• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.245-250
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• 1999

Plantlets derived from leaf blade-segment culture of a variegated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. BY-4) that was induced by a heavy-ion ($^{14}N$) beam irradiation to proembryos, were characterized. When explants from both white and green sections of leaves of the variegated plant were cultured on MS medium containing 0.1 mg/L NAA and 1.0 mg/L BAP, the white sections yielded only white shoots, whereas the green sections generated approximately 47.2% green, 37.4% white and 15.4% variegated shoots. In the F1 generation of a green tobacco derived from the leaf blade-segment culture, the segregation ratio of green to white was 1,651:54. Furthermore, reciprocal crosses showed that all of the progenies was green, indicating that the variegation is not maternally inherited. When the signal intensity of photosynthesis genes was determined by DNA gel blot analysis using the variegated leaves derived from green sections of variegated leaves, there were more of the rbcL, psbA, 16S rDNA and 23S rDNA chloroplast genes in the white sections than the chloroplast genes in wild type and green sections of the variegated plants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.104-111
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• 2008

Plant growth and variegated leaf color changes of three leaf variegated Sedum spectabile varieties 'Variegatum', 'Frosty Morn', red colored 'Washfield Ruby', and one Sedum lineare variety 'Variegatum' and Sedum sarmentosum under three levels of shading conditions were examined for leaf ornamental value improvement. Shading levels were 40%($1,500{\mu}mol{\cdot}m-^2{\cdot}s-^1$), 70%($750{\mu}mol{\cdot}m-^2{\cdot}s-^1$) and 85%($375{\mu}mol{\cdot}m-^2{\cdot}s-^1$). Improvements of leaf ornamental value of 'Variegatum' 'Frosty Morn' and 'Washfield Ruby' were observed at 40% shading level and plant heights and leaf sizes were also increased. Plant height of S.sarmentosum were shorten under direct sun light condition and leaf color changed to greenish yellow(RHS143B) but deep green color(RHS144A) was observed under shading conditions. Endurance of S.sarmentosum was stronger than other species and leaf ornamental values remained well at 70% shading level. Leaf width of S.lineare 'Variegatum' were not changed under shading conditions but leaf length was increased. Leaf color was Deep green color was greenish yellow under direct sun light but deepest green color was observed at 85% shading level. Consider all ornamental value criteria, best shading conditions for S.lineare 'Variegatum' were ranged 40% to 70%.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.284-290
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• 2008

In order to elucidate growth characteristics, physiological responses and leaf color changes of leaf-variegated Arundinaria munsuensis and Carex ciliato-marginata for variegata, These experiments were performed under four different light ragimes control(full sun), 40%, 70% and 85%. Plant height and leaf area became promoted as shading level increases in leaf-variegated Arundinaria munsuensis. Photosynthetic effect was the highest in 85% shading of the full sun. Thus, this plant could be growing in the deep shade condition. Plant growth and the leaf color changes were most obviously shown in the 40% shading level. In the Carex ciliatomarginata for. variegata growth status was the best and green or strong greenish yellow leaf color turned out to be much clearer in the 40% shading treatment. And photosynthetic activity was enhanced as the light intensity decreases.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.516-518
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• 2013

A new leaf variegated cultvar 'White Edge' was developed by ethyle methane sulfonate(EMS) treatment on seed of Hosta minor. Among induced leaf variegated plant, some with white color on the edge of the leaves was selected. They were cultivated via vegetative propagation. 'White Edge' was finally selected through the test of characteristics from 2003 to 2005. Assessment of botanical characteristics was conducted for three years. The major characteristic of these cultivar is that they maintain uniformly all year round. 'White Edge'(Grant No.1880) was registered to the Korea Seed and Variety Service(KSVS) for commercialization in 2007. These cultivar are useful as materials for pot or as ground cover plants.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.77-86
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• 2001

The experiments were carried out to investigate effect of shading rare on variegata appearance and leaf growth of variegated liriope (Liriope platyphylla Wang et Tang variegata Hort.) The plant was grown under four different light intensities such as 0(natural light intensity), 25, 50 and 75% shading conditions. Leaf variegata appearance was better in the light than in the shade. Leaf showed good growth at 0, 25% shading treatment, average leaf width and area of yellow part were highest at 0% shading treatment. As increased shading rate, number of stomate per unit area decreased. Total chlorophyll of the whole leaf and green part were reduced by increasing shading rate, while yellow part showed oppositely. In the epidermis, cell size of 75% shading treatment showed larger than those of 0% shading treatment.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.447-456
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• 2013

This study was carried out for the establishment of theory and foundational data for breeding, on variegated foliage plants using for potted plants, based on examination and analysis for shape, color, and area ratio of variegated leaves and chlorophyll contents. Six families, 18 genus, and 54 species of variegated plants domestically distributed in Korea were used as the plant materials. Patterns based on chlorophyll-deficient part in variegated leaves were divided into 20 types, such as steps, border, collapsed border, sandy border, half, silk, stars, vein, firewood, border and firewood, center, entirety, leaf, irregular, net, watermelon, melon, and so on. There were 10 kinds of colors including dark green, red, dark red, reddish white, reddish yellow, white, silver, silvery white, yellowish white, and yellow. The ratio of variegated area was ranged from 5.8% to 100% and it was diverse depending on species or cultivar. The ratios by patterns were highest in entirety (98.6%) and relatively high in step (60.8%), whereas, low in boarder, star and firewood (33.6-36.4%), and relatively low in half and vein (43%). Chlorophyll content of variegated leaf was rather lower compared to normal plants and chlorophyll b tended to be higher in ratio of chlorophyll a to b. Particularly content of chlorophyll b in Stromanthe sanguinea 'Triostar', Dracaena fragrans 'Massangeana Compacta', D. reflexa 'Song of India', and Tradescantia spathacea was higher than chlorophyll a in comparison with that of normal plants.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.652-655
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• 2012

'Blue Edge' (Hosta minor) was induced by ethyle methane sulfonate (EMS) to obtain mutants. Among induced leaf variegated hosta plants, some with deep-green color pattern on the edge of the leaves was selected. They were cultivated via vegetative propagation. Assessment of botanical characteristics was conducted for three years since 2003. The major characteristic of these cultivars is that they maintain their deep-green color on the edge of the leaves all year round. These cultivars are useful as materials for pot plant or as ground cover plant.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.504-506
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• 2012

Hosta 'Yellow Tiara' was induced using methyle methane sulfonate (MMS) to obtain mutagens. Among the induced leaf-variegated hosta plants, some with yellow-green leaves were selected. They were cultivated via vegetative propagation. Assessment of the botanical characteristics was conducted for three years since 2004. The major characteristic of these cultivars is that they maintain their yellow-green leaves uniformly all year round. These cultivars are useful as materials for pot plants or as ground cover.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.172-176
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• 2021

The Hosta 'Hwangnarae' was bred at the Korea National Arboretum, which was induced using ethyl-methanesulfonate (EMS) to obtain mutants. Among the leaf variegated Hosta plants, some with yellowish-green color pattern on the edge of the leaves was selected. They were cultivated through vegetative production. Assessment of the botanical characteristics was executed for six years from 2013 to 2018. Major characteristics such as yellowish-green color pattern on the edge of leaves appeared uniformly and was finally selected in 2019. The Hosta 'Hwangnarae' that have been bred in this way can prove to be useful as material for a ground cover plant or pot plant.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.551-571
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• 2022

Xylella fastidiosa is xylem-limited bacterium capable of infecting a wide range of host plants, resulting in Pierce's disease in grapevine, citrus variegated chlorosis, olive quick decline syndrome, peach phony disease, plum leaf scald, alfalfa dwarf, margin necrosis and leaf scorch affecting oleander, coffee, almond, pecan, mulberry, red maple, oak, and other types of cultivated and ornamental plants and forest trees. In the European Union, X. fastidiosa is listed as a quarantine organism. Since its first outbreak in the Apulia region of southern Italy in 2013 where it caused devastating disease on Olea europaea (called olive leaf scorch and quick decline), X. fastidiosa continued to spread and successfully established in some European countries (Corsica and PACA in France, Balearic Islands, Madrid and Comunitat Valenciana in Spain, and Porto in Portugal). The most recent data for Europe indicates that X. fastidiosa is present on 174 hosts, 25 of which were newly identified in 2021 (with further five hosts discovered in other parts of the world in the same year). From the six reported subspecies of X. fastidiosa worldwide, four have been recorded in European countries (fastidiosa, multiplex, pauca, and sandyi). Currently confirmed X. fastidiosa vector species are Philaenus spumarius, Neophilaenus campestris, and Philaenus italosignus, whereby only P. spumarius (which has been identified as the key vector in Apulia, Italy) is also present in Americas. X. fastidiosa control is currently based on pathogen-free propagation plant material, eradication, territory demarcation, and vector control, as well as use of resistant plant cultivars and bactericidal treatments.