• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.275-281
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• 2000

Object : This study was carried out to examine the effect of Bupleuri Radix on experimental cholestasis, and make clear apart of this mechanism. Methods : Two models of common bile duct ligation group and taurocholate load group after common bile duct ligation were induced, and Bupleuri Radix extract was taken orally for 14 days. In the 1, 2, 4, 7 and 14 days after treatment, the mitochondrial and microsomal monoamine oxidase(MAO) A and B activities in liver were measured. Results : The mitochondrial MAO A and B activities increased in both Blupleuri Radix treated group after common bile duct ligation and Blupleuri Radix treated group after taurocholate load and common bile duct ligation. MAO A increased in Blupleuri Radix treated group after taurocholate load and common bile duct ligation, and MAO B increased in Blupleuri Radix treated group after common bile duct ligation. The microsomal MAO A activities increased in both Blupleuri Radix treated group after common bile duct ligation and Blupleuri Radix treated group after taurocholate load and common bile duct ligation. Conclusion : According to the result, it is consider that Blupleuri Radix not only improves cholestatis in liver, but also decreases a genetic synthesis of taurocholic acid.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.311-315
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• 1982

Between 1973 and 1981 a total of 38 patients with a adult Patent Ductus Arteriosus, resulting from a congenital heart disease. There were 10 males and 28 females and most were in their twenties. In 21 cases, typical Patent Ductus Arteriosus without pulmonary hypertension and in 17, atypical Patent Ductus Arteriosus with pulmonary hypertension were noted. Methods of surgical treatment were division, double ligation, triple ligation, or wrapping with Teflon felt and ligation. The number of patients for each surgical treatment were 23 cases with double ligation, 4 cases with triple ligation, 3 cases of wrapping with Teflon felt and ligation and 8 cases with division. Surgical mortality occurred in one case[2.6%].

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.68-76
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• 2000

Object : This study was earned out to examine the effect of Bupleuri Radix on experimental cholestasis, and make clear a part of this mechanism. Methods : Two models of common bile duct ligation group and taurocholate load group after common bile duct ligation were induced, and Bupleuri Radix extract was taken orally for 14 days. In the 1, 2, 4, 7 and l4days after treatment, cytosolic, mitochondrial and microsomal catechol-O-methyltransferase(COMT) activities in liver were measured. Results : The activities of cytosolic, mitochondrial and microsomal COMT increased in the Blupleuri Radix treated group after common bile duct ligation and after taurocholate load and common bile duct ligation. The activities of cytosolic and mitochondrial COMT increased particularly in Blupleuri Radix treated group after taurocholate load and common bile duct ligation. Conclusions : According to the result, it is considered that Blupleuri Radix not only improves cholestatis in liver, but also decreases a genetic synthesis of taurocholic acid.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.674-678
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• 1998

Radiograph and serum activities were investigated in six dogs with experimental portal vein branch ligation. Operative mesenteric portography showed the incomplete portal vein circulation due to ligation of portal vein branch. Several serum enzyme activities were measured after portal vein branch ligation. Albumin and total protein were decreased following the time. Others were increased. In microscopic findings, hepatocellular necrosis and haemorrhage were identified in midzone and centrilobular zone. And reverse lobulation pattern was found in dogs with portal vein branch ligation.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.2303-2309
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• 2007

Expressed protein ligation (EPL) technique, joining recombinantly expressed proteins to polypeptides, has been widely adopted for addressing various biological questions and for drug discovery. However, joining two recombinant proteins together is sometimes difficult when proteins are expressed insoluble and unrefoldable, because ligation-active proteins via intein-fusion are obtainable when they are folded correctly. We overcame this limitation coexpressing target protein with additional methionine aminopeptidase (MAP) which enhances removal of the initiation methionine of recombinantly expressed protein. Our approach demonstrated that two domains of 46 kDa 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase, a target of herbicide glyphosate, were successfully joined by native chemical ligation, although its C-terminal domain was expressed as an inclusion body. The intein-fused N-terminal fragment of EPSP synthase (EPSPSN, residues 1-237) was expressed and the ligation-active thioester tagged N-terminal fragment (EPSPSN-thioester) was purified using a chitin affinity chromatography and mercapto-ethanesulphonate (MESNA) as intein thiolysis reagent. Its Cterminal fragment (EPSPSC, residues Met237-238CYS-427), expressed as an inclusion body, was prepared from an additional MAP-expressing strain. Protein ligation was initiated by mixing ~1 mM of EPSPSN-thioester with ~2 mM of EPSPSCCYS (residues 238CYS-427). Also we found that addition of 2% thiophenol increased the ligation efficiency via thiol exchange. The ligation efficiency was ~85%. The ligated full-length EPSP synthase was dissolved in 6 M GdHCl and refolded. Circular dichroism (CD) and enzyme activity assay of the purified protein showed that the ligated enzyme has distinct secondary structure and ~115% specific activity compared to those of wild-type EPSP synthase. This work demonstrates rare example of EPL between two recombinantly expressed proteins and also provides hands-on protein engineering protocol for large proteins.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.245-252
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• 1997

To investigate morphological changes in the exocrine pancreas of chicken after pancreatic duct ligation, experimental animals were subdivided to control, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 4 days, 7 days and 10 days groupes and all of three pancreatic ducts of chicken were ligated by surgical procedure and then the morphological changes were observed. In pancreatic ducts, once for a while the ducts were dilated on 12 hours after pancreatic duct ligation and then they were obstructed because of proliferated epithelial cells and connective tissues in pancreatic duct. Marginal dissociation of acini was detected in 12 hours after pancreatic duct ligation and then dissociation of acini was increased with time and finally in 4 days after pancreatic duct ligation the acini showed completely dissociation except periductular regions and around pancreatic islets. Most of dissociated acini cells showed marginal condensation of nuclear chromatin and atropy of cytoplasm, namely, apoptotic features were detected in dissociated acinar cells. Interacinar spaces of dissociated acinar regions were dilated and fulfilled with increased connective tissue and in 4 days after pancreatic duct ligation, deposition of lymphocytes and hemocytes was occurred.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.379-389
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• 2005

Obstructive adenitis of the salivary gland following salivary stone or infectious disease of the gland and surrounding tissues is a common disease. It is often difficult to decide whether to perform total excision of the gland or to consider conservative treatment. The present study was designed to investigate histological, histochemical changes of submandibular gland after ligating the excretory duct for identifying the results of gland duct obstruction. A group of 40 rat of Sprague-Dawley weighing about $200{\sim}220gm$ were used in the present study. 30 rats had ligation of the main excretory ducts of submandibular glands just at the exit from the glands. For controls, 10 rats had a sham operation without duct ligation. They were inducted into euthanagia state by intracardial Ketamine injection in 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days after the ligation. In each ligation period, 3 animals were used for ligation and one animal was for control. The submandibular glands were dissected out at sacrifice and stained with H&E, PAS, mucicarmine stain and histological examination were carried out under the light microscope. After examination and comparison of all specimens, the results were as follows: 1. In the features of H&E stain, acini disappeared by degrees after the ligation of the excretary duct and interstitial cells were displaced into fibrous connective tissue. Salivary gland had been atrophied with enlarging ducts and proliferating ductal cells. 2. Through total experimental period, a lot of vessels were observed and the atrophy of serous gland was severer than that of mucous gland. 3. The deep portion of submandibular glands showed severe degeneration rather than superficial portion of them after the ligation. 4. The changes which had enlarged ducts and proliferating ductal cells were observed in entire gland and more prominent in serous gland than mucous gland after the ligation. 5. Although PAS and mucicarmine reactions were decreased gradually after the ligation with the lapse of time, since 2 to 3 weeks they were strong positive reactions on entire gland, especially on duct-like structure. So, we can suggest that salivary gland will be atrophied but, survived acini will be redistributed around the ducts.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.248-253
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• 2013

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of band ligation and injection sclerotherapy in the endoscopic treatment of children with variceal bleeding. Methods: The study population included 55 children, all of whom were treated at the time of endoscopic diagnosis of esophageal varices at Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, between January 1994 and January 2011. The primary outcomes included initial success rates and duration of hemostasis after endoscopic management (band ligation vs. injectionsclerotherapy). Results: The mean age was $6.7{\pm}5.2$ years and the mean follow-up time was $5.4{\pm}3.7$ years. The most common cause of esophageal varices was biliary atresia. Of 55 children with acute variceal bleeding, 39 had band ligation and 16 had injection sclerotherapy. No differences between groups were observed in terms of the size, location, and presence of red color sign. The success rates of band ligation and sclerotherapy in the control of acute bleeding episodes were 89.7% and 87.5%. The mean duration of hemostasis after endoscopic intervention was $13.2{\pm}25.1$ months. After one year, 19 of 39 patients (48.7%) treated with band ligation and 7 of 16 patients (43.8%) with injection sclerotherapy had experienced rebleeding episodes. Complications after the procedures were observed in 10.3% and 18.8% of children treated with band ligation and injection sclerotherapy. Conclusion: The results of our current study suggest that band ligation and injection sclerotherapy are equally efficient treatments for the control of acute variceal bleeding and prevention of rebleeding.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.239-245
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• 2014

Background: Neuropathic pain induced by spinal or peripheral nerve injury is very resistant to common pain killers, nerve block, and other pain management approaches. Recently, several studies using stem cells suggested a new way to control the neuropatic pain. In this study, we used the spinal nerve L5 ligation (SNL) model to investigate whether intrathecal rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) were able to decrease pain behavior, as well as the relationship between rMSCs and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Methods: Neuropathic pain of the left hind paw was induced by unilateral SNL in Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 10 in each group). Mechanical sensitivity was assessed using Von Frey filaments at 3, 7, 10, 12, 14, 17, and 24 days post-ligation. rMSCs ($10{\mu}l$, $1{\times}10^5$) or phosphate buffer saline (PBS, $10{\mu}l$) was injected intrathecally at 7 days post-ligation. Dihydroethidium (DHE), an oxidative fluorescent dye, was used to detect ROS at 24 days post-ligation. Results: Tight ligation of the L5 spinal nerve induced allodynia in the left hind paw after 3 days post-ligation. ROS expression was increased significantly (P < 0.05) in spinal dorsal horn of L5. Intrathecal rMSCs significantly (P < 0.01) alleviated the allodynia at 10 days after intrathecal injection (17 days post-ligation). Intrathecal rMSCs administration significantly (P < 0.05) reduced ROS expression in the spinal dorsal horn. Conclusions: These results suggest that rMSCs may modulate neuropathic pain generation through ROS expression after spinal nerve ligation.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2004

Changes of thiol methyltransferase (TMT) activity in cholestatic rat liver were studied. Hepatic subcellular and serum TMT activities were determined in cholestatic rat induced by common bile duct (CBD) ligation over a period 28 days. The mitochondrial and microsomal TMT activities in cholestatic rat liver were found to be significantly increased between the 1st and the 28th day after CBD ligation. The TMT activity in serum was significantly increased throughout the experiments. The Vmax values of the above hepatic TMT in cholestatic rat were significantly increased at the 7th day after CBD ligation. However, the Km values of the above hepatic enzymes did not vary in all the experimental groups. Therefore, the results indicate that the biosynthesis of TMT was increased in cholestatic rat liver. The elevated serum TMT activity is most likely caused by increased hepatocytes membrane permeability due to cholestasis mediated liver cell necrosis.