• Language and Information
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.41-69
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• 2002

This paper addresses the issue of constraints on the conversion of the participle II in German, proposing a constraint-based lexical semantic approach. I argue against the widely accepted syntactic view which is based on the dichotomous distinction of intransitive verbs, which has been advanced by the Unaccusative Hypothesis [Perlmutter (1978)]. Several arguments are also given against the semantic view which is based on some aspectual notions such as 'telicity', 'transformativity' or 'terminativity'. The crucial constraints on the conversion of the participle II in German, it is argued, is instead two lexical semantic entailments, movement with a definite change of location and affectedness. These and other lexical semantic entailments in the sense of Dowty (1991) are encoded into the multiple inheritance type hierarchy of qfpsoa. The proposal made in this paper is based on the multiple inheritance hierarchy which is envisaged in a recent framework of head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar.

• MALSORI
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• no.63
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• pp.23-46
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• 2007

The purpose of this paper is to compare linguistic features of meter in Amoretti and Sonnets from the Portuguese. Amoretti was composed in the 16th century and Sonnets from the Portuguese in the 19th century. Two poems are very strict in satisfying $^*<_I$(LS that makes a lexical stress matched on a strong position. But they allow a peaked monosyllabic word to be matched on a weak position only if it does not violate $^*(\dot{\sigma}\;{\sigma})$. Syntactic inversions which are found in two poems occur to satisfy metrical constraints and rhyme. Particularly, syntactic inversions for rhyme are mainly found in Amoretti, but are rare in Sonnets from the Portuguese which includes many enjambment lines. Furthermore, this paper shows that syntactic inversions can be explained by the interaction of constraints, such as metrical constraints, SCI, and Binary Foot.

• Language and Information
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.77-92
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• 2009

Geis (1973) has provided various properties of the subjects and by + Gerund Phrase (GerP) in English causative constructions. Among them, the two main issues of Geis's analysis are as follows: unlike Lakoff (1965; 1966), the subject of English causative constructions, including causative-inchoative verbs such as liquefy, first of all, should be acts or events, not persons, and the by + GerP in the construction is a complement of the causative verbs. In addition to these issues, Geis has provided various data exhibiting other idiosyncratic properties and proposed some transformational rules such as the Agent Creation Rule and rule orderings to explain them. Against Geis's claim, I propose that English causative verbs require either Proper nouns or GerP subjects and that the by + GerP in the constructions as a Verbal Modifier needs Gerunds, whose understood Affective-agent subject is identical to the subject of causative verbs with respect to the semantic index value. This enables us to solve the two main issues. At the same time, the other properties Geis mentioned also can be easily accounted for in Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) by positing a few lexical constraints. On this basis, it is shown that given the few lexical constraints and existing grammatical tools in HPSG, the constraint-based analysis proposed here gives a simpler explanation of the properties of English causative constructions provided by Geis without transformational rules and rule orderings.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.9-16
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• 2016

The central goal of the current paper is to investigate lexical transfer between Korean and English and to identify rule-governed behavior and to provide implications for development of computer-assisted translation(CAT) software for the two languages. It will be shown that Sankoff and Poplack's Free Morpheme Constraint can not account for all the range of data. A constraint is proposed that a set of case-assigners such as verbs, INFL, prepositions, and the possessive marker may not undergo lexical transfer. The translation software is also expected to be equipped with the proposed claim that English verbs are actually borrowed as nouns or as defective verbs to escape from the direct attachment of inflectional morphemes.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.64-69
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• 2002

This study concerns the constraints of English Poetic Meter. In English poems, the metrical pattern doesn't always match the linguistic stress on the lines. These mismatches are found differently among the poets. For the lexical stress mismatched with the weak metrical position, $*W{\Rightarrow}{\;}Strength$ is established by the concept of the strong syllable. The peaks of monosyllabic words mismatched with the weak metrical position are divided according to which side of the boundary of a phonological domain they are adjacent to. Adjacency Constraint I is suggested for the mismatched peak which is adjacent to the left boundary of a phonological domain; *Peak] and Adjacency ConstraintII for the mismatched peak which are adjacent to the right boundary of a phonological domain. These constraints are various according to the poets(Pope, Milton and Shakespeare) : *[Peak [-stress], $W{\Rightarrow}{\;}*Strength$ and *Peak] in Pope; *[+stress][Peak [-stress] and *Peak] in Milton ; *[+stress][Peak [-stress], $W{\;}{\Rightarrow}{\;}*Strength$ and ACII in Shakespeare.

• MALSORI
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• no.42
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• pp.71-88
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• 2001

This study is on the constraints of English Poetic Meter. In English poems, the metrical pattern doesn't always match the linguistic stress on the lines. These mismatches are found differently among the poets. The peaks mismatched with the weak metrical position are divided into the two ways according as they are adjacent to the boundary of a phonological domain or not. PAF and $^*UV$] are suggested for the mismatched peak which are not adjacent to the boundary of a phonological domain ; $^*Peak$] and BT for the mismatched peak which are adjacent to the boundary of a phonological domain. For the lexical stress mismatched with the weak metrical position, $^*W{\;}{\Rightarrow}{\;}Strength$ is set up by the concept of the strong syllable. $MPS{\;}{\Rightarrow}{\;}\Phi_{max}$ for the metrical position size can replace the resolution which is used to control the number of syllables in English poems. These constraints show the different hierarchies among the poets.

• Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.555-574
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• 2002

This study concerns the constraints of English Poetic Meter. In English poems, the metrical pattern doesn't always match the linguistic stress on the lines. These mismatches are found differently among the poets. For the lexical stress mismatched with the weak metrical position, W⇒ Strength is established by the concept of the strong syllable. The peaks of monosyllabic words mismatched with the weak metrical position are divided according to which side of the boundary of a phonological domain they are adjacent to. Adjacency Constraint I is suggested for the mismatched peak which is adjacent to the left boundary of a phonological domain; /sup */Peak] and Adjacency ConstraintⅡ for the mismatched peak which is adjacent to the right boundary of a phonological domain. These constraints are various according to the poets (Pope, Milton and Shakespeare) : /sup */[Peak [-stress], /sup */W⇒ Strength and /sup */Peak] in Pope; /sup */[+stress][Peak[-stress] and /sup */Peak] in Milton; /sup */[ +stress][Peak[-stress], /sup */W⇒Strength and Adjacency ConstraintⅡ in Shakespeare.

• Language and Information
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.129-152
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• 2002

This paper argues for a need to adopt a conceptually radical approach to zero anaphora resolution in Korean. It is shown that a number of apparently conflicting constraints, mostly motivated by lexical, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic factors, are involved in determining the referential identity of zero pronouns in Korean. It is also argued that some of the major concepts of Optimality Theory can provide a good theoretical framework to predict the antecedents to zero pronouns in general. A partial formalization of 07-based constraints at the morpho-syntactic and lexico-semantical level is provided. It is argued that the lexico-semantic restrictions on adjacent expressions play the most important role in the anaphora resolution process along with a variant of the binding principle, formulated in semantic terms. Other pragmatically motivated constraints that incorporate some important intuitions of Centering Theory are proposed too.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics B
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• v.30B no.12
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• pp.21-30
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• 1993

In this paper, we propose a connected Korean digit recohnition system employing neural networks and lexical constraints of the Korean digits. In the proposed recognition system, firstly, each frame of digit string is labelled by phoneme classification neural networks.which are trained with the reference phoneme segments extracted form an isolated digit based on the position information. And, the frame labels are combined with each other for constructing the phoneme segments. Then, these segments are combined to form a digit candidate using the digit combination rules. The digit candidate is decided based on the condition for digit decision. If the condition is not satisfied, the digit candidate is further recognized using the digit decision neural network in the next step. In our approach, the neural networks are trained with 10 isolated digits uttered by 5 male speakers. To investigate the performance of the proposed recognition system, an intensive computer simulation on the 30 connected digit strings uttered by 5 male speakers is performed. The simulation result indicates that 95.6% digit recognition rate and 82% digit string recognition rate are provided by the proposed Korean digit recognition system.

• Language and Information
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.47-65
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• 2011

A Korean adverb '거의(geoui)' modifies predicates to generate complex predicates which have meanings of 'nearly' complete or typical properties of the modified predicates in quantities, degrees, and frequencies. The modified predicates 'complete' or 'typical' properties are referred counterfactually as standards for the generated predicates' meanings of deficiencies. These counterfactual standards can be formalized by a counterfactual conditional operator of the intensional semantics in Cresswell(1990). The deficiencies in the quantities, degrees, or frequencies of the properties can be expressed formally introducing a world-independent measure of comparison. The measure can be manufactured out of relations between intensional things at indices and their equivalence classes. The world-independent measure of comparison has a semantic structure under-specified in quantity, degree, and frequency, and seems very well-suited in describing lexical meaning of '거의(geoui)'. The lexical-semantic analysis of '거의(geoui)' shows explicitly the plausibility of the indispensable existence of the comparing measure which works across real and counterfactual worlds in natural language meaning. On the other hand, we examined Kim, young-hee(1985)'s proposal of a transition of quantificational meaning for Korean degree adverbs, where he tried to explain the quantificational meaning of Korean degree adverbs in general including '거의(geoui)' with several syntactic and semantic constraints of 'contextual deletion'. But it is shown that the quantificational meanings of the degree adverbs which Kim(1985) discussed are also explained better by their under-specified meanings in quantities, frequencies and degrees with the world-independent measure of comparison applied to their paradigmatic lexical constraint rather than Kim(1985)'s transition of meaning.