• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.402-412
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• 2016

Generation of biogenic amines (BAs) and physiological activities of Makgeolli, Korean rice wine, were investigated during fermentation under different temperatures (20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$) and time (3, 5, and 7 days). The pH was 3.96~4.36 during fermentation and the acidity increased proportionally with temperature and time. Alcohol and total phenolic contents peaked on day 5 at 25 by 9.0~9.8% and $3.01{\pm}0.07mg/g$, respectively. The organic acid mostly produced was lactic acid, which increased gradually with temperature and time. Formation of biogenic amines comprised of tryptamine and putrescine was observed during fermentation: 6.91, 11.70, and 15.63 mg/mL of tyramine on day 7 at 20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. Antioxidant activities from DPPH and FRAP assay were high in the order of $25^{\circ}C$>$20^{\circ}C$>$30^{\circ}C$ while that from ABTS assay was high regardless of temperature. Processed at 1 mg/mL and $30^{\circ}C$, the inhibitory effect on ${\alpha}$-amylase was $67.99{\pm}0.11$, $73.64{\pm}0.43$, and $75.51{\pm}0.26%$ on days 3, 5, and 7, respectively, which increased proportionally with temperature and time. Inhibitory activity on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was the highest in Makgeolli fermented on day 5 at $25^{\circ}C$. This study shows that fermentation at $25^{\circ}C$ for 5 days yields Makgeolli of the best quality with high bioactivities but no biogenic amines.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.363-376
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• 1999

This study aims to demonstrate the effect of chitosan oligosaccharide on the ultrastructural changes in the mouse liver toxicated by carbon tetrachloride $(CCl_4)$. A healthy male ICR mouse that weighted $27{\pm}2gm$ was used for experiment. The experimental group was divided into three groups; the group A; the pretreated group with chitosan oligosaccharide, the group B; the simultaneous group, the group C; treated only the $CCl_4$. The group A was simultaneously treated with chitosan oligosaccharide and $CCl_4$ after pretreated with chitosan oligosaccharide for 7 days. The group B injected $CCl_4$ and chitosan oligosaccharide to the intraperitoneal. The group C injected with only $CCl_4$ to the intraperitoneal. The results were as follow: In the group A, the nuclear membrane and the mitochondria were observed almost normal in shapes at overall the time. Some lamellae of the RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) destructed until 48 hours but ribosome attached. The destructed lamellae reformed at 72 hours but the smooth membrane vesicles not observed. The lysosomes observed at 72 hours. At 96 hours, all organelles showed in normal shapes. In the group B, changes of nuclear membranes were relatively lighter than group C. Mitochondria observed normal shape through the time. Parts of RER reformed the lamellae, other parts dilated inner cavity. And lipid droplet observed around the 24 hours. Glycogen and lysosome observed 48 hours and 72 hours, respectively. In the group C, nuclear membrane was irregular and nuclear cytoplasm condensed through the time. The lamellae of RER destructed from 24 to 96 hours. Smooth membrane vesicles observed in the cytoplasm at 48 ours. Mitochondria was less effected by toxic. And from the 24 hours, the variable sizes of lipid droplets observed in tile cytoplasm. These results suggest that chitosan oligosaccharide attenuates the toxic effect of the carbon tetrachloride in the mouse liver.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2017

Mori Folium, the leaf of Morus alba, is a traditional medicinal herb that shows various pharmacological activities such as antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, antimelanogenesis, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiallergic, and immunomodulatory activities. However, the mechanisms of their inhibitory effects on adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis remain poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis by ethanol extracts of Mori Folium (EEMF) in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Treatment with EEMF suppressed the terminal differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in a dose-dependent manner, as confirmed by a decrease in the lipid droplet number and lipid content through Oil Red O staining. EEMF significantly reduced the accumulation of cellular triglyceride, which is associated with a significant inhibition of pro-adipogenic transcription factors, including sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$), and CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins ${\alpha}$ ($C/EBP{\alpha}$) and ${\beta}$ ($C/EBP{\beta}$). In addition, EEMF potentially downregulated the expression of adipocyte-specific genes, including adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (aP2) and leptin. Furthermore, EEMF treatment effectively increased the phosphorylation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC); however, treatment with a potent inhibitor of AMPK, compound C, significantly restored the EEMF-induced inhibition of pro-adipogenic transcription factors and adipocyte-specific genes. These results together indicate that EEMF has preeminent effects on the inhibition of adipogenesis through the AMPK signaling pathway, and further studies will be needed to identify the active compounds in Mori Folium.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1094-1099
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• 2021

Hermetia illucens (Black soldier fly) is attracting attention as an environmental purification insect because it can supply a wide range of by-products of the agricultural food industry. Also, it has a potential feed for fish, birds, and pets due to a short life cycle and excellent nutritional components. Several pharmacological effects, including antimicrobial, of H. illucens have been reported. However, no study has focused on antiobesity effects of ethanol extract of H. illucens. In this study, we aimed to assess the anti-obesity effects of ethanol extract of H. illucens larvae (HIE) through inhibition of differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes. The amount of lipid accumulated in adipocytes was measured by oil red-O staining, and the inhibitory effect on adipogenesis was confirmed. The expression levels of factors related to adipocyte differentiation and fat synthesis were determined using Western blot analysis. Lipid droplet formation in adipocytes was remarkably inhibited by HIE. In addition, treatment with 400 ㎍/ml of HIE significantly reduced the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α-transcription factors involved in adipocyte differentiation. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that HIE is a potential anti-obesity agent because it inhibits adipocyte differentiation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.962-970
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• 2022

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the progressive stage of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that highly increases the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer, and there are few therapeutic options available in the clinic. Poricoic acid (PoA), a component of Poria cocos Wolf, has a wide range of pharmacological activities; however, little is known about its effects on NASH. The preventive effects of PoA on NASH were examined in vivo and in vitro by analyzing triglyceride synthesis, inflammation and fibrosis. In the high fat and methionine-choline deficient diet (HFMCD)-induced NASH mice, PoA reduced the liver weight and the levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase compared with non-treated HFMCD group. The staining with Oil Red O and hematoxylin and eosin revealed that PoA administration reduced red staining and the size of lipid droplet. qPCR analysis showed that PoA also reduced the expression of genes related to triglyceride synthesis. Further, immunostaining with CD68 and qPCR analysis revealed that PoA reduced the staining with CD68 and the expression of inflammatory genes induced by HFMCD. Moreover, PoA reduced the staining with sirius red and antibody of α-smooth muscle actin and also reduced the expression of genes related to fibrosis. The treatment of PoA to AML12 cells reduced the increase in triglyceride amount and expression of genes associated with triglyceride synthesis, inflammation and fibrosis. Taken together, our study indicate that PoA has therapeutic effect on NASH through preventing triglyceride synthesis, inflammation and fibrosis.