• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.90-101
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• 2003

Gait analysis can provide a better understanding of how the alignment of the lower limb and foot can contribute to force observed at the knee. Anatomic and mechanical factors that affect loading in the knee pint can contribute to pathologic change seen at the knee in degenerative pint disease and should be considered in treatment plan. The purpose of this study is to present the gait analysis data and to determine whether there is any relationships between alignment of the lower limb, foot progression angle and knee pint moments in elderly healthy women with 3-dimensional motion analyzer. The results were as follows; 1. Cadence showed 114.8 steps/min, gait speed showed 1.05 m/s, time per a stride showed 1.06 sec, time per a step showed 0.53 sec, single-supporting phase was 0.41 sec, double-supporting phase was 0.24 sec, stride length was 1.04 m, Step length was 0.56 m. 2. According to the parameters of kinematics, the maximal knee flexion angle through swing phase showed left $46.82^{\circ}$, right $40.19^{\circ}$ and the maximal knee extension angle showed left $-1.32^{\circ}$, right $2.01^{\circ}$. knee varus showed left $26.90^{\circ}$, right $30.93^{\circ}$. 3. Moment, one of kinetic parameters of knee pint the maximal flexion moment showed left 0.363. Nm/kg, right 0.464 Nm/kg and maximal extension moment showed left 0.389 Nm/kg, right 0.463 Nm/kg. The maximal. adduction moment showed left 0.332 Nm/kg, right 0.379 Nm/kg and the maximal internal rotatory moment showed left 0.13 Nm/kg, right 0.140 Nm/kg. 4. On sagittal plane, the maximal power of knee joint showed left 0.571 J/kg, right 0.629 J/kg. On coronal plane, the maximal power of knee joint showed left 0.11 J/kg, right 0.12 J/kg. On transverse plane, the maximal power of knee joint showed left 0.058 J/kg, right 0.072 J/kg. 5. The subject who had varus alignment of the lower extremity had statistically higher in knee adduction moment in mid stance phase. 6. The subject who had large foot progression angle had statistically lower in knee adduction moment in late stance phase. A relationship was observed between the alignment of the lower extremity and the adduction moment of the knee joint during stance phase. Hence, we need some research to figure, out the change of adduction moment according to the sort of knee joint osteoarthritis and the normal geriatrics as well. And we also require more effective, specific therapeutic program by making use of those background of researches.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.315-331
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• 2014

The present study investigated the effect of the correlation of the measured road roughness profiles corresponding to the left and right wheels of a vehicle on the vibration of a vehicle-bridge coupling system. Four sets of road roughness profiles were measured by a laser road-testing vehicle. A correlation analysis was carried out on the four roughness samples, and two samples with the strongest correlation and weakest correlation were selected for the power spectral density, autocorrelation and cross-correlation analyses. The scenario of a three-axle truck moving across a rigid-frame arch bridge was used as an example. The two selected road roughness profiles were used as inputs to the vehicle-bridge coupling system. Three different input modes were adopted in the numerical analysis: (1) using the measured road roughness profile of the left wheel for the input of both wheels in the numerical simulation; (2) using the measured road roughness profile of the right wheel for both wheels; and (3) using the measured road roughness profiles corresponding to left and right wheels for the input corresponding to the vehicle's left and right wheels, respectively. The influence of the three input modes on the vibration of the vehicle-bridge system was analyzed and compared in detail. The results show that the correlation of the road roughness profiles corresponding to left and right wheels and the selected roughness input mode both have a significant influence on the vibration of the vehicle-bridge coupling system.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.55-66
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• 2005

The present study used a video analysis system to quantify the kinematical data of step shoot motion by male university handball players. From the results of analyzing dynamic variables of step shoot motion according to shooting direction were drawn conclusions as follows. 1. The height of release was proportional to the height of players, and the height of release appeared low in left-side attacks. This is probably because the left-right-throwing angle is larger in left-side attacks than that in center attacks and right-side attacks and, as a result, the throwing arm is lowered down in throwing. 2. The leftward inclination angle of the body was larger in order of right-side attacks > center attacks > left side attacks. 3. Players' throwing form was close to three quarter style in left-side attacks. In center and right-side attacks, the arm was somewhat more upright but still it was more three quarter style than overhand style. 4. The front-rear throwing angle at the moment of release was much higher in right-side attacks than in left-side ones. This is probably because the point of time for releasing the ball is usually late in right-side attacks and, as a result, the front-rear throwing angle becomes quite large. 5. The contribution of body parts on the ball speed was higher in order of the forearm > upper arm, hand > shoulder joint. 6. In players whose distance between the two legs at the moment of release, their body usually did not incline to the side much. Thus it is considered necessary to correct the right leg in their shooting motion. 7. According to the result of analyzing throwing form, the speed of the ball at the moment of leaving the hand was faster in right-side attacks than in left-side and center attacks.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.141-150
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• 2012

This study aims to provide the basic biomechanical data on the average, maximum and distribution of plantar pressure during hockey penalty stroke by comparing five skilled and five unskilled players. Following are the conclusions. First in the case of average and maximum planter pressure during penalty stroke, the skilled players showed higher pressures at the moment of left foot landing in rear plantar of left foot and fore, rear plantar of right foot compared to the unskilled players. Also at the moment of impact, the skilled players showed higher pressures in fore, rear plantar of left foot and fore plantar of right foot compared to the unskilled. The analysis drew the conclusion that the skilled players move their center of body from fore, rear plantar of right foot to fore, rear plantar of left foot at the moment of left foot landing and impact in order to perform a quick and strong shooting. Second in the case of plantar distribution, as the skilled players put over 70% of their weights on left foot, they showed overall higher plantar pressure distributed on the outer fore, mid and rear parts of left foot plantar, in contrast with the unskilled players who showed about 50/50 distribution of weights on their right and left foot. The analysis concluded that such distribution was shown because the skilled players transferred their weights from the right to left foot effectively while the unskilled players could not do so.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.63-74
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• 2005

J. R. PARK. The Analysis of Electrimyography and Kinematic of Kumdo Player's Head Hitting. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 63-74, 2005. The purpose of this study were to describe and compare the selected electromyographical muscle activities of arm and kinematic data of kumdo player's head hitting. Using surface electrode electromyography, we evaluated muscle activity in 6 male players during head hitting motion. Surface electrodes were used to record the level of muscle activity in the carpi radialis, deltoid, triceps, biceps muscles during the player's head hitting. These signals were compared with %RVC(Reference voluntary contraction) which was normalized by IEMG(Integrated EMG). The kumdo head hitting motion was divided into two phases: back swing, down swing. we observed patterns of arm muscle activity throughout two phases of the kumdo head hiting The results can be summarized as follows: right elbow angle had decreased and left deltoid muscle's activation had higher than right deltoid muscle's activation, right carpi radialis muscle's activation had higher than left carpi radialis muscle's activation in back swing phase, knee angle had decreased and left triceps muscle's activation had higher than right triceps muscle's activation, right deltoid muscle's activation had higher than left deltoid muscle's activation, right carpi radialis muscle's activation had higher than left carpi radialis muscle's activation in down swing phase

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.317-325
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the contributions of body joints to the kinetic energy of the clubhead in the golf swing. Three dimensional swing analysis was conducted on the seven KPGA golfers. The subjects were asked to swing with 45 inches of driver. The work done by body joints were computed by utilizing the inverse dynamics method. The order of work done by the body joints was lumbar > left hip > right shoulder > left wrist > right wrist > right hip at the first phase. At the second phase, the order of work done by the body joints was trunk > left elbow > right wrist > right shoulder > left wrist > right wrist. At the third phase, the order of work done by body joints was lumbar > right shoulder > left shoulder > left elbow > right wrist > right elbow. The sum of the work done by the body joints was lumbar > shoulder > wrist on the average. The kinetic energy of the club head was 430.11${\pm}$24.35 J and the subject's swing efficiency was shown as 31.82${\pm}$4.86% on the average. The contributions of body joints to the kinetic energy of the clubhead was the order of lumbar > upper right shoulder > left elbow > right wrist during the down swing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.24-24
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• 2003

For the elderly, achieving a close-to-normal ambulation is important for activities of daily life. Recent researches of SE(Silver Engineering) restoring physical ability would help the elderly by developing the advanced gait assisting devices and orthoses. For the applications using the advanced technologies, the gait characteristics of the elderly must be understood. However, a few studies were performed to investigate the physiological or pathological gaits. The purpose of this study is to provide the gait analysis data and also to investigate relationships between alignment of the lower limb, foot progression angle and knee joint moments in the healthy elderly. By participating a total of 20 healthy elderly persons in this study, the following facts were found: 1) Cadence showed 114.8 steps/min, gait speed showed 1.05 m/s, time per a stride showed 1.06 sec, time per a step showed 0.53 sec, single-supporting phase was 0.41 sec, double-supporting phase was 0.24 sec, stride length was 1.04m, Step length was 0.56m; 2) The maximum knee flexion angle through swing phase showed left 46.82$^{\circ}$, right 40.19$^{\circ}$ and the maximum knee extension angle showed left -1.32$^{\circ}$, right 2.01$^{\circ}$. Knee varus showed left 26.90$^{\circ}$, right 30.93$^{\circ}$; 3) The maximum knee flexion moment showed left 0.363 Nm/kg, right 0.464 Nm/kg, The maximum knee extension moment showed left 0.389 Nm/kg, right 0.463 Nm/kg. The maximum knee adduction moment showed left 0.332 Nm/kg, right 0.379 Nm/kg. The maximum internal rotational moment showed left 0.13 Nm/kg, right 0.140 Nm/kg; 4) The subjects who had varus alignment of the lower extremity had statistically higher in knee adduction moment in mid stance phase; and 5) The subjects who had large foot progression angle had statistically lower in knee adduction moment in late stance phase.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.121-132
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• 2006

The purpose of this research was to investigate dichotic listening, that is, whether the left and right ears have different functionalities in actual listening. Unlike previous studies, which used short words or a list of two or three numbers, these researchers investigated more comprehensive listening ability using the Toeic listening test. Sixty-three university students participated in this study. The subjects took three tests in total: one using only the right ear, another using the left ear, and the third using both. T-analysis of SPSS on the data revealed that there is a significant difference between the test results with only the right or left ear and the ones with both ears. So we cannot find right-ear priority in this study. We can see that in comprehensive listening, right hemisphere plays an important role as well as left hemisphere. When grouped according to language ability, test result of low group is the same as the total test result. However, in high group there is no significant difference between the test results with left ear and the results with both ears in high group. In mid group there is no significant difference between the test results with right ear and the results with both ears. The different functionalities of left and right ears and suggestions for future research are presented.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.24 no.1 s.44
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• pp.161-180
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• 1994

This study was performed to investigate the midline having the least difference between the right and left structure among the lines that had been used in the submentovertex analysis and secondarily to know the distribution of asymmetry and it's degree existed normal persons and asymmetric patients. The subjects consisted of 40 normal adult patients and 40 asymmetric adult patients. The computerized analyses from submentovertex cepholometric radiograph were carried out. The results were as follows : 1. The right and left difference of the perpendicular bisecting line between right and left foramen spinosum was larger than the other midlines in the anterior area and it was decreased gradually as it progressed posteriorly. Specially the difference of this line was the smallest in the area where there was foramen spinosum. 2. The right and left difference of the perpendicular line through crista gali to the line between right and left foramen spinosum was smaller than the other midlines in the anterior area and it was increased gradually as it progressed posteriorly. 3. The right and left difference of the line between crista gali and anterior process of atlas was constant and smaller than the other midlines. 4. Asymmetry was a common finding in both normal and asymmetry group and left or right dominance of asymmetry was not statistically singnificant. 5. When the analyses were undertaken after submentovertex radiogram was divided into cranial base, upper face and lower face, the more inferior part showed relative asymmetry than the more superior part.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.119-132
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• 2008

Objectives : To compare the effects of low-frequency electro-acupuncture (EA) stimulation at left and right GB34s on hepatotoxicity in $CCl_4$-intoxicated rats. Methods : Rats were injected with $CCl_4$ and treated with 2 Hz electro-acupuncture (EA) at left and right GB34s for 15 minutes 3 times per week, for 10 weeks. Holder group, injected with $CCl_4$ and strained in a cylinder for same period as the EA group, was established to compare the hepatotoxicity against the two electroacupuncture groups. To estimate the effects of EA on hepatotoxicity in rats, body weight, liver weight and liver index were measured. Biochemical assays for serum ALT, AST, ALP and total cholesterol ; hematological analysis for RBC, WBC, PLT, hemoglobin, lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes ; and histology analysis of liver tissue were also performed. Results : Lymphocyte level in blood was significantly decreased by $CCl_4$-intoxication, and increased by low-frequency electroacupuncture applied on both left and right GB34s. Low-frequency EA applied on right and left GB34s significantly reduced serum ALT and AST, both of which had been increased by $CCl_4$-intoxication. Conclusion : Low-frequency electroacupunctures at both left and right GB34s have hepatoprotective effects on $CCl_4$-induced liver damage in rats. However, no significant differences were found between the effects of EAs at left and right GB34s.