• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.221-226
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• 2014

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels are associated with decreased risk of coronary artery disease. Several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for HDL cholesterol levels have implicated Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) as possibly being causal. Herein, the association between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs10503669 in the LPL gene and HDL cholesterol levels and triglyceride levels was tested in the Korean population. A total of 994 subjects from Seoul City were included in a replication study with LPL SNP rs10503669. SNP rs10503669 in the LPL gene was associated with mean HDL cholesterol levels (effect per allele 3.13 mg/dL, P<0.0001) and triglyceride levels (effect per allele -18.0 mg/dL, P=0.0026). Subjects with the CA/AA genotype had a 0.42-fold (range 0.23~0.77-fold) lower risk of having abnormal HDL cholesterol levels (<40 mg/dL) than subjects with the CC genotype. When analyzed by gender, the association of LPL was stronger in men than in women. This study clearly demonstrates that genetic variants in LPL influence HDL cholesterol levels and triglyceride levels in Korean adults.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.75-101
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• 2024

This study investigates the variation in anxiety levels across income classes in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The research is based on data from nationally representative surveys conducted in 2017 and 2021, and it employs a multilevel mixed-effects ordered logistic model. The unique aspect of this investigation lies in its utilization of the Cantril ladder, a commonly employed tool in public opinion research, to gauge anxiety levels. Participants are prompted to assess their present life circumstances concerning their daily worries and anxieties. The empirical findings provide evidence that individuals in provinces with higher exposures to COVID-19 reported heightened anxiety levels. Furthermore, the results highlight a consistent association between higher household income and lower levels of anxiety. Notably, individuals from the highest income group experienced a substantial decline in anxiety levels during the pandemic. When examining specific income classes, the study reveals heightened anxiety among women in higher-income brackets and among lower-income households residing in urban areas. Furthermore, regarding macroeconomic circumstances, the results illustrate a positive correlation between economic prosperity and anxiety levels among members of low-income households. The study also uncovers a positive connection between income inequality and self-assessed anxiety within upper-middle and high-income brackets.

• 대한간호
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.70-80
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• 1997

This study of elderly in-patient subjects' expected level of care given by family members and nurses is intended to provide foundational information for use by nurses is attending to elderly patients. The objects of the study were elderly in-patients over the age of 65 hospitalized at two General hospitals in Chonju: 102 subjects filled out the 60 question survey between December 16 and 24. 1996. The analysis process was conducted using SPSS producing percentage. mean and standard deviation. maximum and minimum values. t-test, ANOVA. and so on. The results are as follows: 1. From the general results of the survey. one can observe that statistically significant differences appeared in various levels of education of the subjects: no education(2.98). primary school completed(2.91). middle school or higher completed(2.77). As shown. the lower level of education correlates with higher care-giving expectation. 2. On a scale of 1(minimum) to 4(maximum). the mean levels of care expected by elderly inpatients from their families is 2.93. with a standard deviation of 0.28. The level of psychological care expected(mean 3.02. standard deviation 0.31) is higher than the level of care expected(mean 2.83. standard deviation 0.34). 3. The level of care expected among those of different levels of dependency for daily living (differentiated as dependent. partially dependent. independent) was highest among the partially dependent(mean 2.98. standard deviation 0.17). but the results were not statistically significant. 4. Elderly in-patients with high levels of emotive interaction with their families expected relatively high levels of physical care. while the highest levels of socio-psychological care were expected from those who reported normal levels of emotive interaction with their families. However. We can see that low levels of care are expected from those reporting low levels of emotive interaction with their families. Overall. the differences in the level of care expected between those reporting different levels of emotive interaction with their families was not shown to be statistically significant.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.371-374
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship of the cadmium and lead levels in blood by age, gender and smoking status among 181 students in Gyeongnam province from June 2005 to July 2006. The cadmium and lead levels in blood was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Subjects were classified for the investigation according to smoking status as smokers and nonsmokers, age and gender. Mean blood cadmium level in male and female was $1.65{\mu}g/dl,\;1.10{\mu}g/dl$ respectively. Male was significantly higher than that of female. Blood cadmium levels in heavy smokers ($11{\sim}20\;ea/day$) and light smokers ($1{\sim}10\;ea/day$) were $2.34{\mu}g/dl,\;1.10{\mu}g/dl$ respectively. Heavy smokers were significantly higher than those of light smokers. In the comparison of age, gender and smoking status in blood Lead levels were no significant differences. In conclusion, heavy smoking was the most significant risk factor to increase blood cadmium levels. The further study will need analysis of the other factors related to the elevation of the cadmium and lead levels.

• 대한교통학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한교통학회 1998년도 Proceedings The 4th International Transport Symposium
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• pp.91-99
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• 1998

Generally, the tons lifted and ton-kilometers are widely used to analyze the road freight transport. However, these two indicators are simply to show the road freight transport statistics rather than to explain the road freight transportation systems. In this study, the variables such as the number of distribution channel levels, the integral distance, tons in transport and the average transport distance are defined and estimated to investigate the road freight transport system of Korea. In order to compare the road transport system of Korea to other countries, the comparative study was conducted including USA, Japan, Holland and Taiwan. The major findings of this study are as follows; i) The number of distribution channel levels and integral distance of Korea and Taiwan have been increased, but the average transport distance decreased from 1971 to 1996 period. ii) On the contrary to Korea case, the number of distribution channel levels and integral distance of US, Japan and Holland have been decreased, but the average transport distance increased. iii) In the time-series model analysis shows that the number of distribution channel levels are statistically positively closely related to the logistics costs and the costs of transportation as a percentage of GDP.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.95-104
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• 2012

Objectives: The goal of this study was to investigate the relationships between proximity to an industrial complex and blood lead levels and urinary cadmium levels. Methods: We conducted a questionnaire survey and analyzed blood lead and urinary cadmium levels using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAs). Data was analyzed using logistic regression analysis. All statistical analyses were conducted with SAS software version 9.2. The distance between the residence and an industrial complex was calculated through a Geographical Information System (GIS). Results: A total of 967 residents living near a large petrochemical complex in Ulsan participated. The geometric mean levels of blood lead and urinary cadmium were $1.70{\mu}g/dl$ (male: $1.77{\mu}g/dl$, female: $1.67{\mu}g/dl$), and $0.72{\mu}g/g$ creatinine (male: $0.49{\mu}g/g$ cr. female: $0.89{\mu}g/g$ cr.), respectively. Blood lead and urinary cadmium levels both increased with age and were higher among smokers compared to never smokers. Both significantly showed a decreasing trend with rising income. Results from multiple logistic regression analysis showed that urinary cadmium levels for subjects aged less than 20 years old were negatively associated with distance from the industrial area to the residence. The results, however, indicated that the blood lead levels were positively associated with the distance. Conclusions: The results of this study support that proximity to an industrial complex is related to urinary cadmium values for children. A positive finding with blood lead can be explained by the ambiguity of lead exposure sources in the general environment.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.225-235
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• 2016

Objective: The aim of this study is to model all levels of situation awareness (SA), which would be able to predict situation awareness quantitatively. Background: When measuring situation awareness, directly measuring SA methods such as SAGAT and SART have been utilized. Several approaches (cognitive modeling approaches) were introduced to model SA but level 3 SA was not completed. For real-life situation, however, it is necessary to detect the problematic level of SA rather than overall SA. Therefore, we proposed a new model of all levels of SA in this study. Method: In order to model all levels of SA, this study chose factors in ACT-R architecture through literature review. ATC (Air Traffic Control)-related simulation task was video-taped to analyze human behaviors in order to model all levels of SA including level 3. Results: As a result, regression analyses show that cognitive activities (neural activations) represented for all levels of SA were highly correlated with SAGAT. Conclusion: In conclusion, neural activations in ACT-R could be proved to be effective to model all levels of SA. Application: Our SA model could be used to predict all levels of SA quantitatively without directly measuring the SA of operators.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.14-22
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare serum amyloid A (SAA) protein levels with high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels as markers of systemic inflammation in patients with chronic periodontitis. The association of serum titers of antibodies to periodontal microbiota and SAA/hs-CRP levels in periodontitis patients was also studied. Methods: A total of 110 individuals were included in this study. Patients were assessed for levels of hs-CRP and SAA. Nonfasting blood samples were collected from participants at the time of clinical examination. The diagnosis of adipose tissue disorders was made according to previously defined criteria. To determine SAA levels, a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was utilized. Paper points were transferred to a sterile tube to obtain a pool of samples for polymerase chain reaction processing and the identification of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Tannerella forsythia. The serum level of IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies to P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and T. forsythia was also determined. Results: SAA and hs-CRP levels were higher in periodontitis patients than in controls (P<0.05). In bivariate analysis, high levels of hs-CRP (>3 mg/L) and SAA (>10 mg/L) were significantly associated with chronic periodontitis (P=0.004). The Spearman correlation analysis between acute-phase proteins showed that SAA positively correlated with hs-CRP (r=0.218, P=0.02). In the adjusted model, chronic periodontitis was associated with high levels of SAA (odds ratio [OR], 5.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-18.2; P=0.005) and elevated hs-CRP levels (OR, 6.1, 95% CI, 1.6-23.6; P=0.008). Increased levels of serum IgG2 antibodies to P. gingivalis were associated with high levels of SAA (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.4-8.5; P=0.005) and high concentrations of hs-CRP (OR, 4.3; 95% CI, 1.9-9.8; P<0.001). Conclusions: SAA and hs-CRP concentrations in patients with chronic periodontitis are comparably elevated. High serum titers of antibodies to P. gingivalis and the presence of periodontal disease are independently related to high SAA and hs-CRP levels.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.45-57
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• 2003

This study analyzed the differences in household debt characteristics by wealth levels. The dataset used was the 2000 National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure. The major findings of this study were as follows; First, about 49% of sample owned some amounts of debt. Household in high wealth levels had lowest debt burden while households in low wealth level had highest debt burden. Second, the amounts of debt owed to financial agents were highest regardless of wealth levels. Third, all groups borrowed money for the purpose of purchasing real estate.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권10호
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• pp.995-1003
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• 1995

This study was conducted to asses the $\omega$-3 fatty acid intake levels and to evaluate the relationship between the levels of $\omega$-3 fatty acids in plasma and erythrocyte membrane and the dietary intake of these fatty acids over the period of two months in 56 young Korean females. Dietary survey was conducted to obtain 7-day weiged records and six 24-hour recalls. Fasting blood sample was collected from each subject after the dietary survey period. Mean daily intakes of energy, fat, and cholesterol were 1,569㎉, 41.8g, and 217mg, respectively. Fat suppled 24% of total energy intake. Mean daily intake levels of eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA), docosahexaenoic acid(DHA), and total $\omega$-3 fatty acids were 0.04g, 0.06g, and 0.48g, respectively. Plasma cholesterol levels of most of the subjects were within normal range, and there was no significant correlation between plasma cholesterol levels and intake levels of any specific fatty acid. Levels of EPA, DHA, EPA+DHA in plasma and erythrocyte membrane, but not the levels of $\alpha$-linolenic acid(LNA), were significantly correlated with dietary in take of respective fatty acids. Such a correlation, however, was not observed in a previous study where dietary intake was assessed for 3 days. The results of this study show that dietary intakes of $\omega$-3 fatty acids are low in the subject and that about two-month period is required to assess dietary intake levels of $\omega$-3 fatty acids with a reasonable accuracy.