• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.21 no.3 s.54
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• pp.239-244
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• 2006

Caenorhabditis elegans(C. elegans) is a free-living soil nematode that commonly used as a biological model and recently, much work has been done using C. elegans as a toxicity model. To evaluate the acute toxicity of phenols to C. elegans, worms were subsequently exposed to nine different xenobiotics. This study described lethal toxicity, reproductive toxicity and movement inhibition using 2-propylphenol, 4-propylphenol, 2-tert-butylphenol, 3-tert-butylphenol, 4-tert-butylphenol, 2-phenylphenol, 4-phenylphenol, nonylphenol and 4-dodecylphenol to C. elegans for 24 hr or 72 hr. We found that phenols used in this study were very toxic to C. elegans. The order of lethal toxicity, reproductive toxicity and movement inhibition is as follows. 4-propylphenol > 2-phenylphenol > 2-tert-butylphenol > 2-propylphenol > nonylphenol > B-tert-butylphenol > 4-dodefylphenol > 4-tert-butylphenol > 4-phenylphenol.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.221-226
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• 1985

To screen biologically active components of the higher fungi of Korea, the dried carpophores of Auricularia polytricha were extracted with water. The extract was examined for acute toxicity in ICR mice. A low molecular weight toxin of this fungus was purified by acetone precipitation followed by cellulose, silica gel and LH-20 Sephadex column chromatography. Major symptoms of this toxin were eye extrusion, hair erection, trembling of head, paralysis, rapid running or moving before death and depression of respiration. The median lethal doses of the total extract were 1.25 g/kg and 4.18 g/kg by i.p. and p.o. administrations, respectively. The amounts of one mouse lethal unit (MLU) of the total extract and final fraction that killed a 20-g mouse within 30 minutes were 28.5 mg/mouse and 12 mg/mouse, respectively.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.33-38
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• 2017

Objectives : Termitomyces albuminosus (Berk.) Heim is one of the famous wild edible mushrooms in the southern part of China. It is known that Termitomyces albuminosus, like Aconitum koreanum used in Korean traditional medicine, contains a kind of cerebroside, termitomycesphin, causing a pharmacologic effect on the neuron system. The pharmacologic effect of Termitomyces albuminosus can be used to possibly replace Aconitum koreanum. However, It needs to be certified as safe before it can be used. Here, a single-oral toxicity test and safety classification was conducted to obtain acute information of the toxicity of dried-Termitomyces albuminosus powder and to secure its safety in clinical applications. Methods : In order to calculate approximate lethal dose(ALD), test substance was orally administered to male and female SD-rat at dose levels of 5,000 and 0 (vehicle control) mg/kg (body weight). Based on the result of this toxicity, also the estimation of safety classification was calculated using the HED-based (human equivalent dose) MOS (margin of safety). Results : There were no mortalities, test substances treatment-related clinical signs, no changes in the body or organ weights, and no gross or histopathological findings at 14 days after treatment with test substance. Thus, the approximate lethal dose of dried-Termitomyces albuminosus powder was considered over 5,000 mg/kg in both female and male mice. Conclusions : Based on the limit dose, 5000 mg/kg, it was estimated that dried-Termitomyces albuminosus powder is classified as "Specified class B" indicating that clinical dose is not limited to patients as safe as food.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.124-129
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• 1988

Prolonged aquatic toxicity tests (7-days) of six pesticides to the freshwater fish Oryzias latipes were performed to confirm the adequacy of the exposure times, 48-hr or 96-hr, which has been required by the protocols for the aquatic acute toxicity test. The toxicity curves were plotted for each chemical, and the significance of the difference between lethal threshold concentrations and 48-hr or 96-hr LC50's was analysed statistically. The lethal threshold concentrations of butachlor, fenobucarb, and chlorothalonil were clearly defined on the 5th day, 2nd day, and 2nd day at 0.53mg/1, 10.3mg/l, and 0.085mg/1, respectively. But the toxicity curves of alachlor, diazinon, and iprobenfos continued with no threshold for 7 days. Four out of six test pesticides failed to show the threshold concentration during the 96-hr exposure time. Therefore, the results of the acute toxicity test using 48-hr or 96-hr exposure time would not describe the ideal toxicity of pesticides. It is recommended that the prolonged exposure should be continued long enough to define the threshold adequately.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.47-50
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• 1975

Experimental studies were performed to observe the effect of exposure to 100% oxygen in 2 atmospheres on the lung tissue of rats, and to examine the resistant effect of DL-${\alpha}$-tocopherol. The following results were made through this experiment: 1. Half-lethal time by oxygen poisoning was longer in tocopherol treated group than not treated group. 2. Ratio of lung weight to body weight was significantly higher in fatal group within half-lethal time than survival group (p<0.01). 3. Histopathological changes of the lung by oxygen toxicity were vascular congestion, pulmonary edema, hemorrhage and emphysematous change. The degree of changes were rather marked in experimental group than tocopherol untreated group. Those were regard as the changes being occurred during tolerance process by prolonging half-lethal time.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 1997

To determine the cause of Vibrio septicemia by understanding the characteristics endotoxin from Vibrio vulnificus, lethal dose, heat resistance and vascular permeability enhancing activity were svaluated using vegestative cell and cell homogenate and the result is as follows: 1. Vibrio vulnificus CDC B3547 of patient origin did not exihibit any significant difference in toxicity compared to Vibrio vulnificus B57 of enviroment origin. 2. Strong toxicity was observed when viable cell count of Vibrio vulnificus CDC B3547 was more than 10$^{7}$/ml. 3. Toxicity of cell homogenate was completely inactivited upon geating at 80$^{\circ}$C for 20min. 4. Cell homogenate did not show hemolyic activity but was acknowleged to have cytotoxicity. 5. Major lethal toxin against mouse was existed in Vibrio vulnificus CDC B3547; however, separation of LPS and LPS-protein complex was not successful using the current technique.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.175-180
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• 1989

Toxins from Vibrio vulnificus cause Vibrio septicemia. Study was carried out for localization, characterization and toxicity of these toxins by injection thorough introspectional route to ICR(Insititude cancer research) mouse using Vibrio vulnificus M -1 isolated from patient and Vibrio vulnificus S-1 from sea water. No significant differences in lethal toxicity were observed between Vibrio vulnificus M-1 and Vibrio vulnificus $S-1.\;LD_{50}$ was $7.80{\times}10^6$ cells when these bacteria were injected to ICR mouse thorough intraperitoneal route. Crude hemolysin from Vibrio vulnificus S-1 did not show lethal toxiity and this lethal toxin were found to be endotoxin. This endotoxin were completely inactivated upon incubation at $80^{\circ}C$ for 20min.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2010

This study was conducted to obtain acute information of the oral dose toxicity of DHU001, a polyherbal formula in male and female mice. In order to calculated 50% lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) and approximate lethal dose (LD), test material was once orally administered to male and female ICR mice at dose levels of 2000, 1000, 500, 250 and 0 (vehicle control) ml/kg (body weight). The mortality and changes on body weight, clinical signs, gross observation, organ weight and histopathology of principle organs were monitored 14 days after treatment with DHU001. We could not find any mortalities, DHU001 treatment-related clinical signs, changes on the body and organ weights, gross and histopathological findings. The results obtained in this study suggest that $LD_{50}$ and approximate LD in mice after single oral dose of DHU001 were considered over 2000 mg/kg in both female and male mice.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.73-78
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• 2015

Fire in the risk management subject belongs to high risk disaster which accompanies personnel and materiel loss. So, management of disaster and safety is required to include fire prevention activities, fire risk prediction and investment of safety management expense. Combustion toxicity is required by gas toxicity test (KS F 2271), to minimize human damage. In this study, gas toxicity test were experimented with regard to urethane sample (Depth 5~25 mm) to obtain basic data. Fire effluent exposing to experimental animal were analyzed by FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). Combustion toxicity index Lethal Fractional Effective Dose ($L_{FED}$) of ISO 13344 was calculated. According to the result of calculating Lethal Concentration 50% ($LC_{50}$) based on $L_{FED}$, $LC_{50}$ of urethane sample containing certain level of fire load is confirmed as $118{\sim}129g/m^3$. Through this study, applicability of this method was confirmed for fire risk assessment. This method can provide information to predict human damage by toxicity combustion gas for securing safety.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.7-18
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• 2016

This study evaluated the toxicity of the burning gas from the synthetic wood products used in housings or warehouses. The combustion products of five materials, viz. impregnated laminated board, MDF, Douglas fir plywood, core plywood, and Lauan retardant, were analyzed using SEM, FTIR and a Cone Calorimeter. For the Lauan retardant, 256,965 ppm of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) and 1,475 ppm of sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) were measured, which are 2.5 times and 3.6 times as high as their lethal concentrations of 100,000 ppm and 400 ppm, respectively. For the impregnated laminated board, 1,569 ppm of nitrogen dioxide ($NO_2$) was measured, which is 6 times as high as its lethal concentration of 250 ppm. For MDF, 795 ppm of ammonia ($NH_3$) was measured, which is higher than its lethal concentration of 750 ppm. As a result, most internal-finishes generated toxic combustion products at levels higher than their lethal concentrations, which underlines the importance of the selection and manufacturing of internal-finish materials.