계통군으로 나타났고, 이러한 결과는 골격 특징들에 근거한 이들의 계통적 관계를 밝힌 선행연구와 잘 일치하였다. 따라서 입의 피질돌기 유무와 부레의 골낭 유무와 크기 등과 같은 형태적 특징들에 근거한 버들배치속과 모래주사속의 현분류체계는 진화 역사를 잘 반영하지 못하는 것으로 여겨진다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.2124-2148
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• 2017

Accurate facial expression recognition (FER) requires reliable signal filtering and the effective feature extraction. Considering these requirements, this paper presents a novel approach for FER which is robust to noise. The main contributions of this work are: First, to preserve texture details in facial expression images and remove image noise, we improved the anisotropic diffusion filter by adjusting the diffusion coefficient according to two factors, namely, the gray value difference between the object and the background and the gradient magnitude of object. The improved filter can effectively distinguish facial muscle deformation and facial noise in face images. Second, to further improve robustness, we propose a new feature descriptor based on a combination of the Histogram of Oriented Gradients with the Canny operator (Canny-HOG) which can represent the precise deformation of eyes, eyebrows and lips for FER. Third, Canny-HOG's block and cell sizes are adjusted to reduce feature dimensionality and make the classifier less prone to overfitting. Our method was tested on images from the JAFFE and CK databases. Experimental results in L-O-Sam-O and L-O-Sub-O modes demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method. Meanwhile, the recognition rate of this method is not significantly affected in the presence of Gaussian noise and salt-and-pepper noise conditions.

• 음성과학
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.23-37
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• 2001

The primary sound produced by the vibration of vocal folds reaches the velopharyngeal isthmus and is directed both nasally and orally. The proportions of the each component is determined by the anatomical and functional status of the soft palate. The oral sounds composed of oral vowels and consonants according to the status of vocal tract, tongue, palate and lips. The nasal sounds composed of nasal consonants and nasal vowels, and further modified according to the status of the nasal airway, so anatomical abnormalities in the nasal cavity will influence nasal sound. The measurement of nasal sounds of speech has relied on the subjective scoring by listeners. The nasal sounds are described with nasality and nasalization. Generally, nasality has been assessed perceptually in the effect of maxillofacial procedures for cleft palate, sleep apnea, snoring and nasal disorders. The nasalization is considered as an acoustic phenomenon. Snoring and sleep apnea is a typical disorders due to abundant velopharynx. The sleep apnea has been known as a cessation of breathing for at least 10 seconds during sleep. Several medical and surgical methods for treating sleep apnea have been attempted. The uvulopalatopharyngoplasty(UPPP) involves removal of 1.0 to 3.0 cm of soft palate tissue with removal of redundant oropharyngeal mucosa and lateral tissue from the anterior and sometimes posterior faucial pillars. This procedure results in a shortened soft palate and a possible risk following this surgery may be velopharyngeal malfunctioning due to the shortened palate. Few researchers have systematically studied the effects of this surgery as it relates to speech production. Some changes in the voice quality such as resonance (nasality), articulation, and phonation have been reported. In view of the conflicting reports discussed, there remains some uncertainty about the speech status in patients following the snoring and sleep apnea surgery. The study was conducted in two phases: 1) acoustic analysis of oral and nasal sounds, and 2) evaluation of nasality.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SP
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.121-126
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• 2004

본 논문에서는 단일 문맥자유 주목 연산자 (context-free attention operator)만을 계층적으로 적용하여 복잡배경의 인물 영상으로부터 여러 얼굴을 효과적으로 동시 검출하는 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 입력 영상을 피라미드 구조로 변환하고, 잡음에 강건한 주목 연산자를 전역적으로 적용하여 먼저 고속으로 얼굴이 존재할 후보영역들을 찾고, 다시 이 영역들에 국한하여 지역적인 주목 연산자를 적용하여 얼굴이 갖는 특징을 확인함으로써 얼굴임을 검증하였다. 복잡 배경 속에 여러 얼굴을 포함하는 여러 가지 인물 영상 데이터베이스에 대해 제안한 알고리즘을 적용한 결과 93.5%의 검출율을 얻을 수 있었다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.28-35
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• 2014

Objective: To determine Korean facial profile preferences based on lip position as assessed by Hispanic-Americans of varying western adaptation levels and to determine whether the age and sex of the rater had any influence. Methods: For this study, 132 Hispanic-Americans and 68 Caucasians of varying age, sex and western adaptation levels volunteered to rate their preference of Korean male and female facial silhouettes having lips ranging from retruding to protruding. The Hispanic-Americans were also asked to complete a Bidimensional Acculturation Scale questionnaire to determine their western adaptation status: low-acculturated Hispanics (LAH; lesser western-adapted Hispanic participants) or high-acculturated Hispanics (HAH; higher western-adapted Hispanic participants). Results: The LAHs preferred significantly more retruded lip positions (p < 0.05) while HAHs showed some similarities with Caucasian participants in the results for the Korean male profile, even though HAHs preferred more retruded lip positions for the Korean female profile than Caucasians did (p < 0.05). The age and sex of raters did not influence the preference of facial profiles (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that Hispanic-Americans prefer a flatter Korean lip profile. It would be prudent for orthodontists to offer patients the option of altering lip profile through orthodontic and/or orthognathic surgery treatments.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.281-293
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• 2014

Objective: Esthetic improvements during orthodontic treatment are achieved by changes in positions of the lips and surrounding soft tissues. Facial soft-tissue movement has already been two-dimensionally evaluated by cephalometry. In this study, we aimed to three-dimensionally assess positional changes of the adult upper lip according to simulated maxillary anterior tooth movements by white light scanning. Methods: We measured changes in three-dimensional coordinates of labial landmarks in relation to maxillary incisor movements of normal adults simulated with films of varying thickness by using a white light scanner. Results: With increasing protraction, the upper lip moved forward and significantly upward. Labial movement was limited by the surrounding soft tissues. The extent of movement above the vermilion border was slightly less than half that of the teeth, showing strong correlation. Most changes were concentrated in the depression above the upper vermilion border. Labial movement toward the nose was reduced significantly. Conclusions: After adequately controlling several variables and using white light scanning with high reproducibility and accuracy, the coefficient of determination showed moderate values (0.40-0.77) and significant changes could be determined. This method would be useful to predict soft-tissue positional changes according to tooth movements.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2018

Objective: In accordance with the changing demographics in the United States, orthodontists working on various ethnic populations should be more conscious when using the standardized profile analyses for the African American patient. The objective of this study was to examine whether the perception of lip protrusiveness in modern African American faces has changed. For this purpose, we investigated the most favorable African American lip profile using the opinions of 10 experienced and 10 newly trained younger orthodontists. Methods: Attractiveness was converted to a number on visualized analog scales. Comparative ranks on 16 African American profiles, with focus on lip protrusiveness and thickness, were made among the groups. Mixed-effects linear regression models were fit and group differences were estimated. Results: Younger orthodontists favored a more protrusive lip profile, and the variance in their perceptions was narrower than those of older orthodontists. Measurements related to upper lip protrusion showed the strongest correlation to attractiveness (r = -0.82). The association with attractiveness decreased linearly as the protrusiveness of the upper lip increased. Steiner's E-line was the most influential reference for determining the level of attractiveness for the older orthodontists, whereas upper lip protrusion was the most influential factor for the young orthodontists. Conclusions: An adequate level of lip protrusiveness and thickness should be essential for maintaining attractive esthetics in African American patients. Yet, a new set of standards for prominent lips in this population is necessary to reflect the current trend in the concept of a beautiful face in the modern world.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.89-95
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• 2008

A tongue shows physiological and clinicopathological changes of inner organs. Visual inspection of a tongue is not only convenient but also non-invasive. To develop an automat ic tongue diagnosis system for an objective and standardized diagnosis, the separation of the tongue are a from a facial image and the detection of coatings, spots and cracks are inevitable but difficult since the colors of a tongue, lips, and skin in a mouth as well as those of tongue furs and body are similar. The propose d method includes preprocessing with down-sampling and edge enhancement, over-segmentation, detecting positions with a local minimum over shading from the structure of a tongue, and correcting local minima or detecting edge with color difference. The proposed method produces the region of a segmented tongue, and then decomposes the color components of the region into hue, saturation and brightness, resulting in classifying the regions of tongue furs(coatings) into kinds of coatings and substance and segmenting them. Spots are detected by using local maxima and the variation of saturation, and cracks are searched by using local minima and the directivity of dark areas in brightness. The results illustrate the segmented region with effective information, excluding a non-tongue region and also give us accurate discrimination of coatings and the precise detection of spots and cracks. It can be used to make an objective and standardized diagnosis for an u-Healthcare system as well as a home care system.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2004

Tooth is the most important element in esthetic consideration on facial area. Tooth alignment which is in harmony with gingiva, lips, and face is also key element. The purpose of this study was to give a clinical discipline for restoration of gingival contour, which contains a ratio of maxillary 6 anterior teeth, research for gingival contour etc., in case of rehabilitation of maxillary anterior teeth. 300 Dankook university dental school students ,who is their twenties and free from periodontitis, participate in this study. The result was from each 70 males and females who had normal occlusion and tooth alignment. Length, width and length/width ratio of maxillary 6 anterior teeth were 0.74-0.81 in male, 0.81-0.84 in female. There was significant difference between male and female. The most deepest position of gingiva in maxillary central incisor and canine was located in distal part of teeth and maxillary lateral incisor was middle portion. In maxillary central incisors, gingival line of the most deepest point appeared significant difference between male and female (p<0.01) whereas there was no difference in lateral incisors and canines. Distance between interdental papilla apex and the most deepest portion appeared significant difference between male and female. Distance of the deepest position of gingiva is statistically significant except maxillary central incisors and lateral incisors. Standard deviation and mean of the width of labio-lingual were measured in cervical area and there was a significant difference both male and female.(p<0.01) From this result, we could get the mean of maxillary anterior gingival line and these results have great value in clinical guidance in studying maxillary anterior teeth.