• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.569-582
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• 2023

Lead-acid Battery is the oldest rechargeable battery system and has maintained its position in the rechargeable battery field. The battery causes thermal runaway for various reasons, which can lead to major accidents. Therefore, preventing thermal runaway is a key part of the battery management system. Recently, research is underway to categorize thermal runaway battery cells into machine learning. In this paper, we present a thermal runaway hazard cell detection and verification algorithm using DBSCAN and statistical method. An experiment was conducted to classify thermal runaway hazard cells using only the resistance values as measured by the Battery Management System (BMS). The results demonstrated the efficacy of the proposed algorithms in accurately classifying thermal runaway cells. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm was able to classify thermal runaway cells between thermal runaway hazard cells and cells containing noise. Additionally, the thermal runaway hazard cells were early detected through the optimization of DBSCAN parameters using a grid search approach.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.568-574
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• 2016

In this study, the mixing method of positive paste and mixing temperature to improve the capacity of the lead-acid batteries has been investigated. The results show that the initial current capacity of lead acid battery depend on the mixing temperature and mixing method of positive paste. In the results of the capacity cycle repetition tests for estimating the life cycle, the 3BS showed the PCL. but the fine 4BS represented certain improved cycles compared to that of the coarse 4BS. It was considered that the fine 4BS showed higher bond strength between active materials than the coarse 4BS and represented large contact areas and that lead to prevent possible sulfation due to the suppression of insulating layers.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.335-340
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• 2009

This study investigates the paste mixing of positive active materials which, affect the life cycle of batteries in Pb-Ca-Sn grids, and generation of 4BS in a curing process and considers the effects of these things on the initial charge characteristics and life cycle. In the results of the experiments applied in this study, it was possible to reduce the curing time in which the fine 4BS was formed by the mixing of the positive active materials of lead acid battery applied at high temperature compared to that of the existing coarse 4BS and that represented some improvements in the life cycle performance.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.1249-1255
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• 2006

This paper presents a constant power control logic for perfect starting a microtubine in vehicle. Under extremely low temperature, performance of the start-up system is severely dropped than that of room temperature because of increasing of load of mechanical parts including engine core and drop of the lead-acid battery capacity. Unfortunately, performance drop of lead-acid battery makes severe problems that cause a malfunction of fuel and lubrication system and power fail of digital devices. So we propose the new start-up logic by constant output power control of lead-acid battery using PWM inverter controller for preventing above problems and keeping good performance of start-up system for microturbine. Also, we prove usefulness of new start-up logic through experimental results under $-32^{\circ}C$ ambient temperature.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.338-346
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• 2013

The conventional lead acid battery is optimized for cranking performance of engine. Recently electric devices and fuel economy technologies of battery have influenced more deep cycle of dynamic behavior of battery. I also causes to reduce battery life-time. This study proposed that aging battery model is focused for increasing of battery durability. The stress factors of battery aging consist of discharge rate, charging time, full charging time and temperature. This paper considers the electrochemical kinetics, the ionic species conservation, and electrode porosity. For prediction of battery life cycle we consider battery model containing strong impacts, corrosion of positive grid and shedding. Finally, we validated that modeling results were compared with the accelerated thermal measurement data.

• Plant Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.40-44
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• 2020

In this study, after supplying a pulse wave to the 2 V Industrial Lead-Acid Battery electrode plate and repeating the charging and discharging, the discharging time per voltage was analyzed. According to the result of experiment, while the lead-acid Battery that a pulse wave is not supplied decreased about 18 % of discharging capacity than the beginning, the lead-acid Battery that a pulse wave is supplied decreased a little amount much lower than 18 %, of discharging capacity and recorded the 0.56 % decrease, at a minimum, from discharging capacity at the 20 kHz frequency. This means that the sulfate on electrode plate is detached and the positive and negative charge transfer is highly activated at the 20 kHz frequency

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers P
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.61-68
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• 2014

Function of battery bank stores energy for DC load in general, and DC power system of the nuclear power plant is used to supply DC loads for safety- featured instrumentation and control such as inverter, class 1E power system control and indication, and station annunciation. Class 1E DC power system must provide a power for the design basis accident conditions, and adequate capacity must be available during loss of AC power and subsequent safe shutdown of the plant. In present, batteries of Class 1E DC power system of the nuclear power plant uses lead-acid batteries. Class 1E batteries of nuclear power plants in Korea are summarized in terms of specification, such as capacity, discharge rate, bank configuration and discharge end voltage, etc. This paper summarizes standards of determining battery size for the nuclear power plant, and analyzes duty cycle for the class 1E DC power system of nuclear power plant. Then, battery cell size is calculated as 2613Ah according to the standard. In addition, this paper analyzes performance test results during past 13 years and shows performance degradation in the battery bank. Performance tests in 2001 and 2005 represent that entire battery cells do not reach the discharge-end voltage. Howeyer, the discharge-end voltage is reached in 14.7% of channel A (17 EA), 13.8% of channel B (16 EA), 5.2% of channel C (6 EA) and 16.4% of channel D (19 EA) at 2011 performance test. Based on the performance test results analysis and size calculation, battery capacity and degradation by age in Korearn nuclear power plant is discussed and would be used for new design.

• IEMEK Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.305-312
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• 2016

Modern embedded systems are typically operated by the rechargeable batteries in our daily life. Since charge of batteries is considered as an time consuming task, there have been extensive efforts to manage the charge time from the perspective of materials, circuits, and systems. Estimation of battery charge time is one of the essential information to design the charge circuitry. A compact macro model for the constant-current and constant-voltage charge protocol was recently introduced, which gives us a quick estimation of charge time with similar shape to the famous Peukert's law for discharge time estimation. The CC-CV charging protocol is widely used for Lithium-based batteries and Lead-acid batteries. In this paper, we characterize the lead-acid battery by measurement to extract the model coefficients, which was not covered by the previous studies. By our proposed model, the key coefficient Kcc results in 1.18-1.31, which is little bit higher than that of Lithium batteries. The accuracy of our model is within the range of ${\pm}10%$ error, which is compatible with the other studies such as Peukert's law.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.694-702
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• 2014

One of the most important devices in an underwater vessel is a propulsion system. It should be a quiet and efficient system for stealthy operations in the large mission area. Hence lead-acid battery system has been used to supply the energy to electric motor. Recent technological developments and improvements, such as polymer electrolyte membrane(PEM) fuel cell and lithium polymer battery and have created the potential to improve overall power and propulsion performance. An underwater vessel always starts their mission with a limited energy and is not easy to refuel. Therefore design of energy elements, such as fuel cell and battery, and their load distribution are important to increase the maximum operating time of underwater vessel. In this paper, the lead-acid battery/PEM fuel cell and lithium polymer battery/PEM fuel cell were suggested as propulsion system and their performances were analyzed by modeling and simulation using Matlab/Simulink. Each model concentrated on representing the characteristics of energy element depending on demand current. As a result the effect of load distribution between battery and fuel cell was evaluated and the operation time of each propulsion system was able to be estimated exactly.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.160-164
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• 2012

The lead-acid batteries are the most often used in human life, because of their low cost, good reversibility and high potential but they have limit cycle ability with low capacitance. The main causes of this problem are forming recrystallization of $PbSO_4$ on electrodes surface during cycles which the recrystallization of $PbSO_4$ is known as sulfation. In this study, formation process of sulfation was investigated depending on charge and discharge cycle numbers. And we decomposed sulfation to renew cycle ability of lead-acid batteries. The renewed lead-acid batteries recovered to 84% compared to first capacity after 600 cycles.