• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.22-32
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• 1985

Optimum pasture management during the summer season is an important factor to maintain good regrowth and persistence of pasture in Korea. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of the cutting management on the dead plant, weed appearance, regrowth and carbohydrate reserves in stubble, and dry matter yield of tall fescue dominated pasture during the mid summer season. For the test, a split plot design with 4 replications was treated with 2 different the third cutting times (July 12 and Aug. 4) as the mainplots, and 3 different cutting heights (3, 6 and 9 cm) at the third cut as the subplots, and the experiment was done at the experimental field of the Livestock Experiment Station, in Suweon, 1984. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Considering the meteorological conditions during the experimental period, the temperature was a little higher by $2^{\circ}C$ than that of average year, especially the first and second decade of August were high. And the precipitation of 1984 tended to be low when compared with the average year. 2. Temperature of soil surface and underground tended to increase by $1-3^{\circ}C$ as the stubble height was low during the summer season. 3. Regrowth leaf length and leaf area after the third cut increased significantly with the high cutting height at the third cut. 4. A significant higher total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) content in stubble after the third cut was observed in the high stubble cut on July 12. The results indicate that the high stubble height reserves more carbohydrates for early regrowth stage after the third cut when compared with the low stubble. On Aug. 4, however, the recovery of TNC contents after the third cut was not effective due to high temperature and rainfall. 5. The percentage of dead plant after the third cut was found to be high with the low cutting height during the mid summer season (p<0.05). 6. With the low stubble height on July 12 cut, it was appeared that the percentage of weed was significantly increased (p<0.05), and main weeds appeared after the third cut were Echinochloa crusgalli>Digitaria sanguinalis>Cyperus iria>Rumex crispus, and so on. In case of cut on Aug. 4, weed appearance was no difference at three cutting heights. 7. Dry matter yield at the third cut was increased in the plot of cutting on Aug. 4 and stubble height (p<0.05). However, yields at the fourth and fifth cut were increased with high stubble height (p<0.05), regardless of harvest time. 8. In total dry matter yield after the third cut, there was no significant difference between the cutting time and forage yield. However, total yield on July 12 was increased with the high stubble height (p<0.05). 9. From the above results, it is suggested that the 9 cm cutting height during the mid summer season is the most effective for good regrowth, weed control and forage yield of tall fescue dominated pasture.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1691-1700
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• 2012

The experiment studied the effect of harvesting frequencies and varieties on yield, chemical composition and hydrogen cyanide content in cassava foliage. Foliage from three cassava varieties, K94 (very bitter), K98-7 (medium bitter) and a local (sweet), were harvested in three different cutting cycles, at 3, 6 and 9 months; 6 and 9 months and 9 months after planting, in a 2-yr experiment carried out in Hanoi, Vietnam. Increasing the harvesting frequency increased dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) production in cassava foliage. The K94 variety produced higher foliage yields than the other two varieties. Dry matter, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and total tannin content increased with months to the first harvest, whereas CP content decreased. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) content was lower at the first harvest than at later harvests for all cutting cycles. At subsequent harvests the content of total tannins tended to decline, while HCN content increased (p<0.05). Chemical composition differed somewhat across varieties except for total tannins and ash. Dry matter, NDF, ADF and total tannins were higher in fully matured leaves, while CP and HCN were lower in developing leaves.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.112-119
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• 2004

Objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of nutrient solution strength and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF, Glomus sp.) on growth and flowering of potted miniature rose (Rosa hybrids L. cv 'Scarlet'). To achieve this, plants cultured with six different strength of Japanese Horticultural Experiment Station solution (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and $4.0\;{\times}\;{full}$ strength) and inoculated with AMP at cutting and transplanting. Leachate EC increased as solution strength were elevated. The leachate EC were not different between non-inoculated plants and AMF treatment at cutting, but significantly decreased when plants were inoculated with AMF at transplanting. The elevated strength of nutrient solution resulted in decrease of leachate pH. When plants were inoculated AMF at transplanting, leachate pH was lower than those of non-inoculated plants and inoculated with AMF at cutting. At harvesting (93 days after transplanting), plant height, leaf width, number of branches and shoot fresh and dry weight of rose 'Scarlet' increased with elevated nutrient solution strength. AMF treatment at transplanting of potted rose 'Scarlet' showed the best results in growth such as chlorophyll content, number of flowers, and shortening the days required to flower. The content of N, P, K, and Mn in leaf tissue of potted rose increased by elevated nutrient solution strength and AMF treatment, while the tissue Na contents decreased by an AMF treatment.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• no.12
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• pp.5-11
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• 1970

These works were conducted to investigate the differences of assimilatory productivity under various conditions of cultivation in mulberry trees with the punch method based on dry matter production. The results obtained are as follow： 1. The dry matter of mulberry leaves at 150cm to 200cm high in the morning and from 50cm to 100cm high in the afternoon were higher than other conditions. 2. In daily change of assimilatory, the production of the leaves from 150 cm to 200 cm high in the morning and from 50 cm to 100 cm high in tile afternoon were higher than other conditions. 3. The largest amount of leaf dry matter was produced in south outside of mulberry field, next east outside, and others showed on differences. 4. Increased assimilatory production was occured greatly not only east side of mulberry field from 7 A.M to 10 A.M but also south side of mulberry field from 10 A.M to 1 P.M. 5. In comparison of dry matter production of leaves among varieties, Suwon-sang No. 4 showed greatest amount and followed Sipyung, Kaeryangsuban, Rosang in order. In the varietal differences of assimilatory production per day, Suwonsang No. 4 was greatest and followed Kaeryrangsuban, Sipyung, Rosang in order, 6. Both of the rate of increasing leaf dry matter and net assimilation per day were greatest in the one-half cutting plot and some decreased in one-third cutting plot, in non-cutting plot in order.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.357-373
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• 1975

This study was conducted to evaluate the winter active polycross progenies of 10 genotypes selected at the hot and dry climate of the Southern Oregon in their performance in the progeny test comparing with a high yielding variety, 'Fawn', and a winter active variety, 'TFM', as the control varieties at Daejon, Korea. Various plant and leaf characteristics, especially which related to photosynthesis, and forage production during the first summer after their establishment, were examined. The important conclusions of this study are summarized as follows: 1. The winter active genotypes and variety had less leaf fresh weight and dry weight per leaf than variety 'Fawn'. Variations among polycross progenies of genotypes for these characteristics were great. 2. The winter active genotypes and variety had less leaf area per leaf than variety 'Fawn'. Leaf area among polycross progenies of genotypes deviated greatly and poly cross progenies of 'genotype-16' had the same average leaf area as 'Fawn'. 3. Differences of specific leaf weight (S. L. W.) in the winter active genotypes and variety were not significant. Probably the genetic diversity for S. L. W were not big and were narrowed down already in this genetic population. It was suggested that the photosynthate production within the population might not be different and there might be differences in the photosynthate production-translocation balance. Further study for the diurnal change in S. L. W. within the population might be useful. 4. The winter active variety and genotypes had less leaf width than 'Fawn' does. Leaf width among polycross progenies of genotypes deviated significantly. 5. Differences among controls and polycross progeny group in the initial plant height were significant and variety 'Fawn' was taller than the winter active genotypes and variety. But the differences were not significant in the regrowth of plant height after the first forage harvest. On the contrary. the differences among polycross progenies of genotypes were not significant in the initial plant but the differences in their polycross progeny performance became obvious and great in the regrowth ability which is an improtent agronomic characteristics for forage crops produced in the pasture and for hay and silage. 6. Plant width of the winter active genotypes and variety was lesser than 'Fawn' variety. 7. Differences of tiller number became evident and variety 'Fawn' had higher tiller number than the winter active genotypes and variety after the first forage cutting. There, deviations among polycross progenies of genotypes were great for this characteristic. It was obvious that the genetic differences became more evident in the second measurement after the first cutting of forage probably because this characteristic were stimulated by defoliation in the cartain genotypes and variety. 8. The winter active genotypes and variety on the initial growth. the regrowth ability andtotal yield had lesser forage yield than variety 'Fawn'. Deviation of forage yield among polycross progenies of genotypes were great and gave basis for selection according to their polycross progeny performance improving the forage yield of these winter active tall fescue population during summer. 9. It was concluded that the winter active variety and genotypes in this study was poorer than variety 'Fawn' for the most of leaf and plant characteristics including forage yield. For these measurements, the variations among polycross progenies of genotypes were great. and plant breeding might able to improve further this winter active tall fescue through the polycross progeny testing method for the higher forage production during summer in Korea. 10. The result of the associations among various characteristics under study were quite agreeable with the results of the analysis of variance and woul be useful in the selection of desirable genotypes for the development of a new variety.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.93-95
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• 1968

The importance of leaf area as related to transpiration and photosynthesis is generally recognized. In general, a compound leaf of soybean consist of one main leaflet and two side leaflets from each node of the stem. Takahashi and Fukuyama (1919) classified soybeans into three types, namely the long leaf type, round leaf type, and intermediate type, in which the last one had round leaves at the base and long leaves in the upper part of the stem. Nagai (1925) and Takahashi (1935). dealt with the genetics of the leaf form and association with other characters. The closely relationships, the correlation coefficients from 0.64 to 0.73, were shown between the leaf area and the soybean yield in the experiments by Nagai (1942). Nagata (1950) also tested the varietal differences of the variation of leaf length and its ratio to the leaf width on the nodes of stem, and finally divided varieties into five types. Three methods of measuring area of strawberry leaves were used by Darrow (1932). The first involved determining a factor to be used with length or length ${\times}$width measurements. The second method involved placing leaves on pieces of cardboard of known area cut to the shape of the leaves. Direct use of the planimeter on intact leaves was Darrow's third method. Miller (1938) enumerated several methods to determine the leaf surface area in plants, some of which were extremely laborious and required removing leaves from plants. They included tracing outlines of leaves on paper and measuring the enclosed area with a planimeter or cutting out the traced areas and comparing the weights obtained with the weight of a known paper. Another method involved placing the form of the leaf on sensitized paper with the area being determined by measuring or weighing as above. Miller further stated that the photoelectric cell can also be utilized to estitmate leaf area. Working with field beans, Davis (1940) found that 0.004517 (length ${\times}$ width) of the center leaflet was the most nearly accurate of four methods attempted. A simple procedure to measure leaf area in corn was devised 1 y Montgomery (1911) and used by Kiesselbach (1950). The formula was length ${\times}$ width ${\times}$ 0.75. Stickler et al. (1961) have successfully used length times width ${\times}$ 0.747 to estimate area of grain sorghum leaves. Bhan and Pande(1966) has also used length ${\times}$ width ${\times}$ 0.802 to determine leaf area of rice varieties. The main objectives of the present investigation were to develop an accurate, rapid method to determine leaf area in soybean varieties and to examine certain data associated with leaf area determinations.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.618-626
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• 2009

Dombaeki Pipyun is a well-known Korean ethnic food in Kyungpook providence. We produced a Dombaeki Pipyun mixed with shark skin, cartilage, and herbs. The herbal mixtures (HM: 0, 0.075, 0.15, and 0.225%) were made of equal amounts of clove, fennel, and bay leaf. The purpose of this study was to examine how HM influences the sensory and textural characteristics of the Dombaeki Pipyun. The results showed that as the concentration of HM increased, its strength, cutting energy, hardness, brittleness, and chewiness decreased and its elasticity and cohesiveness increased. The $L^*$ and $b^*$ values generally decreased the $a^*$ value tended to increase as the concentration of HM increased. Ammonia and the fish-like odor decreased when the HM concentration was increased to 0.15%. However, there were no statistical significant differences in astringent, bitter, salty, sour, and sweet tastes. However, the savory taste significantly increased at an HE concentration of 0.15%. In terms of the mouth feel, there was not significant changes in airy.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.388-394
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• 2007

To product the edible fresh shoots of Sedum sarmentosum in summer season, 4 local strains were cultivated with cutting propagation under 0, 30, 50, 70, 90% shading. Effect of shading on shoot growth, leaf chroma value, SPAD value, and bitterness were investigated at 35 days after cutting. Plant height, the number of node and leaf stem diameter in $30{\sim}90%$ shading were increased than in the control, and Pohang local strain had little-overgrowth shoot, thicker stem, a few brenches per shoot, and larger leaf compared to the other local strains. Fresh and dry weight under shading were increased than in the control, dry weight of pohang local strain was highest in 50% shading. Hunter L and b values were decreased out of proportion to higher shading rate. SPAD value in $50{\sim}90%$ shading was significantly lower than in the control. The bitterness of fresh shoot was decreased out of proportion to higher shading rate. In Summer season, producing the fresh shoot of S. sarmentosum was excellent in 50% shading, and Pohang local strain among 4 local strains was more stable and good in yield and quality under shading.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 1974

In order to investigate the variation of nutritive value, fertilizer value, productivity and growth performance by the number of cutting times in Lespedeza bicolor, Lespedeza maximowiczii and Lespedeza japonica var. intermedia, the plots of one, two and four cutting times in a year had been made through 1972 to 1973. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Lespedeza bicolor, Lespedeza maximowiczii and Lespedeza japonicavar. var. intermedia showed increase of growth and productivity in two plots excluding the plots of four time cuttings. 2. Significant differences at 1% level were shown among the species and the number of cutting times in total grass yield. Lespedeza bicolor showed the greatest production, and followed by Lespedeza maximowiczii and Lespedeza japonica var. intermedia. The plots of one cutting time a year produced more dry weight than that of two and four cutting times. The production in plots of fourth cutting showed less growth and yield. 3. The ratios of dry weight to fresh weight and of leaf weight to stem weight were decreased when the number of cutting times increased in Lespedeza bicolor, Lespedeza maximowiczii and Lespedeza japonica var. intermedia. 4. Crude protein was decreased, though crude fiber content was increased when the grasses were growing more and more. Conent of crude fat showed great variation by the number of cutting times and cutting period seoson. 5. Early cut tings of Lespedeza showed higer fertizer value than late cuttings in all the species. 6. It is suggested that two and three time cutting through a year in Lespedeza bicolor and Lespedeza japonica var. intermedia having high nutritive and fertilizer value is good when using the Lespedeza species as a fodder or manuers, and one time cutting a year will be good when using the Lespedeza species as a fuel.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.160-164
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• 2017

Background: This study were performed to determine the effect of root pruning of Zizyphus jujuba var. inermis (Bunge) Rehder. Root cutting inhibit vegetative growth and promote reproductive growth as temporarily reducing growth, net assimilation, water potential of leaf and cytokinin level. Methods and Results: The root pruning was treated of the root cutting widths 50, and 80 ㎝ and the root cutting depths 10, and 20 cm. The amount of root pruning and the number of suckers were the highest in the root-pruning treatment at a width of 50 cm and a depth of 20 cm. The blooming time was from June 18 to 20, and no difference was observed in the blooming time among the root-pruning treatments. The number of flowers was rather higher in the root-pruning treatment at a width of 50 cm and a depth of 20 cm and at a width of 80 cm and a depth of 20 cm. The percentage of fruit setting was higher in the plants whose roots were pruned at a depth of 20 cm than in the untreated plants. The fruit size, fruit weight, and sugar content showed no difference among the root-pruning treatments. Conclusions: The results showed that percentage of fruit setting increased with root pruning, while no difference was observed in the growth and fruit quality of plants.