• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.99-110
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• 2016

Purpose: The current study was conducted in order to identify health and nutritional status of Korean underweight women in their twenties by comparing with normal, overweight, and obese women. Methods: Data from the 2010~2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used in this study. Subjects were 897 women aged 20~29 years. Subjects were classified according to underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese groups based on body mass index. Health status was assessed using data from the health questionnaire and examination. Nutritional status was assessed using data from 24-hour dietary recall and a food frequency questionnaire. Results: The underweight group had higher education and exercised less than the obese group. Means of blood chemistry and blood pressure of the underweight group did not differ from those of the normal weight group. Means of fasting glucose, insulin, lipid profiles, blood cell counts, and blood pressure in the underweight group were different from those of the overweight or obese group. Proportions of delivery, breast feeding, and irregular menstruation in the underweight group were lower compared with the other groups. Except retinol intake, means of nutrient intake did not differ among four groups. There were significant differences among four groups in the intakes of cereals and eggs and frequency of consumption of dairy products. Conclusion: The current findings showed that health and nutritional status of underweight women in their twenties did not differ from those of normal weight women. In particular, health status of underweight women in their twenties was better than that of obese women of the same ages. Further study on health and nutritional status of extremely underweight women is necessary.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.593-600
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• 2007

Recent studies described the ${\varepsilon}4$ allele of apoE confers a two-to fourfold increased risk for late-onset Alzheimer#s disease (LOAD), but LOAD pathology does not all fit neatly around apo E. Therefore, the goal of this study was to find the association between Alzheimer and apo E4 genotype in the 107 elderly between 50 to 64 years old who visited to FHWC of Sungshin Women#s University. We conducted the questionnaire survey (general & 24 hr dietary recall), anthropometerics (BP, waist & BMI) and blood biochemistry (FBS & lipid profiles). LDL-c and HOMA-IR were calculated by Friedwald#s and Matthew#s formulas. The apo E genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP method and subjects were divided into three allele groups (${\varepsilon}3$; wild, ${\varepsilon}2$ & ${\varepsilon}4;$ mutants). The apo E allele frequencies were 7.0% for the ${\varepsilon}2$, 83.6% for the ${\varepsilon}3$ and 9.3% for the ${\varepsilon}4$. In comparison with biochemistry characteristics by apo E genotype, FBS was significantly higher in ${\varepsilon}4(129.2{\pm}6.8)$ than that in the others (${\varepsilon}2$: $117{\pm}7.4$, ${\varepsilon}3$: $107.3{\pm}2.2)$ (p<0.01). More than forty percents of ${\varepsilon}4$ group shown the dyslipidemia [high TG (>150mg/dl) & low HDL (<40 mg/dl:male or <50 mg/dl: female)]. The cytokines levels such as IL-1 ${\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ were not different among three apoE alleles. After the adjusting sex, age & dietary fiber, LDL-c level was siginificantly higher in ${\varepsilon}4$ ($108.3{\pm}7.7$) than that in ${\varepsilon}2$ ($100.4{\pm}8.4$) (p<0.05). According to food intake and the recipe on the basis of 24 hr dietary recall, the elder]y with ${\varepsilon}4$ allele took higher intake frequency of the light -colored vegetable (radish, onion & cabbage) and pan-fried foods (sauteed beef and vegetables, stir-fried vienna with vegetables) than the others. We knew that the elderly with ${\varepsilon}4$ allele had been restricted the calories intakes with high dietary fiber (33.6+2.5 g/d) to maintain the normal level of FBS and LDL-c. On next study, the prevalence of Alzheimer#s disease in this population who has ${\varepsilon}4$ allele on the condition of calories restriction will be continually follow-up.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2013

The anti-obesity effects of fermented black bean were tested with mice fed a high fat diet for seven weeks. Body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio (FER) in the high fat diet control (HC) group were markedly higher, compared with those of the normal control (NC) group, but were significantly lower in the 2% black bean powder supplemented high fat diet (BB) group and 2% black bean powder fermented by M. pilosus supplemented high fat diet (BBM) group, compared with those of the HC group. Food intake in the HC and BB groups was significantly lower than that of the NC and BBM groups. Water intake in the HC group was significantly lower than that of the NC group, but was higher in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the HC group. On the other hand, relative liver and kidney weight in the HC group was lower than that of the NC group, but was higher in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the HC group. In addition, whereas epididymal fat weight in the HC group was markedly higher than that of the NC group, it was significantly lower in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the HC group. Meanwhile, hepatic GSH in the HC group was significantly lower than that of the NC group, but was slightly higher in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the HC group. Although hepatic LPO in the HC group was dramatically higher than that of the NC group, it was significantly lower in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the HC group. In addition, serum TG, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol in the HC group was significantly higher than that of the NC group, but was significantly lower in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the HC group. On the contrary, HDL-cholesterol in the HC group was significantly lower than that of the NC group, but was higher in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the HC group. In addition, activity of XOR D type in the HC group was lower than that of the NC group, but was slightly higher in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the NC group. Activities of ROS scavenging enzymes, such as SOD, GPX, and GST in the HC group were significantly lower than those of the NC group, but were significantly higher in the BB and BBM groups, compared with those of the HC group. In addition, serum ALT activity in the HC and BB groups was higher than that of the NC group, but was significantly lower in the BB and BBM groups, compared with that of the HC group. In histopathological findings, hepatic fat accumulation in the HC group was higher than that of the NC group, but was lower in the BBM group, compared with that of the HC and BB groups. In particular, antiobese, hypolipidemic, and antifatty liver effect of black bean powder fermented by M. pilosus was specifically higher than that of non-fermented steamed black bean. In conclusion, the constituents of black bean fermented by Monascus pilosus have been proven to not only inhibit obesity and hyperlipidemia but also decrease hepatic fat accumulation in high fat diet-induced obese mice.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.10
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• pp.1082-1089
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• 2005

Purpose : Abdominal obesity is encountered as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. However, the anthropometric cut-off value to estimate the cardiovascular risk, has not been suggested. This study was designed to find the relationship between the abdominal fat and various parameters of obesity to find the cardiovascular risk factors related to abdominal obesity and to establish practical methods to measure them. Methods : Twenty seven obese Korean adolescents of moderate to severe degree and 22 healthy adolescents were enrolled. The body mass index(BMI), arm circumference and skinfold thickness were measured. Furthermore, blood lipid, sugar, insulin and four different cytokines' levels were checked and the distribution of body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. The subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat thickness by abdominal ultrasonography(US) and the total and intra-abdominal fat area by abdominal computerized tomography(CT) were measured in the obese group. Results : The most accurate method to measure abdominal fat in children is abdominal CT and the fat mass measured by bioelectrical impedance was strongly correlated with it(r=0.954). It was also correlated with arm circumference, fat thickness measured by abdominal US, BMI, aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and triglyceride level. Conclusion : Abdominal CT is the most accurate method to measure intra-abdominal fat, and it can be replaced by abdominal US for cost effectiveness. The screening methods that can be used at school or in outpatient basis include bioelectrical impedance, waist/hip ratio, and arm circumference. The cardiovascular risk factors include leptin, triglyceride and insulin level.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.15-25
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• 1982

It was undertake to investigate the factors involved in the micro thrombus formation in the plasma from the patients with cerebrovascular disease(CVD) and the in vitro actions of sodium nitroprusside on the platelet aggregate formation. 1) The microthrombus formation in the plasma from CVD was significantly enhanced, in comparison with that from the healthy volunteers. 2) Both lipid peroxide and cathepsin D in the plasma from CVD were higher than those levels from the healthy volunteers. 3) Whereas the platelets from healthy individuals showed less aggregation activity in response to ADP in the second phase those from CVD revealed the enhanced aggregating response to ADP. 4) When the bovine basilar artery, rabbit aorta and human umbilical artery were pretreated with $K^+-free$ PSS, ouabain, 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid(13-HPLA) and cadmium they markedly enhanced the platelet aggregability respectively. 5) Platelet aggregation induced by $K^+-free$ PSS-treated bovine basilar artery was decreased by sodium nitroprusside in a dose-dependent manner, but not by either hydralazine. 6) Both dibutyryl cyclic AMP and 8-bromo cyclic GMP had the inhibitory action on the platelet aggregation. However, the latter had more prominent action than former. The antiaggregating effect by sodium nitroprusside was antagonized by pretreatment with methylene blue, but not by hemoglobin. These results provide the evidences for the therapeutic use of sodium nitroprusside in the emergency of cerebrovascular disease and in remains the further study of the clinical therapy with it.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.1411-1421
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of apo E polymorphisms and dietary counseling on the levels of plasma lipids in hyperlipidemic patients. The changes of serum lipids were assessed f3r 34 hyperlipidemic out-patients who changed their basal diet containing 20.1% fat(236.0mg cholesterol/day), 15.7% protein, and 64.2% carbohydrate to a diet containing 18.3% fat(109.8mg cholesterol/day), 15.7% protein, and 66.0% carbohydrate for 12 weeks. At the beginning of this study, the levels of plasma LDL-cholesterol were high according to apo E genotypes in the following order : E2/3

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.68-78
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exercise and diet control program on blood pattern in obese children. The subjects of this study were five obese boys aged from 8 to 12 participating in the control period(C) for 3 days, exercise period(E) for one week, and exercise+energy restriction period(EER) for another one week, consecutively. The intensity of the exercise was 60~70% of HRmax and the energy was restricted at 493kcal/day. Daily mean total energy intake was 2,152${\pm}$138kcal. 1,861${\pm}$138kca1, and 1,368${\pm}$87kcal for the period C, E and EER, respectively. Body weight of after the program was significantly decreased from 48.94$\pm$5.11kg to 45.94${\pm}$4.74kg(P<0.01). And skinfold thickness. %fat. lean body mass, body mass index were significantly decreased(p<0.01). Blood sugar concentration was not significantly affected by weight loss, but alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly decreased. Concentrations of total lipid, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid were not significantly decreased. But concentrations of HDL-cholesterol, %HDL-cholesterol, free fatty acid were significantly increased and concentration of VLDL-cholesterol, atherogenic index were significantly decreased. The results of this study showed that the obese children had a tendency to decrease coronary heart disease risk in the respect of plasma HDL-cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol concentration by the exercise plus energy restriction program. Thus if we apply the lower intensity or duration of exercise for them this program might be more effective on the obese children.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.405-411
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• 2009

The manufacturing process and quality properties of Lactococcus lactis-fermented yakchobugak (LFY) containing some colored agro-food products were investigated to develop a good organoleptic bugak from the leaf of the medicinal herb. The de-oiling rate of LFY by centrifugation was 37.6%, which was significantly different to the 3.5% value obtained after standing and the 8.9% value obtained with the beating method (p<0.05). Reducing power (RS) increased with addition of increasing levels of ethanol extracts from agro-food powders. The RS of green tea extract-supplemented LFY had the highest value of 0.97 at $500{\mu}g/mL$, and this was significantly different to values obtained using other extracts (p<0.05). At 83.84%, the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical scavenging activity of green tea extract-supplemented LFY was the greatest of all samples tested, followed by LFY with woolgeom at 39.48%, LFY with black rice at 28.45%, and LFY with bokbunja at 22.24% all ethanol extracts were added at $50{\mu}g/mL$ (p<0.05). Acid values of green tea and bokbunja LFYs stored in transparent PE bags at $60^{\circ}C$ for 7 days were 1.82% and 2.03%, respectively. Textural hardness values of LFYs were less than 250.62, except for LFYs with black rice and woolgeom, but these values increased $2{\sim}3$-fold after lactic acid fermentation. Carbohydrate and protein content of LFYs were in the ranges $58.95{\sim}64.63%$ and $7.50{\sim}8.68%$, respectively. Lipid and calorie contents of woolgeom LFY had the lowest values of 22.02% and 490 Kcal, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.107-113
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• 2004

This study explored the association between the bone nutrition indicators and the bone mineral density (BMD) in 138 apparently healthy elderly (male: 38, female: 100) dwelling in a low income area of the city. Dietary intakes were estimated from two meals (breakfast ＆ dinner) and snack using 24 hr-recall method and lunch with weighing over 3 consecutive days. Female elderly showed significant lower intakes (p<0.001∼p<0-05) for most of the nutrients except calcium and vitamin C than the elderly male. Calcium and vitamin D intakes for both male and female were 331.0 mg, 1.89 $\mu\textrm{g}$ and 308.6 mg, 1.21 $\mu\textrm{g}$, respectively and they were below the 50% of the RDA. Both the BMDs at lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) were positively correlated with the energy intake, calcium intake and vitamin D intake (p<0.05, respectively) for male. In female BMDs of the both sites were positively correlated with the intakes of carbohydrates, protein, lipid, calcium and vitamin D (p<0.01∼p<0.05). Female showed higher serum osteocalcin (p<0.01) and urinary deoxypyridinoline/creatinine (DPYR/CR) (p<0.001), meaning that female had elevated rate in bone turn over and bone resorption. The proportion of subjects with vitamin D deficiency assessed with serum 25(OH)VitD$_3$<10 mg/mL was 35.0% for female and 23.7% for male, respectively Both the BMDs at lumbar spine and trochanter were positively correlated with serum 25(OH)VitD$_3$ but BMDs in most of the sites were negatively associated with urinary DPYR/CR, phosphate/CR. Stepwise multiple regression showed physical activity, serum alkaline phosphatase, weight, vitamin D explained 47.6% of the variation of the LS BMD. The indicator variable for serum alkaline phosphatase was negatively associated with LS BMD. However, the indicator variable for weight and vitamin D intake were positive and significant (p=0.0087, p=0.0007, respectively). For FN BMD, the indicator variable for age and serum alkaline phosphatase were negative and significant (p<0.0075, p<0.0015, respectively) and the weight was positively associated with the FN BMD.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.70-77
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of human milk fortifier (HMF) on growth and nutritional status in growing rats fed infant formula supplemented with HMF. Three week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups and fed regular formula (RF), premature formula (PF) and regular formula fortified with HMF (RF+HMF) diets for 3 weeks. There was no significant difference in weight gain among groups. However, a significant increase of food intake was observed in PF and RF+HMF groups compared with RF group. With increasing food intake, the intakes of carbohydrate and protein were significantly increased in PF and RF+HMF groups. The weight of perirenal fat was significantly increased in rats fed RF+HMF; however, the weights of liver, kidney and spleen were not significantly different among groups. Although total lipids, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol concentrations of serum were not significantly different among groups, triglyceride was significantly increased in PF group. The triglyceride and total-cholesterol of liver were significantly increased in rats fed regular formula fortified with HMF and PF compared with RF group. Glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), creatinine (Cre) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in serum showed no significant difference among groups. The concentration of growth hormone was significantly increased in PF group compared with other groups. The concentration of hemoglobin was significantly increased in rats fed PF and RF+HMF. These results suggest that the supplementation of human milk fortifier in growing rats may promote growth as increasing food intake and lipid contents in tissues and prevent the anemia of infants.