• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.77-85
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• 2004

This paper proposes a multi-level vector error diffusion method using 64 primary colors to improve color impulse artifact in bright region. Vector error diffusion method causes color impulse artifact in bright region because we only use the Euclidean distance measure in quantization process. In order to reduce this artifact, the proposed method divides input color into chromatic color and achromatic color according to chroma value. In the case of chromatic color, input color is classified into bright region, middle bright region, and dark region according to lightness value. N candidate primary color is organized using lightness difference between input vector and 60 chromatic primary color vector in the case of bright region. Then, primary color with minimum vector norm between input vector and N candidate primary color in addition to 4 achromatic primary colors is selected as output color. As a result of experiments, the proposed method showed visually pleasing halftone output.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was conducted to find oral health and eating attributes relating to the maxillary anterior teeth color and examine the meaning. Methods: This study aims to prepare the basic data of the teeth color by measuring analyze mode using the color of the maxillary anterior teeth(maxillary central incisor, lateral incisor, canine) of the dental patients as the dental colorimeter. Also, This researcher explained the purpose of this study to dental patients and got agreement of 111 patients(50 men and 61 women). We conducted the survey from 2 March to 25 May, 2015. So the color of total 333 teeth was examined, and eating habit attributes and oral health behaviors were researched. Results: Lightness(L) was significantly high in female compared to male(12, p<0.05), the more often intake of red pepper paste decreased(11, 13) lightness. and the brightness of the 31-40 age group was significantly higher(12, p<0.05) than the group under the age of 20. Red chroma(a) was significantly low in over 50 age group compared to the group under the age of 20(12, p<0.05), and the red chroma(a) of the "received periodic scaling" group was significantly lower(13, p<0.01) than the other group.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.955-963
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine effect of the application of different types of coffee on teeth stain during home bleaching. Methods : Twenty five premolars that were extracted within the past month and healthy without any signs of dental caries or restorations were collected and divided into five groups. The teeth of a control group were bleached everyday for two weeks, and the teeth of four experimental groups were bleached everyday for two weeks and then deposited respectively in four different types of coffee solution: brewed coffee, black coffee, coffee with sugar, and coffee with sugar and cream. Afterwards, the color of the teeth of the four experimental groups was checked by a shade pilot. Results : As a result, there were significant differences in the change of lightness and color according to the blending type with the lapse of time during home bleaching. Concerning changes in lightness and hue, there were the largest differences in the control group and the experimental group deposited in coffee with sugar and cream, followed by coffee with sugar, black coffee and brewed coffee. When the extent of change in lightness and hue was investigated after home bleaching, the experimental group deposited in coffee with sugar and cream was stained the least, and the experimental group deposited in brewed coffee was stained the most. Conclusions : In conclusion, the intake of coffee that is the cause of stain should be reduced during bleaching, and in case of having a cup of coffee, it's advisable to have coffee with cream.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.91-101
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• 1990

A field experiment was conducted to find out the effects of field productivity, variety and nitrogen rate on the yield, quality, chemical constituents and physical properties of burley cured leaf in three field with different productivity(Degree of field productivity: A ; high, B ; medium, C : low) during successive two years(1988~89). The yield and quality were remarkably lowered when nitrogen fertilizer being applied much in low productive field. As compared with Burley 21, KB101 showed high yield, particularly the yield of KB101 in low productive field was relatively high. The effect of nitrogen rate on the yield was somewhat different according to field productivity and production year. When the nitrogen fertilizer being applied above 22.5kg/10a, the added nitrogen had no effect on the yield. Total nitrogen content of cured leaf grown in low productive field was high while total alkaloid was low, therefore total alkaloid/total nitrogen ratio was remarkably low. The lightness, red and yellow color of cured leaf grown in low productive field was remarkably low. As compared with Burley 21, the contents of total alkaloid and total nitrogen and shatter resistance index of cured leaf was somewhat low, while the filling power, lightness, red and yellow color were slightly high. Total nitrogen content of cured leaf was increased remarkably by nitrogen addition, but total alkaloid was not increased though the nitrogen fertilizer being applied above 22.5kg/10a. The filling power and shatter resistance index of cured leaf grown in high nitrogen plot, and the lightness and yellow color were low while the red color was relatively high. It comes into question that the visual quality being increased as well as increment of yield and nitrogenous compounds by nitrogen addition in high productive field. In low productive field, it is considerable that nitrogen addition for high yield should be prohibited because it causes the decrement of yield and quality, on the contrary.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.61-70
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• 2015

This study, under the assumption that there may be a difference in colours recognized depending on background lightness and colour stimulus size, applied background lightness in a differential way and conducted an experiment by comparing the sizes of stimuli equivalent to $2^{\circ}$ and $10^{\circ}$. Based on the results, by reflecting the results of this experiment as a difference in colour recognition, which may occur when the input image is converted from a large-sized screen to a mobile-sized screen, power efficiency, one of the biggest issues, can be reflected in mobile devices and may contribute to effective three-dimensional image reproduction and image quality in 3-D or hologram as well as 2-D images.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics S
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• v.36S no.1
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• pp.38-50
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• 1999

Currently many devices reproduce electronic images in the various ways. However the color that is reproduced in any device is different from the original color due to the difference in the gamut between devices. In this paper, an image dependent gamut mapping method is proposed. This method clips the chroma with compensating for the change of lightness caused by the lightness scaling. The anchor point, which is the center point in the mapping, is set as a lower point by the proposed method than a point by the conventional mapping method. This reduces the color difference between point. In addition, to heighten the color contrast on the constant hue, the different two mapping methods are applied to the printer gamut which is divided in two region, bright region and dark region. Consequently, the printer output image was highly consistent with the corresponding monitor image.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.88-96
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• 2012

Objectives : We investigated the skin properties on the periorbital region and cheek of Korean female according to age pattern by 7year based on Sang Go Cheun Jin Ron (上古天眞論) in So Moon (素問,) Methods : 49 Korean females, aged 21-56 years ($39.54{\pm}10.04$ years) were participated in this study. We measured the skin properties of periorbital region and cheek with SkinTouch (Amorepacific, Korea). Skin moisture, sebum, elasticity, lightness, roughness, area of wrinkle, depth of wrinkle were assessed. Results : Differences were noticed depending on the site and age. The level of moisture was higher on the eyelid than crow's feet. The level of lightness and elasticity were lower on the periorbital region than cheek. Skin lightness was highest on group1(under 28y) and lowest on group5(over 49y). Skin roughness was highest on group1(under 28y) and lowest on group4(over 42y under 49y). The level of wrinkle are was lowest on group1(under 28y) and highest on group 5(over49y). The level of wrinkle depth was lowest on group1(under 28y) and highest on group 4(over 42y under 49y). Conclusion : Unique aging pattern by 7 years of female is reflected to diverse skin properties of eyes. It can be possible to apply the theory on Sang Go Cheun Jin Ron (上古天眞論) to practical use in dermatology and cosmetic.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.250-257
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• 2007

Characteristics of color application indicated from Kirchsteigfeld is presented the various points of view to be preserved urban housing color. It had been handled as environmental color by view point of community and connectivity rather than color scheme of single housing. First, color to be consisted of basis for urban entirely as background color in urban housing complex has been indicated the bright and cheerful feelings and expressed to be introduced mostly from the single color system. Second, characteristics to be inhibited strongly from housing complex had been indicated by restricted four types of color, formulated the overall context and change through accent and the change from disposition of principal and the accessary of color scheme. In this case, it was not regular formulation, but as a whole category view, it could be provided by orderly regularity system strictly Particularly it had been applied as a whole for lightness change by single color, introduced the different color of building to be centered or remained by a visual point. This had been formed to introduction of color by stand points of housing group not introduction to color by sole concept of building. Third, emphasizing of morphologic feeling by using of difference of lightness, it could be indicated the mild and comfortable stereo-type sensibility from the overall types of housing, we could understand for formation of color code by lightness of slightly differences. Fourth, it had been taken the convenient adaptation method for maintenance of simple graphic system as a environmental color. It has considerable advantage for sustainability of color to indicate on finishing material, form and detail in architecture, as the sole separated color not to be complicated when to be painted over and again or managed continuously.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2021

This paper presents a procedure to extract lane line models using a set of proposed methods. Firstly, an image warping method based on homography is proposed to transform a target image into an image which is efficient to find lane pixels within a certain region in the image. Secondly, a method to use the combination of the results of edge detection and HSL (Hue, Saturation, and Lightness) transform is proposed to detect lane candidate pixels with reliability. Thirdly, erroneous candidate lane pixels are eliminated using a selection area method. Fourthly, a method to fit lane pixels to quadratic polynomials is proposed. In order to test the validity of the proposed procedure, a set of black-box images captured under varying illumination and noise conditions were used. The experimental results show that the proposed procedure could overcome the problems of color-only and edge-only based methods and extract lane pixels and model the lane line geometry effectively within less than 0.6 seconds per frame under a low-cost computing environment.

• Mycobiology
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.589-598
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• 2021

White strains of Hypsizygus marmoreus are more difficult to cultivate than are brown strains; therefore, new white strain breeding strategies are required. Accordingly, we constructed the genetic map of H. marmoreus with 1996 SNP markers on 11 linkage groups (LGs) spanning 1380.49 cM. Prior to analysis, 82 backcrossed strains (HM8 lines) were generated by mating between KMCC03106-31 and the progenies of the F1 hybrid (Hami-18 × KMCC03106-93). Using HM8, the first 23 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of yield-related traits were detected with high limit of detection (LOD) scores (1.98-9.86). The length, thickness, and hardness of the stipe were colocated on LG 1. Especially, length of stipe and thickness of stipe were highly correlated given that the correlation coefficients were negative (-0.39, p value ≤ .01). And a typical biomodal distribution was observed for lightness of the pileus and the lightness of the pileus trait belonged to the LG 8, as did traits of earliness and mycelial growth in potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Therefore, results for color traits can be suggested that color is controlled by a multi-gene of one locus. The yield trait was highly negatively correlated with the traits for thickness of the stipe (-0.45, p value ≤ .01). Based on additive effects, the white strain was confirmed as recessive; however, traits of mycelial growth, lightness, and quality were inherited by backcrossed HM8 lines. This new genetic map, finely mapped QTLs, and the strong selection markers could be used in molecular breeding of H. marmoreus.