• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2002년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.205-212
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• 2002

Carbonate rocks such as limestone are susceptible to solution and show numerous solution cavities. For the construction of the structures such as bridge foundations and tunnel on the limestone cavities, the geological unconformities developed in the bed rocks, cavity systems and the filling types of solution deposits should be surveyed and analyzed. And also, the stability of structures on the limestone cavities must be taken into consideration in the view of the geotechnical engineering. As a result of analysis of the foundation settlement, an economic and effective reinforcement method is to be proposed and the construction by the proposed method is to be accompanied with verification of reinforcement effect. This paper is a case study of design and construction for the reinforcement of bridge foundations on the limestone cavity covered with thick bedded colluvial soils.

• 지질공학
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.7-16
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• 2008

석회암지역은 외부의 압력에 의한 파쇄대와 용해성공동 등과 같은 지질학적인 결함을 대부분 갖고 있다. 특히, 장대교량을 건설할 경우 지질학적인 결함을 갖고 있는 석회암공동의 처리는 꼭 필요하다. 석회암 공동에서 기초의 침하량을 줄이고 지반을 보강하기 위한 대책공법으로 고압분사주입공법이 많이 활용되고 있다. 그러나 고압분사주입공법은 석회암공동에 대한 보강공법으로 활용되어 왔으나 연구실적과 기술적인 자료의 축적이 부족한 편이다. 그러므로 본 논문은 고압분사주입공법에 의하여 보강된 석회암공동 구간에 대하여 강도특성과 변형특성에 대한 연구결과를 제시하였다. 그리고 하중전이시험이 수반된 정재하시험에 의하여 지지력특성도 논의하였다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2006년도 추계 학술발표회
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• pp.66-75
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• 2006

As construction for road tunnel is increasing, various geotechnical conditions can be faced during the construction stage. Especially, if the tunnel is located in limestone area, many kinds of site investigations such as in-situ boring, electrical resistance survey, TSP(Tunnel Seismic Prediction) and etc., are conducted before and during the construction. By conducting these preliminary tests, location, size, and filling materials in limestone cavities can be approximately estimated. Once some cavities which can be harmful for tunnel safety are predicted, methods for ground reinforcement and tunnel excavation, corresponding those ground conditions, have to be established and verified by measurement data and numerical analysis. If necessary, invert lining should be also considered. In this paper, by studying some cases of tunnels constructed in limestone area, predicted problems during construction and rational countermeasures for those are presented.

• 지질공학
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.251-263
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 석회암 공동이 분포하는 지역에서 발생한 지반침하 현상의 원인을 파악하고 공동의 분포 위치 및 규모를 분석하기 위하여 지표지질조사, 시추조사, 전기비저항, 토모그래피 탐사 등을 실시하였다. 지표지질조사 및 시추조사 결과에 의하면 연구지역에서 석회암은 방해석의 함량에 따라 고함유대와 저함유대가 교호하며 분포한다. 시추조사 결과를 중심으로 전기비저항 및 탄성파 토모그래피 탐사 결과와 비교분석한 결과에 의하면 대부분의 공동은 지반침하가 발생한 지점을 중심으로 심도 7~14 m의 토사층과 암반의 경계부 주변에 집중되어 분포하고 있다. 또한 공동의 규모는 558~835 ㎥로 소규모이며, 침하의 형태는 사질토 지반에서 흔히 발생하는 Suffosion sinkhole에 속한다.

• 한국암반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국암반공학회 2007년도 춘계학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.64-80
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• 2007

본 논문은 영동선 동백산역에서 도계역 사이를 연결하는 국내 최장터널(16.2km)인 솔안터널의 굴착사례를 소개하고자 한다.본 현장은 퇴적암지대로서 단층,공동 및 함탄층으로 구성된 복잡한 지질구조를 가지고 있다. 이러한 지질구조 중 석회암 지대에서 터널 굴착시 예기치 못한 유수에 의해 지반공학적 문제점이 발생하였다. 본 터널은 석회암층 내 공동 및 단층의 영향으로 지하수위의 저하 및 토사유실이 발생하여 지표침하를 가져왔다. 이에 따른 정밀조사를 통한 원인 분석과 대책을 소개하고, 석회암의 특성을 반영한 침하 재발방지방안을 제시하고자 한다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 1999년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.399-406
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• 1999

Recently, the construction of the several highway bridges in the karst area have encountered severe problems associated with cavities and sinkholes. To solve this problems, it is important to understand the distribution characteristics of cavities in the construction site on limestone area. This paper briefly describes the different types, the distribution control factors and the infill sediment types of lime-cavities in the study area, bridge site in the karst area and propose the effective method of survey design. Cavity system may be divided into two main groups, 1)'slot and cave system'and 2)'sinkhole and cave system'. And the shape, the size and the distribution pattern of cavity are controlled by three main factors - rock type, geological structure and ground water condition. Additionally, infill sediment may be considered as one of the important design factors for foundation design and divided into four types by sediment properties. There are geophysical thechnics and geologic survey and drilling test, etc. by the survey method to interpretate characteristics of cavity system, and this methods are optimally designed at the site investigation stage.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 1998년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.121-128
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• 1998

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지구물리탐사학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the international symposium on the fusion technology
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• pp.281-287
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• 2003

A Natural cavities were found at shallow depth during construction of a huge bridge in Moon-Kyung, Korea. The distribution patterns of cavities in the Moon-Kyung limestone were investigated carefully with a supplementary field job such as a structural geological survey, a geophysical survey, and a rock mechanical test in laboratory or field. A structural geological mapping produced a detail geological map on this area. It suggested that there were three faults in this area, and these faults had an influence on the mechanism of natural cavities. Among many kinds of geophysical surveys, an electrical resistivity prospecting was applied firstly on the specific area that was selected by results from the geological survey. Many evidences for cavities were disclosed from this geophysical data. Therefore, a seismic tomography was tested on the target area, which was focused by results from the electrical resistivity prospecting and was believed to have several large cavities. A distinct element numerical simulation using the UDEC was followed on the target area after completing all of field surveys. Data from field tests were directly dumped or extrapolated to numerical simulations as input data. It was verified from numerical analysis that several natural cavities underneath the foundation of the bridge should be reinforced. Based on the project result, finally, most of foundations for the bridge were re-examined and the cement grouting reinforcement was constructed on several foundations among them.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.80-87
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• 2004

During excavation work for the construction of a highway bridge in a limestone area in Korea, several cavities were found, and construction work was stopped temporarily. Cavities under the bridge piers might seriously threaten the safety of the planned bridge, because they could lead to excessive subsidence and differential settlement of the pier foundations. In order to establish a method for reinforcement of the pier foundations, borehole radar reflection and tomography surveys were carried out, to locate cavities under the planned pier locations and to determine their sizes where they exist. Since travel time data from the crosshole radar survey showed anisotropy, we applied an anisotropic tomography inversion algorithm assuming heterogeneous elliptic anisotropy, in order to reconstruct three kinds of tomograms: tomograms of maximum and minimum velocities, and of the direction of the symmetry axis. The distribution of maximum velocity matched core logging results better than that of the minimum velocity. The degree of anisotropy, defined by the normalized difference between maximum and minimum velocities, was helpful in deciding whether an anomalous zone in a tomogram was a cavity or not. By careful examination of borehole radar reflection and tomography images, the spatial distributions of cavities were delineated, and most of them were interpreted as being filled with clay and/or water. All the interpretation results implied that two faults imaged clearly by a DC resistivity survey were among the most important factors controlling the groundwater movement in the survey area, and therefore were closely related to the development of cavities. The method of reinforcement of the pier foundations was based on the interpretation results, and the results were confirmed when construction work was resumed.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2009

이 연구는 한국 남서쪽에 위치한 무안군 용월리의 카르스트 지역에서 지하 공동 탐지를 위하여 3차원 전기비저항탐사의 적용성을 시험한 것이다. 현장 조사지역은 과거에 지반침하가 발생하였으며, 지하 공동은 충적층 하부에 분포하고 있는 석회암내에서 발견된다. 석회암 공동은 대부분 지하수와 점성토로 충진 되어 있기 때문에 주변의 기반암에 비하여 전기비저항이 상대적으로 낮게 나타난다. 이 연구 결과에 의하면 시추공에서 인식되고 있는 공동 분포대가 저비저항대와 일치하고 있으며, 이로부터 3차원 전기비저항탐사가 카르스트 지역에서의 지하 공동을 탐지하고 영상화 하는데 매우 유용함을 입증했다.