• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.862-870
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of brown seaweed (Undaria pinnatifida) by-product and seaweed fusiforme (Hizikia fusiformis) by-product supplementation on growth performance and blood profiles including serum immunoglobulin (Ig) in broilers. Fermentation of seaweeds was conducted by Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus oryzae. In a 5-wk feeding trial, 750 one-d-old broiler chicks were divided into 5 groups, and were assigned to the control diet or experimental diets including control+0.5% brown seaweed (BS) by-product, control+0.5% seaweed fusiforme (SF) by-product, control+0.5% fermented brown seaweed (FBS) by-product, and control+0.5% fermented seaweed fusiforme (FSF) by-product. As a consequence, body weight gain (BWG) and gain:feed of seaweed by-product groups were clearly higher, when compared to those of control diet group from d 18 to 35 and the entire experimental period (p<0.05). In mortality rate, seaweed by-product groups were significantly lower when compared to control diet group during entire experimental period (p<0.05). However, Feed Intake of experimental diets group was not different from that of the control group during the entire experimental period. Whereas, Feed Intake of fermented seaweed by-product groups was lower than that of non-fermented seaweed groups (p<0.05). Total organ weights, lipids, and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) of all treatment groups were not different from those of control group. However, glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) of all treatment groups was higher than that of control group at d 17 (p<0.05). In case of serum Igs concentration, the concentration of IgA antibody in BS, SF, FSF treatment groups was significantly higher than in control group at d 35 (p<0.01). IgA concentration in FBS supplementation groups was negligibly decreased when compared to the control group. IgM concentration in the serums of all treatment groups was significantly higher than in control group (p<0.05) and in fermented seaweed by-product groups were much higher than in non-fermented seaweed groups (p<0.05). On the other hand, IgG concentrations in all treatment groups were lower than in control group (p<0.05). Taken together, our results suggest that by-product dietary supplementation of BS, SF, FBS, and FSF in poultry may provide positive effects of growth performance and immune response.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.271-276
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• 2011

Volatile profiles of beverages and encapsulated powders containing Artemisia princeps Pampan extracts were analyzed by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry during production and storage. Beverages containing 0.32 and 0.64% extracts were stored at room temperature for 8 weeks and $60^{\circ}C$ for 8 days, respectively. Encapsulated particles were stored at room temperature and $60^{\circ}C$ for 8 days. Total volatiles in beverages decreased significantly during storage, irrespective of storage condition (p<0.05). Terpenoids, including cymene, thujone, and ${\beta}$-myrcene, were major volatiles in beverages, and some volatiles including ethylfuran, vinylfuran, and 2-fufural increased in 60oC samples only. Total volatiles in microcapsules at room temperature were not significant different for 8 days (p>0.05), whereas those at $60^{\circ}C$ increased by 16.5 times. Limonene was the most detected volatile in microcapsules, and aldehydes such as hexanal, pentanal, and octanal, and furans such as 2-butylfuran and 2-pentylfuran increased in the $60^{\circ}C$ samples, which may have originated from oxidized lipids used in the microcapsules.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.957-966
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• 2017

Objective: To understand the dynamic structure, function, and influence on nutrient metabolism in hosts, it was crucial to assess the genetic potential of gut microbial community in yaks of different ages. Methods: The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles and Illumina-based metagenomic sequencing on colon contents of 15 semi-domestic yaks were investigated. Unweighted pairwise grouping method with mathematical averages (UPGMA) clustering and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to analyze the DGGE fingerprint. The Illumina sequences were assembled, predicted to genes and functionally annotated, and then classified by querying protein sequences of the genes against the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) database. Results: Metagenomic sequencing showed that more than 85% of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences belonged to the phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, indicating that the family Ruminococcaceae (46.5%), Rikenellaceae (11.3%), Lachnospiraceae (10.0%), and Bacteroidaceae (6.3%) were dominant gut microbes. Over 50% of non-rRNA gene sequences represented the metabolic pathways of amino acids (14.4%), proteins (12.3%), sugars (11.9%), nucleotides (6.8%), lipids (1.7%), xenobiotics (1.4%), coenzymes, and vitamins (3.6%). Gene functional classification showed that most of enzyme-coding genes were related to cellulose digestion and amino acids metabolic pathways. Conclusion: Yaks' age had a substantial effect on gut microbial composition. Comparative metagenomics of gut microbiota in 0.5-, 1.5-, and 2.5-year-old yaks revealed that the abundance of the class Clostridia, Bacteroidia, and Lentisphaeria, as well as the phylum Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Lentisphaerae, Tenericutes, and Cyanobacteria, varied more greatly during yaks' growth, especially in young animals (0.5 and 1.5 years old). Gut microbes, including Bacteroides, Clostridium, and Lentisphaeria, make a contribution to the energy metabolism and synthesis of amino acid, which are essential to the normal growth of yaks.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2004

Sweet smelt (Plecoglossus altivelis) were fed four different diets supplemented with either perilla oil $(2.0\%)$ rich in 18:3n-3 (CP), and perilla oil and Enteromorpha compressa meal $(2.0\%)$ (CPA), soybean oil rich in 18:2n-6 (CO), or soybean oil and algal meal (CA) for 4 weeks. The growth performance, fatty acid composition of muscle, plasma lipid peroxidation and blood components of the sweet smelt were then determined. The specific growth rate and feed efficiency in the fish fed the CPA diet were the highest, while the other groups showed similar results. The fatty acid composition of muscle in sweet smelt reflected the dietary lipids; 18:3n-3 was higher in the fish fed the CP and CPA diets, and 18:2n-6 was higher in the fish fed the CO and CA diets. The other fatty acid profiles presented almost no differences with respect to the diet composition. The fish fed the CA, CP and CPA diets contained significantly lower levels of triglyceride, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and hydroxyl radical in their plasma than that fed the CO diet. Phagocytic activity was the highest in the fish fed the CPA diet and higher in those of the fish fed the CP and CA diets compared to the CO diet group. The results from this study suggest that a dietary supplement of $2.0\%$ perilla oil together with $2.0\%$ E. compressa meal may improve the growth and health of cultured sweet smelt.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.271-276
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• 2002

We have investigated the intestinal functions and hypolipidemic effects of resistant starch (RS) in rats. Experimental groups were CON (cooked starch 45% + RS 7%), RSIO (cooked starch 35% +RS 10%), RS20 (cooked starch 25%+RS20%), and RS30 (cooked starch 15%+RS 30%). The weight gains during experimental period were slightly decreased by intake of resistant starch and the weights of epididymal fat pad were lower in resistant starch intake groups than in CON, although the difference was not significant. In intestinal functions, water contents of fecal, transit time and colon cell proliferation were affected by resistant starch. Plasma total lipid and triglyceride concentrations were significantly decreased, dose-dependently, by resistant starch intake. Conclusively, it is important to intake resistant starch in order to decrease plasma lipids and to improve intestinal functions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.1817-1826
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• 2014

This study investigated lipid profiles and antioxidant capacities of seven Korean rapeseed cultivars (Naehan, Tamla, Mokpo111, Yeongsan, Tammi, Hanla, and Mokpo68). The rapeseeds contained 29.3~33.2% of extracted lipid and major fatty acids were oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. The ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids was 2.20~3.68 with the highest in Hanla and lowest in Naehan. Glycolipid ranged from 0.21 g/100 g to 0.47 g/100 g. Phospholipid content was 0.55~1.15 g/100 g with the highest in Tammi and the lowest in Mokpo68, and the most common phospholipid was phosphatidylcholine. Tocopherol content was 9.45~15.11 mg/100 g in the order of ${\gamma}$ > ${\alpha}$ > ${\beta}$ > ${\delta}$-tocopherol, and Naehan contained the highest amount of tocopherols (P<0.05). Total phenol content (TPC) of rapeseed was 314.64~577.08 mg SAE/100 g. Tamla contained the highest TPC, and showed the highest antioxidant activity determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.725-731
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• 2008

The principal objective of this study was to assess the effects of low-calorie diets(LCD) for 8 weeks of medical nutrition therapy in individuals with BMI in excess of $23\;kg/m^2$. 41 over-weight or obese individuals (male=14, female=27, age $28.6{\pm}8.9\;yrs$), none of whom were diagnosed with a medical disease, were administered MNT 4 times over the study period. Approximately $1,100{\sim}1,300\;kcal/day$ were prescribed by a dietitian, via individualized counseling. Anthropometric parameters, daily nutrient intake, and blood levels of leptin, insulin, and lipid profiles were measured prior to and after the 8 weeks of the intervention period. We noted significant reductions in body weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), abdominal skin-fold thickness, and waist circumference in both men and women. The mean body weight losses in men and women were $3.2{\pm}0.6\;kg$/8 weeks and $2.8{\pm}0.6\;kg$/8 weeks, respectively. However, the % of lean body mass (LBM) in men and women was shown to increase significantly (p<0.05). The daily intake of calorie, fat, protein, vitamin E, folate, and iron were significantly reduced during the LCD period. Blood levels of lipids and glucose were in normal range, and evidenced no changes after LCD. However, the serum levels of leptin in female subjects were significantly reduced (p<0.00l) from $8.9{\pm}4.8\;ng/mL$ to $6.9{\pm}4.8\;ng/mL$. In conclusion, 8 weeks of LCD with individualized counseling by a dietitian effectively reduced body fat and visceral fat in both men and women with BMI in excess of $23\;kg/m^2$.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.261-274
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• 2015

Although fasting programs have recently attracted close attention because of benefits of detoxification, few studies have examined these programs. This study investigates the effects of a modified juice-based fasting program on lipid metabolism. A total of 33 volunteers fasted for 10 days and participated in program lectures, exercise programs, water bath regimens, and enemas. Pre- and post-program blood samples were obtained to evaluate lipoprotein levels. A paired t-test was conducted using SPSS 18.0. Changes in the lipid profile were observed during the juice-based fasting program and attending 3 degrees. All lipid profiles decreased significantly, including total cholesterol (TC) (p<0.001), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p<0.05). Program participation was documented by assessing attendance levels as high, moderate, and low. TC decreased significantly in all programs and levels (p<0.05), TG decreased proportionally only in enemas according to the attending degree: high (48 %), moderate (20 %), and low (10 %). HDL-C decreased at all low levels, but moderate exercise ($53.8{\pm}12.5mg/dL$ to $55.6{\pm}10.2mg/dL$) and a high enema ($54.9{\pm}14.1mg/dL$ to $55.0{\pm}9.4mg/dL$) showed small increases. The antioxidant property of the juice-based fasting program in terms of the blood vessel, enemas, and exercise played an important role in preventing cardiovascular disease from increased levels of HDL-C. These results suggest that juice-based fasting and combined lifestyle programs may help improve lipid metabolism and protect against dyslipidemia.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.669-675
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• 2007

Quality characteristics of Kwamaegi (semi-dried saury) prepared by treatment of chitosan-ascorbate (CA) and vacuum drying at $40{\sim}60^{\circ}C$(VDK), and the effect of the Kwamaegi on serum lipid profiles and anti-oxidation-related enzyme activity in rats fed high fat diets were investigated. The preparation periods were $4.5{\sim}8.3$ hr in VDK, while naturally dried Kwamaegi (NDK) took 360480 hr. Total microbe contents of VDK and NDK were $0.2{\sim}0.5$ and 8.2 log CFU/g, respectively. There was no significant difference in amino-nitrogen content. Compared with NDK, the acid and peroxide value, and fishy flavor of VDK40 (dried at $40^{\circ}C$) were significantly lower, and the texture, color and overall acceptability were higher. In animal experiments, weight gain, content of LDL-cholesterol and lipid peroxide, activities of total (T) and O type (O) xanthine oxidase, and the O/T ratio (%) were significantly lower in the VDK40 diet group than in the NDK diet group. The content of HDL-cholesterol in the VDK40 diet group was higher than in the NDK diet group. These results suggest that preparing CA-treated Kwamaegi with vacuum-drying at $40^{\circ}C$ can be applied throughout the year, and may shorten preparation time and improve its microbiological safety and nutritional values.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.432-444
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of medical nutrition therapy (MNT) on anthropometric measurements, quality of diets, and blood parameters through the weight loss program in over weight or obese women. The subjects (n=76, $age\;31.1{\pm}8.4y,\;weight\;70.3{\pm}7.9kg,\;BMI\;27.2{\pm}2.4kg/m^2$) without medical disease were treated with MNT 5 times for 12 weeks by dietitian. Anthropometric measurements included height, weight, fat mass, lean body mass, triceps and thigh skin-fold thickness, mid-arm, waist, hip and thigh circumference. Dietary assessments were accomplished using 3-days food records, diet quality index (DQI), and dietary pattern. The dietary pattern was assessed by daily energy intakes from breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks of calorie density, and numbers of eating. Blood levels of leptin, lipid profiles (total lipids, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol), and insulin were analyzed. Anthropometric measurements decreased significantly after MNT (p<0.001). Waist circumference was reduced most rapidly and tricep skin-fold thickness was reduced most effectively after 12 weeks of MNT. Daily energy intake, calorie density and numbers of eating incidence decreased significantly $0796.4{\pm}395.5\;vs\;1402.9{\pm}217.8\;kcal/day,\;162.3{\pm}56.5\;vs\;113.4{\pm}30.1,\;5.0{\pm}1.4\;vs\;3.8{\pm}0.4$, respectively, p<0.05). The daily energy intake from breakfast and snacks significantly decreased (p<0.001). Calories from snack, calorie density of snack and numbers of snacking also decreased (p<0.05). The mean scores of DQI significantly increased ($7.6{\pm}2.1\;vs\;6.5{\pm}1.6$, p<0.05). The plasma levels of total lipid, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and leptin decreased significantly after MNT ($489.8{\pm}100.4\;vs\;447.0{\pm}87.3mg/dL,\;187.7{\pm}34.0\;vs\;175.9{\pm}31.5mg/dL,\;115.2{\pm}29.2\;vs\;109.2{\pm}26.7mg/dL,\;15.7{\pm}7.6\;vs\;12.4{\pm}5.9ng/mL$, respectively, p<0.05). These results indicate that MNT efficiently reduced the body weight through the changes in dietary intake, dietary patterns and dietary quality. MNT also changed body composition and reduced the levels of plasma lipid, cholesterol and leptin.