• 생명과학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.634-640
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• 2007

인공사육시스템으로 사육된 n-3 지방산이 결핍된 군 및 n-3지방산이 적절히 함유된 군과 대조군으로 엄마쥐가 직접 수유하여 사육시킨 군의 혈장, 뇌 및 망막의 지방산 조성을 비교 검토한 결과, 혈장의 총 단일불포화지방산은 n-3 지방산 결핍군에서 n-3지방산 적절군과 대조군에 비해 증가하였으나 총 n-3 지방산의 경우에는 n-3 지방산 결핍군에서 94%로 감소하였다. N-6 지방산 계얼 중에서 22:4n-6와 DPAn-6 함량은 n-3 지방산 결핍군에서 n-3 지방산 적절군과 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 증가하였으나 22:5n-3과 DHA의 함량은 94%로 감소하였다(P<0.05). 뇌의 지방산 조성의 경우, 총 포화지방산 함량에는 유의적 차이가 없었으나, n-3 지방산 결핍군과 비교했을 때 n-3 지방산 적절군과 대조군보다 총 n-3 지방산의 함량이 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 뇌의 DHA 함량의 경우, n-3 지방산 결핍군은 n-3 지방산 적절군과 대조군에 비해 그 함량이 58-61% 감소하였고 반면 n-6 계열인 DPAn-6의 함량은 상당히 증가하였음을 살펴 볼 수가 있었다(P<0.05). 망막의 총 포화지방산의 경우 n-3지방산 적절군에서 가장 낮은 수준을 나타내었고 총 단일불포화 지방산에서는 대조군에서의 함량이 가장 낮았다. 총 n-6 지방산과 그 중에서 22:4n-6와 DPAn-6의 함량은 n-3 지방산 결핍군에서 n-3 지방산 적절군과 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 증가하였으나 22:5n-3, DHA와 총 n-3 지방산의 함량은 상당히 감소하였음을 살펴 볼 수가 있었다(P<0.05). 이상의 결과로부터 뇌의 지방산 조성, 특히 감소된 DHA 함량과 증가된 DPAn-6 함량은 해마 신경조직의 신경돌기 성장과 뇌 기능에 악영향을 끼치므로 적절한 양의 DHA 함량의 유지가 뇌 기능 항상성에 필수적이라고 사료된다.례하여 증가하지 않았고 오히려 감소하는 경향이 나타났다. 4.본 연구에서는 용담댐 유역에 대한 BASINS/HSPF의 적용성을 검증하였으며, 현재 오염총량계산에 있어서 원단위방법에 의한 오염부하량산정의 개선필요성이 제기되고 있는 상황에서 BASINS/HSPF를 이용한 오염부하량 산정에 대한 적극적인 검토가 필요하다고 판단된다.반된다면, 수준별 수업의 효과가 극대화될 수 있다고 본다.수 있는 가능성을 포함하고 있었다. 또한 유입수량의 부족과 현재 수질개선을 위해 적용하고 있는 수중폭기시설등의 물리적인 영향도 직 ${\cdot}$ 간접적으로 작용하였을 것으로 추정되었다 따라서 향후 이에 대한 중장기적인 모니터링이 필요하였고 유역과 저수지의 통합적인 수질관리계획 이 요구되었다.group으로, 용존산소량, 전기전도도, pH, 인산염이 정점 3, 4, 5에서 같은 group으로 묶였다.유의적인 CAT 활성 증가효과가 나타났고, 간조직의 시토졸 1획분에서는 대조군 대비 15${\sim}$27%의 CAT 활성 증가효과가 인정되었다. 이상의 결과에서 목초액의 장기간 투여는 간조직 중의 활성산소의 억제효과뿐만 아니라 방어시스템으로서 활성산소 제거효소의 역할도 충실히 수행하여 노화를 효과적으로 예방하고 억제할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.\sim502^{\circ}C)$의 온도범위(溫度範圍)에서 분해(分解)되며 공기중(空氣中)에서는 $750\sim935^{\circ}F$ 범위(範圍)에서 분해(分解)한다.첫째, 무엇보다 아동이 성장기임을 고려하여 지속적인 모니터링과 함께 아동들의 식이, 운동습관 및 비만과 관련된 행동의 변화가 생활 가운데 근본적으로 일어날 수 있어야 한다. 둘째, 체중 조절 프로그램은 식이 및 운동 지도와 아울러 긍정적 강화(positive reinforcement)

• 한국광학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국광학회 2003년도 하계학술발표회
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• pp.60-61
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• 2003

A new approach to reduce the computation time of genetic algorithm (GA) for making binary phase holograms is described. Synthesized holograms having diffraction efficiency of 75.8% and uniformity of 5.8% are proven in computer simulation and experimentally demonstrated. Recently, computer-generated holograms (CGHs) having high diffraction efficiency and flexibility of design have been widely developed in many applications such as optical information processing, optical computing, optical interconnection, etc. Among proposed optimization methods, GA has become popular due to its capability of reaching nearly global. However, there exits a drawback to consider when we use the genetic algorithm. It is the large amount of computation time to construct desired holograms. One of the major reasons that the GA' s operation may be time intensive results from the expense of computing the cost function that must Fourier transform the parameters encoded on the hologram into the fitness value. In trying to remedy this drawback, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been put forward, allowing CGHs to be created easily and quickly (1), but the quality of reconstructed images is not high enough to use in applications of high preciseness. For that, we are in attempt to find a new approach of combiningthe good properties and performance of both the GA and ANN to make CGHs of high diffraction efficiency in a short time. The optimization of CGH using the genetic algorithm is merely a process of iteration, including selection, crossover, and mutation operators [2]. It is worth noting that the evaluation of the cost function with the aim of selecting better holograms plays an important role in the implementation of the GA. However, this evaluation process wastes much time for Fourier transforming the encoded parameters on the hologram into the value to be solved. Depending on the speed of computer, this process can even last up to ten minutes. It will be more effective if instead of merely generating random holograms in the initial process, a set of approximately desired holograms is employed. By doing so, the initial population will contain less trial holograms equivalent to the reduction of the computation time of GA's. Accordingly, a hybrid algorithm that utilizes a trained neural network to initiate the GA's procedure is proposed. Consequently, the initial population contains less random holograms and is compensated by approximately desired holograms. Figure 1 is the flowchart of the hybrid algorithm in comparison with the classical GA. The procedure of synthesizing a hologram on computer is divided into two steps. First the simulation of holograms based on ANN method [1] to acquire approximately desired holograms is carried. With a teaching data set of 9 characters obtained from the classical GA, the number of layer is 3, the number of hidden node is 100, learning rate is 0.3, and momentum is 0.5, the artificial neural network trained enables us to attain the approximately desired holograms, which are fairly good agreement with what we suggested in the theory. The second step, effect of several parameters on the operation of the hybrid algorithm is investigated. In principle, the operation of the hybrid algorithm and GA are the same except the modification of the initial step. Hence, the verified results in Ref [2] of the parameters such as the probability of crossover and mutation, the tournament size, and the crossover block size are remained unchanged, beside of the reduced population size. The reconstructed image of 76.4% diffraction efficiency and 5.4% uniformity is achieved when the population size is 30, the iteration number is 2000, the probability of crossover is 0.75, and the probability of mutation is 0.001. A comparison between the hybrid algorithm and GA in term of diffraction efficiency and computation time is also evaluated as shown in Fig. 2. With a 66.7% reduction in computation time and a 2% increase in diffraction efficiency compared to the GA method, the hybrid algorithm demonstrates its efficient performance. In the optical experiment, the phase holograms were displayed on a programmable phase modulator (model XGA). Figures 3 are pictures of diffracted patterns of the letter "0" from the holograms generated using the hybrid algorithm. Diffraction efficiency of 75.8% and uniformity of 5.8% are measured. We see that the simulation and experiment results are fairly good agreement with each other. In this paper, Genetic Algorithm and Neural Network have been successfully combined in designing CGHs. This method gives a significant reduction in computation time compared to the GA method while still allowing holograms of high diffraction efficiency and uniformity to be achieved. This work was supported by No.mOl-2001-000-00324-0 (2002)) from the Korea Science & Engineering Foundation.

• 한국방재안전학회논문집
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2019

최근 이상기후로 인한 집중호우에 따른 하천변 사회기반시설의 침수피해가 증가하고 있으며, 침수 가능성 여부에 대한 신속한 예 경보가 필요한 실정이다. 일반적인 홍수 예 경보는 하천수위를 이용하고 있으며, 수치모형을 이용하여 하천수위를 예측하는 연구가 대부분이었다. 그러나 수치모형을 이용한 하천수위 예측은 결과가 정확한 반면 수치모의 시간이 오래 소요된다는 한계점이 있어 최근에는 인공신경망 등을 적용한 자료기반의 수위예측 모형이 많이 이용되고 있다. 하지만 기존의 인공신경망을 활용한 수위예측 연구는 시간적 매개변수를 고려하지 못하였다는 한계점이 존재한다. 본 연구에서는 시간적 매개변수(Time delay= 2시간)를 고려한 NARX 신경망 모형을 사용하여 한강대교의 수위를 예측하였다. 또한 NARX 모형의 적합성을 판단하기 위하여 인공신경망(ANN) 모형과, 순환신경망(RNN)모형의 결과와 비교하였다. 2009년에서 2018년까지 10년간의 수문자료를 이용하여 70%를 학습시키고 검정과 평가에 15%를 사용하여 2018년의 한강대교 3시간 후 수위를 예측한 결과 평균제곱근오차(RMSE)의 경우 ANN, RNN, NARX model이 각각 0.20 m, 0.11 m, 0.09 m, 평균절대오차(MAE)의 경우, 각각 0.12 m, 0.06 m, 0.05 m, 첨두수위 오차(Peak Error)는 각각 1.56 m, 0.55 m, 0.10 m로 나타났다. 연구 대상지역에 대한 시간적 매개변수를 고려한 예측 결과의 오차분석을 통하여 NARX 신경망 모형을 사용하는 것이 수위예측 모형 구축이 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 이는 NARX 신경망 모형이 과거의 입력자료를 고려함으로써 시계열 자료의 변동 추세도 학습 할 수 있으며, 또한 모형 내 활성함수를 쌍곡선탄젠트(Hyperbolic tangent) 및 Rectified Linear Unit(ReLU) 함수를 사용하여 고수위 예측 시에도 정확한 예측 값을 도출할 수 있기 때문이다. 그러나 NARX 신경망 모형은 시퀀스 길이가 길어짐에 따라 기울기 소실문제(Vanishing gradient)가 발생하는 한계점이 있어 향후에는 이를 보완한 LSTM(Long Short Term Model)모형을 이용하여 수위예측의 정확도를 검토하고자 한다.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.119-133
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• 2020

Fama에 의하면 효율적 시장에서는 일시적으로 높은 수익을 얻을 수는 있지만 꾸준히 시장의 평균적인 수익을 초과하는 투자전략을 만드는 것은 불가능하다. 본 연구의 목적은 변동성의 장중 비대칭적 전이효과를 이용하는 변동성 매도전략을 기준으로 투자 성과를 추가적으로 개선하기 위하여 SVM을 활용하는 투자 전략을 제안하고 그 투자성과를 분석하고자 한다. 한국 시장에서 변동성의 비대칭적 전이효과는 미국 시장의 변동성이 상승한 날은 한국 시장의 아침 동시호가에 변동성 상승이 모두 반영되지만, 미국 시장의 변동성이 하락한 날은 한국 시장의 변동성이 아침 동시호가에서 뿐만 아니라 장 마감까지 계속해서 하락하는 이상현상을 말한다. 분석 자료는 2008년부터 2018년까지의 S&P 500, VIX, KOSPI 200, V-KOSPI 200 등의 일별 시가지수와 종가지수이다. 11년 동안의 분석 결과, 미국 시장의 변동성이 상승으로 마감한 날은 그 영향력이 한국 시장의 아침 동시호가 변동성에 모두 반영되지만, 미국 시장의 변동성이 하락으로 마감한 날은 그 영향력이 한국 시장의 아침 동시호가뿐만 아니라 오후 장 마감까지도 계속해서 유의적으로 영향을 미치고 있다. 시장이 효율적이라면 미국 시장의 전일 변동성 변화는 한국 시장의 아침 동시호가에 모두 반영되고 동시호가 이후에는 추가적인 영향력이 없어야 한다. 이러한 변동성의 장중 비정상적 전이 패턴을 이용하는 변동성 매도전략을 제안하였다. 미국 시장의 전날 변동성이 하락한 경우 한국 시장에서 아침 동시호가에 변동성을 매도하고 장 마감시에 포지션을 청산하는 변동성 데이트레이딩전략을 분석하였다. 연수익률은 120%, 위험지표인 MDD는 -41%, 위험과 수익을 고려한 성과지수인 Sharpe ratio는 0.27을 기록하고 있다. SVM 알고리즘을 이용해 변동성 데이트레이딩전략의 성과 개선을 시도하였다. 2008년부터 2014년까지의 입력자료를 이용하여 V-KOSPI 200 변동성지수의 시가-종가 변동 방향을 예측하고, 시가-종가 변동율이(-)로 예측되는 경우에만 변동성 매도포지션을 진입하였다. 거래비용을 고려하면 2015년부터 2018년까지 테스트기간의 연평균수익률은 123%로 기준 전략 69%보다 크게 높아지고, 위험지표인 MDD도 -41%에서 -29%로 낮아져, Sharpe ratio가 0.32로 개선되고 있다. 연도별로도 모두 수익을 기록하면서 안정적 수익구조를 보여주고 있고, 2015년을 제외하고는 투자 성과가 개선되고 있다.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.107-122
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• 2017

주식시장의 주가 수익률에 나타나는 변동성은 투자 위험의 척도로서 재무관리의 이론적 모형에서뿐만 아니라 포트폴리오 최적화, 증권의 가격 평가 및 위험관리 등 투자 실무 영역에서도 매우 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 변동성은 주가 수익률이 평균을 중심으로 얼마나 큰 폭의 움직임을 보이는가를 판단하는 지표로서 보통 수익률의 표준편차로 측정한다. 관찰 가능한 표준편차는 과거의 주가 움직임에서 측정되는 역사적 변동성(historical volatility)이다. 역사적 변동성이 미래의 주가 수익률의 변동성을 예측하려면 변동성이 시간 불변적(time-invariant)이어야 한다. 그러나 대부분의 변동성 연구들은 변동성이 시간 가변적(time-variant)임을 보여주고 있다. 이에 따라 시간 가변적 변동성을 예측하기 위한 여러 계량 모형들이 제안되었다. Engle(1982)은 변동성의 시간 가변적 특성을 잘 반영하는 변동성 모형인 Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity(ARCH)를 제안하였으며, Bollerslev(1986) 등은 일반화된 ARCH(GARCH) 모형으로 발전시켰다. GARCH 모형의 실증 분석 연구들은 실제 증권 수익률에 나타나는 두터운 꼬리 분포 특성과 변동성의 군집현상(clustering)을 잘 설명하고 있다. 일반적으로 GARCH 모형의 모수는 가우스분포로부터 추출된 자료에서 최적의 성과를 보이는 로그우도함수에 대한 최우도추정법에 의하여 추정되고 있다. 그러나 1987년 소위 블랙먼데이 이후 주식 시장은 점점 더 복잡해지고 시장 변수들이 많은 잡음(noise)을 띠게 됨에 따라 변수의 분포에 대한 엄격한 가정을 요구하는 최우도추정법의 대안으로 인공지능모형에 대한 관심이 커지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 주식 시장의 주가 수익률에 나타나는 변동성의 예측 모형인 GARCH 모형의 모수추정방법으로 지능형 시스템인 Support Vector Regression 방법을 제안한다. SVR은 Vapnik에 의해 제안된 Support Vector Machines와 같은 원리를 회귀분석으로 확장한 모형으로서 Vapnik의 e-insensitive loss function을 이용하여 비선형 회귀식의 추정이 가능해졌다. SVM을 이용한 회귀식 SVR은 두터운 꼬리 분포를 보이는 주식시장의 변동성과 같은 관찰치에서도 우수한 추정 성능을 보인다. 2차 손실함수를 사용하는 기존의 최소자승법은 부최적해로서 추정 오차가 확대될 수 있다. Vapnik의 손실함수에서는 입실론 범위내의 예측 오차는 무시하고 큰 예측 오차만 손실로 처리하기 때문에 구조적 위험의 최소화를 추구하게 된다. 금융 시계열 자료를 분석한 많은 연구들은 SVR의 우수성을 보여주고 있다. 본 연구에서는 주가 변동성의 분석 대상으로서 KOSPI 200 주가지수를 사용한다. KOSPI 200 주가지수는 한국거래소에 상장된 우량주 중 거래가 활발하고 업종을 대표하는 200 종목으로 구성된 업종 대표주들의 포트폴리오이다. 분석 기간은 2010년부터 2015년까지의 6년 동안이며, 거래일의 일별 주가지수 종가 자료를 사용하였고 수익률 계산은 주가지수의 로그 차분값으로 정의하였다. KOSPI 200 주가지수의 일별 수익률 자료의 실증분석을 통해 기존의 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 방법과 본 논문이 제안하는 지능형 변동성 예측 모형의 예측성과를 비교하였다. 주가지수 수익률의 일별 자료 중 학습구간에서 대칭 GARCH 모형과 E-GARCH, GJR-GARCH와 같은 비대칭 GARCH 모형에 대하여 모수를 추정하고, 검증 구간 데이터에서 변동성 예측의 성과를 비교하였다. 전체 분석기간 1,487일 중 학습 기간은 1,187일, 검증 기간은 300일 이다. MLE 추정 방법의 실증분석 결과는 기존의 많은 연구들과 비슷한 결과를 보여주고 있다. 잔차의 분포는 정규분포보다는 Student t분포의 경우 더 우수한 모형 추정 성과를 보여주고 있어, 주가 수익률의 비정규성이 잘 반영되고 있다고 할 수 있다. MSE 기준으로, SVR 추정의 변동성 예측에서는 polynomial 커널함수를 제외하고 linear, radial 커널함수에서 MLE 보다 우수한 예측 성과를 보여주었다. DA 지표에서는 radial 커널함수를 사용한 SVR 기반의 지능형 GARCH 모형이 가장 우수한 변동성의 변화 방향에 대한 방향성 예측력을 보여주었다. 추정된 지능형 변동성 모형을 이용하여 예측된 주식 시장의 변동성 정보가 경제적 의미를 갖는지를 검토하기 위하여 지능형 변동성 거래 전략을 도출하였다. 지능형 변동성 거래 전략 IVTS의 진입규칙은 내일의 변동성이 증가할 것으로 예측되면 변동성을 매수하고 반대로 변동성의 감소가 예상되면 변동성을 매도하는 전략이다. 만약 변동성의 변화 방향이 전일과 동일하다면 기존의 변동성 매수/매도 포지션을 유지한다. 전체적으로 SVR 기반의 GARCH 모형의 투자 성과가 MLE 기반의 GARCH 모형의 투자 성과보다 높게 나타나고 있다. E-GARCH, GJR-GARCH 모형의 경우는 MLE 기반의 GARCH 모형을 이용한 IVTS 전략은 손실이 나지만 SVR 기반의 GARCH 모형을 이용한 IVTS 전략은 수익으로 나타나고 있다. SVR 커널함수에서는 선형 커널함수가 더 좋은 투자 성과를 보여주고 있다. 선형 커널함수의 경우 투자 수익률이 +526.4%를 기록하고 있다. SVR 기반의 GARCH 모형을 이용하는 IVTS 전략의 경우 승률도 51.88%부터 59.7% 사이로 높게 나타나고 있다. 옵션을 이용하는 변동성 매도전략은 방향성 거래전략과 달리 하락할 것으로 예측된 변동성의 예측 방향이 틀려 변동성이 소폭 상승하거나 변동성이 하락하지 않고 제자리에 있더라도 옵션의 시간가치 요인 때문에 전체적으로 수익이 실현될 수도 있다. 정확한 변동성의 예측은 자산의 가격 결정뿐만 아니라 실제 투자에서도 높은 수익률을 얻을 수 있기 때문에 다양한 형태의 인공신경망을 활용하여 더 나은 예측성과를 보이는 변동성 예측 모형을 개발한다면 주식시장의 투자자들에게 좋은 투자 정보를 제공하게 될 것이다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.3-33
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• 1971

Nursing of today has as one of its objectives the solving of problems related to human needs arising from the demands of a rapidly changing society. This nursing objective, I believe, can he attained by the appropriate application of scientific principles in the giving of comprehensive nursing care. Comprehensive nursing care may be defined as nursing care which meets all of the patient's needs. the needs of patients are said to fall into five broad categories: physical needs, psychological needs, environmental needs, socio-economic needs, and teaching needs. Most people who become ill have adjustment problems related to their new situation. Because patient teaching is one of the most important functions of professional nursing, the success of this teaching may be used as a gauge for evaluating comprehensive nursing care. This represents a challenge foe the future. A questionnaire consisting of 67 items was distributed to 200 professional nurses working ill direct patient care at Yonsei University Medical Center in Seoul, Korea. 160 (80,0%) nurses of the total sample returned completed questionnaires 81 (50.6%) nurses were graduates of 3 fear diploma courser 79 (49.4%) nurses were graduates of 4 year collegiate nursing schools in Korea 141 (88,1%) nurses had under 5 years of clinical experience in a medical center, while 19 (11.9%) nurses had more than 5years of clinical experience. Three hypotheses were tested: 1. “Nurses had high levels of concept and knowledge toward patient teaching”-This was demonstrated by the use of a statistical method, the mean average. 2. “Nurses graduating from collegiate programs and diploma school programs of nursing show differences in concepts and knowledge toward patient teaching”-This was demonstrated by a statistical method, the mean average, although the results showed little difference between the two groups. 3. “Nurses having different amounts of clinical experience showed differences in concepts and knowledge toward patient teaching”-This was demonstrated by the use of a statistical method, the mean average. 2. “Nurses graduating from collegiate programs and diploma school programs of nursing show differences in concepts and knowledge toward patient teaching”-This was demonstrated by a statistical method, the mean average, although the results showed little difference between the two groups. 3. “Nurses having different amounts of clinical experience showed differences in concepts and knowledge toward patient teaching”-This was demonstrated by the use of the T-test. Conclusions of this study are as follow: Before attempting the explanation, of the results, the questionnaire will he explained. The questionnaire contained 67 questions divided into 9 sections. These sections were: concept, content, time, prior preparation, method, purpose, condition, evaluation, and recommendations for patient teaching. 1. The nurse's concept of patient teaching: Most of the nurses had high levels of concepts and knowledge toward patient teaching. Though nursing service was task-centered at the turn of the century, the emphasis today is put on patient-centered nursing. But we find some of the nurses (39.4%) still are task-centered. After, patient teaching, only a few of the nurses (14.4%) checked this as “normal teaching.”It seems therefore that patient teaching is often done unconsciously. Accordingly it would he desirable to have correct concepts and knowledge of teaching taught in schools of nursing. 2. Contents of patient teaching: Most nurses (97.5%) had good information about content of patient teaching. They teach their patients during admission about their diseases, tests, treatments, and before discharge give nurses instruction about simple nursing care, personal hygiene, special diets, rest and sleep, elimination etc. 3. Time of patient teaching: Teaching can be accomplished even if there is no time set aside specifically for it. -a large part of the nurse's teaching can be done while she is giving nursing care. If she believes she has to wait for time free from other activities, she may miss many teaching opportunities. But generally proper time for patient teaching is in the midmorning or midafternoon since one and a half or two hours required. Nurses meet their patients in all stages of health: often tile patient is in a condition in which learning is impossible-pain, mental confusion, debilitation, loss of sensory perception, fear and anxiety-any of these conditions may preclude the possibility of successful teaching. 4. Prior preparation for patient teaching: The teaching aids, nurses use are charts (53.1%), periodicals (23.8%), and books (7.0%) Some of the respondents (28.1%) reported that they had had good preparation for the teaching which they were doing, others (27.5%) reported adequate preparation, and others (43.8%) reported that their preparation for teaching was inadequate. If nurses have advance preparation for normal teaching and are aware of their objectives in teaching patients, they can do effective teaching. 5. Method of patient teaching: The methods of individual patient teaching, the nurses in this study used, were conversation (55.6%) and individual discussion (19.2%) . And the methods of group patient teaching they used were demonstration (42.3%) and lecture (26.2%) They should also he prepared to use pamphlet and simple audio-visual aids for their teaching. 6. Purposes of patient teaching: The purposes of patient teaching is to help the patient recover completely, but the majority of the respondents (40.6%) don't know this. So it is necessary for them to understand correctly the purpose of patient teaching and nursing care. 7. Condition of patient teaching: The majority of respondents (75.0%) reported there were some troubles in teaching uncooperative patients. It would seem that the nurse's leaching would be improved if, in her preparation, she was given a better understanding of the patient and communication skills. The majority of respondents in the total group, felt teaching is their responsibility and they should teach their patient's family as well as the patient. The place for teaching is most often at the patient's bedside (95.6%) but the conference room (3.1%) is also used. It is important that privacy be provided in learning situations with involve personal matters. 8. Evaluation of patient teaching: The majority of respondents (76.3%,) felt leaching is a highly systematic and organized function requiring special preparation in a college or university, they have the idea that teaching is a continuous and ever-present activity of all people throughout their lives. The suggestion mentioned the most frequently for improving preparation was a course in patient teaching included in the basic nursing program. 9. Recommendations: 1) It is recommended, that in clinical nursing, patient teaching be emphasized. 2) It is recommended, that insertive education the concepts and purposes of patient teaching he renewed for all nurses. In addition to this new knowledge, methods and materials which can be applied to patient teaching should be given also. 3) It is recommended, in group patient teaching, we try to embark on team teaching.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.48-73
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• 1986

Though the tradition of Korean mathematics since the ancient time up to the 'Enlightenment Period' in the late 19th century had been under the influence of the Chinese mathematics, it strove to develop its own independent of Chinese. However, the fact that it couldn't succeed to form the independent Korean mathematics in spite of many chances under the reign of Kings Sejong, Youngjo, and Joungjo was mainly due to the use of Chinese characters by Koreans. Han-gul (Korean characters) invented by King Sejong had not been used widely as it was called and despised Un-mun and Koreans still used Chinese characters as the only 'true letters' (Jin-suh). The correlation between characters and culture was such that, if Koreans used Han-gul as their official letters, we may have different picture of Korean mathematics. It is quite interesting to note that the mathematics in the 'Enlightenment Period' changed rather smoothly into the Western mathematics at the time when Han-gul was used officially with Chinese characters. In Koryo, the mathematics existed only as a part of the Confucian refinement, not as the object of sincere study. The mathematics in Koryo inherited that of the Unified Shilla without any remarkable development of its own, and the mathematicians were the Inner Officials isolated from the outside world who maintained their positions as specialists amid the turbulence of political changes. They formed a kind of Guild, their posts becoming patrimony. The mathematics in Koryo significant in that they paved the way for that of Chosun through a few books of mathematics such as 'Sanhak-Kyemong', 'Yanghwi-Sanpup' and 'Sangmyung-Sanpup'. King Sejong was quite phenomenal in his policy of promotion of mathematics. King himself was deeply interested in the study, createing an atmosphere in which all the high ranking officials and scholars highly valued mathematics. The sudden development of mathematic culture was mainly due to the personality and capacity of king who took anyone with the mathematic talent into government service regardless of his birth and against the strong opposition of the conservative officials. However, King's view of mathematics never resulted in the true development of mathematics perse and he used it only as an official technique in the tradition way. Korean mathematics in King Sejong's reign was based upon both the natural philosophy in China and the unique geo-political reality of Korean peninsula. The reason why the mathematic culture failed to develop continually against those social background was that the mathematicians were not allowed to play the vital role in that culture, they being only the instrument for the personality or politics of the king. While the learned scholar class sometimes played the important role for the development of the mathematic culture, they often as not became an adamant barrier to it. As the society in Chosun needed the function of mathematics acutely, the mathematicians formed the settled class called Jung-in (Middle-Man). Jung-in was a unique class in Chosun and we can't find its equivalent in China or Japan. These Jung-in mathematician officials lacked tendency to publish their study, since their society was strictly exclusive and their knowledge was very limited. Though they were relatively low class, these mathematicians played very important role in Chosun society. In 'Sil-Hak (the Practical Learning) period' which began in the late 16th century, especially in the reigns of Kings Youngjo and Jungjo, which was called the Renaissance of Chosun, the ambitious policy for the development of science and technology called for. the rapid increase of he number of such technocrats as mathematics, astronomy and medicine. Amid these social changes, the Jung-in mathematicians inevitably became quite ambitious and proud. They tried to explore deeply into mathematics perse beyond the narrow limit of knowledge required for their office. Thus, in this period the mathematics developed rapidly, undergoing very important changes. The characteristic features of the mathematics in this period were: Jung-in mathematicians' active study an publication, the mathematic studies by the renowned scholars of Sil-Hak, joint works by these two classes, their approach to the Western mathematics and their effort to develop Korean mathematics. Toward the 'Enlightenment Period' in the late 19th century, the Western mathematics experienced great difficulty to take its roots in the Peninsula which had been under the strong influence of Confucian ideology and traditional Korean mathematic system. However, with King Kojong's ordinance in 1895, the traditional Korean mathematics influenced by Chinese disappeared from the history of Korean mathematics, as the school system was hanged into the Western style and the Western mathematics was adopted as the only mathematics to be taught at the Schools of various levels. Thus the 'Enlightenment Period' is the period in which Korean mathematics shifted from Chinese into European.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈E:수학교육논문집
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.403-430
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 고등학생 6명을 대상으로 CAS 그래핑 계산기를 활용한 수업이 대수 영역에 대한 학생들의 개념 이해에 어떤 영향을 주는지 알아보고, 협동 수업에서 학생들이 방정식, 부등식, 함수의 개념을 각각 어떻게 연결 짓는지 살펴보았다. 또한 CAS 그래핑 계산기를 활용한 수업 이후 학생들의 수학적 태도가 어떻게 변화되었는지 알아보았다. 연구 결과 그래핑 계산기는 학생들이 지필로 푼 문제를 확인하고 그 결과를 비교할 수 있도록 하며, 지필로 푼 문제에 대한 즉각적인 피드백을 제공하여 학생들이 방정식과 일차 부등식을 자기 반성적으로 학습하도록 도와주었다. 이차 부등식에서는 학생들이 기존에 암기하고 있었던 공식으로 문제를 푸는 것에 한계를 느끼게 함으로써 기존에 가지고 있었던 잘못된 개념을 수정하고 이차 함수를 통하여 이차 부등식의 근본적인 개념을 이해하도록 도와주었다. 함수에서는 함수의 정의를 여러 가지 문자와 수식을 이용하여 빠르게 파악할 수 있게 하였으며, 함수에 대한 직관적인 이해를 가능하게 하였다. 또한 그래핑 계산기의 활용은 방정식, 부등식, 함수 영역 간의 연결을 가능하게 도와주었고, 학생들에게 수학의 유용성과 실용성을 느낄 수 있게 하였다. 그리고 학생들의 수학적 태도를 긍정적으로 변화시켰다.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2004

Purpose : this study purposed to investigate school nursing phenomena in Korea by applying ICNP, the international standard nursing classification system developed by ICN, and to compare school nursing phenomena at elementary, middle and high schools. Method : The subjects of this study are 110 nursing teachers from 82 elementary schools, 16 middle schools, and 12 high schools. In the survey, subjects were asked to score the degree to which phenomena and characteristics of Korean school nursing, identified in previous research, on a 5 point scale. Questionnaires were distributed and recovered by mail and email. The period of data collection was 6 months from July to December 2003. The general characteristics of schools and nursing teachers were represented with frequencies and percentages, the phenomena and characteristics of school nursing with the mean score of the questions, and the phenomena school nursing by school grade with ANOVA and Duncan's posterior analysis. Results : 1) As for the characteristics of schools according to school nursing phenomena related to human behavior, the mean score of questions on inadequate stress management was highest at 3.24 points followed by the score on inadequate weight control (3.23), inadequate eating habits (3.22), the risk of spine disorders (2.68), inadequate emergency management (2.62), inadequate response to sex -related problems (2.19), and smoking and drug use (1.85). 2) As for the characteristics of schools according to school nursing phenomena related to human function, the mean score of questions on oral health management was highest at 3.11 points followed by the score on the risk of digestive system disorder (2.87), improper eyesight management (2.81), the risk of respiratory system disorders (2.75), lack of sexual identity (2.52), and inadequate contagious disease control (2.12). 3) As for the mean score according to school nursing phenomena related to environment, the score of the risk of accidents in classroom was highest as 2.68 points followed by the score of the risk of accidents around the school (2.65), maladjustment to school (2.62), the risk of accidents outside the classroom (2.43), inadequate learning environment (1.83), the risk of exposure to socially and physically harmful environment factors (1.82), and inadequate waste disposal (1.77). 4) This study tested the mean scores of questions corresponding to each school nursing phenomenon in order to see if there is a difference in the school nursing phenomenon among elementary, middle and high schools, and performed Duncan's posterior comparison for school nursing phenomena. A significant difference was found at p<.1. According to the results, school nursing phenomena found to be significantly different among elementary, middle and high schools was smoking and drug use (p<.05), which appeared more problematic in high school than in elementary school. phenomena such as inadequate eating habits, inadequate weight control, inadequate response to sex-related problems and inadequate waste disposal were also found to be statistically different at p<.1; however, according to the result of Duncan's posterior comparison, no difference was found among groups in improper eating habits and improper response to sex-related problems, and a significant difference was found between middle and high schools in inadequate weight control and inadequate waste disposal. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to plan school health projects focused on the characteristic school nursing phenomena that had high scores and to develop and execute school healthe projects in accordance with the characteristics of elementary, middle and high schools. Considering that the scores of school nursing phenomena related to human behavior are high, it is necessary to introduce school health promotion projects in a systematic way.

• 한국수학사학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.91-105
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• 1985

Though the tradition of Korean mathematics since the ancient time up to the "Enlightenment Period" in the late 19th century had been under the influence of the Chinese mathematics, it strove to develop its own independent of Chinese. However, the fact that it couldn't succeed to form the independent Korean mathematics in spite of many chances under the reign of Kings Sejong, Youngjo, and Joungjo was mainly due to the use of Chinese characters by Koreans. Han-gul (Korean characters) invented by King Sejong had not been used widely as it was called and despised Un-mun and Koreans still used Chinese characters as the only "true letters" (Jin-suh). The correlation between characters and culture was such that , if Koreans used Han-gul as their official letters, we may have different picture of Korean mathematics. It is quite interesting to note that the mathematics in the "Enlightenment Period" changed rather smoothly into the Western mathematics at the time when Han-gul was used officially with Chinese characters. In Koryo, the mathematics existed only as a part of the Confucian refinement, not as the object of sincere study. The mathematics in Koryo inherited that of the Unified Shilla without any remarkable development of its own, and the mathematicians were the Inner Officials isolated from the outside world who maintained their positions as specialists amid the turbulence of political changes. They formed a kind of Guild, their posts becoming patrimony. The mathematics in Koryo is significant in that they paved the way for that of Chosun through a few books of mathematics such as "Sanhak-Kyemong, "Yanghwi - Sanpup" and "Sangmyung-Sanpup." King Sejong was quite phenomenal in his policy of promotion of mathematics. King himself was deeply interested in the study, createing an atmosphere in which all the high ranking officials and scholars highly valued mathematics. The sudden development of mathematic culture was mainly due to the personality and capacity of King who took any one with the mathematic talent onto government service regardless of his birth and against the strong opposition of the conservative officials. However, King's view of mathematics never resulted in the true development of mathematics per se and he used it only as an official technique in the tradition way. Korean mathematics in King Sejong's reign was based upon both the natural philosophy in China and the unique geo-political reality of Korean peninsula. The reason why the mathematic culture failed to develop continually against those social background was that the mathematicians were not allowed to play the vital role in that culture, they being only the instrument for the personality or politics of the King. While the learned scholar class sometimes played the important role for the development of the mathematic culture, they often as not became an adamant barrier to it. As the society in Chosun needed the function of mathematics acutely, the mathematicians formed the settled class called Jung-in (Middle-Man). Jung-in was a unique class in Chosun and we can't find its equivalent in China of Japan. These Jung-in mathematician officials lacked tendency to publish their study, since their society was strictly exclusive and their knowledge was very limited. Though they were relatively low class, these mathematicians played very important role in Chosun society. In "Sil-Hak (the Practical Learning) period" which began in the late 16th century, especially in the reigns of King Youngjo and Jungjo, which was called the Renaissance of Chosun, the ambitious policy for the development of science and technology called for the rapid increase of the number of such technocrats as mathematicians inevitably became quite ambitious and proud. They tried to explore deeply into mathematics per se beyond the narrow limit of knowledge required for their office. Thus, in this period the mathematics developed rapidly, undergoing very important changes. The characteristic features of the mathematics in this period were: Jung-in mathematicians' active study an publication, the mathematic studies by the renowned scholars of Sil-Hak, joint works by these two classes, their approach to the Western mathematics and their effort to develop Korean mathematics. Toward the "Enlightenment Period" in the late 19th century, the Western mathematics experienced great difficulty to take its roots in the Peninsula which had been under the strong influence of Confucian ideology and traditional Korean mathematic system. However, with King Kojong's ordinance in 1895, the traditonal Korean mathematics influenced by Chinese disappeared from the history of Korean mathematics, as the school system was changed into the Western style and the Western matehmatics was adopted as the only mathematics to be taught at the schools of various levels. Thus the "Enlightenment Period" is the period in which Korean mathematics sifted from Chinese into European.od" is the period in which Korean mathematics sifted from Chinese into European.pean.