• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.311-322
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• 2012

Objective: The effect of lead on blood pressure remains controversial in spite of the numerous studies which have been conducted in the recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of exposure to lead on blood pressure among non-smokers. Methods: In this cross sectional study, 1416 male and female non-smokers were enrolled, aged 20 years or older, from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008. Blood pressure, blood lead levels (BLLs), height, weight, and cotinine level were measured for all subjects. Results: Geometric mean BLLs of the participants was 2.20 ${\mu}g$/dl. BLLs were higher in the older, male, and lower education groups than the younger, female and higher education groups. After adjusting for age, sex, education and BMI through multiple regression analysis, a significant positive association between systolic blood pressure (p = 0.0357), diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.0111) and BLLs. Also, among the normal BMI group (18.5 kg/$m^2$ < BMI < 25 kg/$m^2$), we also found a significant positive association between diastolic blood pressure and BLLs (p = 0.0370). Conclusion: The present study showed that blood lead serves as a good predictor of blood pressure changes and that there was a statistically significant association between blood lead and blood pressure, especially diastolic blood pressure.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.323-332
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• 1986

This study was performed to see the effects of lead poisoning and dietary protein levels(6, 15 and 40 % casein diets) on growth, protein and lipid metabolisms in growing rats. It was also investigated whether the high protein intake would alleviate lead toxicity by decreasing Pb absorption and/or increasing Pb excretion. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1) Weight gain, F.E.R liver weight, weight and length of bone in Pb-administered groups were lower than in Pb-free groups. However, these values in the 40% casein diet group with Pb were increased to the level in 15% casein diet group without Pb. 2) Hematocrt and hemoglobin content in blood were lower in Pb -adminstered groups than in Pb free groups. Especially, these levels were lower in 6% casein diet group with Pb than in any other group. 3) Plasma protein level in th e 40% casein casein diet group was the highest of all groups and those of Pb-administered groups tended to be lower than those of Pb-free groups. Plasma lipid and cholesterol levels were increased with decreasing dietary protein level, and these levels were higher in the animals exposed to Pb than in free groups.4) Total liver protein, lipid and cholesterol contents were increased with increasing dietary protein level, and these contents were lower in Pb-administered groups than in Pb free groups. 5) Fecal Pb excretion was not different between 6 and 40% casein diet groups. However, urinary Pb excretion was higher in the 40% casein diet group than in the 6% casein diet group. Above results suggest that, in exposing to the Pb pollution, sufficient protien intake must be recommended. High protein intake seemed to alleviate lead toxicity by increasing urinary Pb excretion.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제22권51호
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• pp.117-127
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• 1999

Modern production control systems based on MRPⅡ (Manufacturing Resource planning) didn't solved about the capacity and lead time problems. In the past, It solved that problems under deterministic. Therefore, the problem about determination of correct lead time and finite capacity are studied continuously by researchers. Now, we need to a integrated method that is from low level to high level instead of top-down in MRP. In this research uses the MRP-C(Capacitated Material Requirement Planning) concept that is more efficient then MRP system for capacity and flexible lead time , and shows the MRP-C algorithm and the prototype.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2005년도 Proceedings of KSEH.Minamata Forum
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• pp.85-86
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• 2005

To investigate the association between blood lead level (Pb-B) and neurobehavioral performance of school age children in Korea.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회 2004년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.130-130
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• 2004

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.55-71
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• 1987

To investigate the effects of lead on the electron transport system and ultrastructure of mouse kidney mitochondria, various lead acetate concentrations were treated in vitro and respiration rate, enzyme activities were measured. Ultrastructural changes at state IV respiration were also observed. To compare with in vivo experiments, mouse were injected intraperitoneally of 100 mg lead acetate per kg body weight and state IV respiration rate and enzyme activities were measured. Ultrastructure of renal proximal tubular cells were also observed. In in vitro treatement, decreased state IV respiration, decreased enzyme activities, ruptured membranes and inhibition of condensed to orthodox transformation were observed. In in vivo treatment, decreased state IV respiration and decreased enzyme activities were observed after 24 hrs of i.p. injection. Cytochrome c oxidase activity showed twice the inhibition compared to NADH-CoQ reductase activity at 24 hrs. Continuous decreased state IV respiration was observed after 48 and 72 hrs of injection, however, the enzyme activities were increased to control level. Lead-protein complex which probably inhibits the toxic effects of lead appeared. To conclude, dominant effect of lead on the electron transport system appeared at cytochrome c oxidase activity, and the increased enzyme activities may be a result of appearance of lead-protein complex.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.20-24
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• 1998

In the present study, we tested whether lead intoxication induces change of the thiamine content and the seizure threshold in rats and the changes of seizure threshold are related to the changes of thiamine status. It was also tested whether administration of excessive thiamine could reverse the toxic manifestation of lead in rats. Four groups of Wistar rats were prepared: 1) control group, 2) lead treated group, 3) lead plusthiamine treated group, and 4) thiamine deficient group. Each group of animals was divided into three subgroups based on age: 3, 7 and 16 weeks. In each group, thresholds of electroshock seizure and thiamine contents in brain regions including telencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum were measured. Thiamine contents in brain regions of the lead treated group were significantly lower than those of the control group and thiamine treatment reversed the decrease back to the control level. Thresholds of the electroshock seizure of the lead treated group in 3, 7 week old rats and those of thiamine deficient group in 3 week old rats were significantly lower than those of the control group. These observations were reversed by the supplementation with thiamine. These results from the present study suggest that increased seizure sensitivity induced by lead intoxication in rats may be mediated at least in part through the changes of thiamine status.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.467-474
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• 2019

Exposure to lead during pregnancy is a risk factor for the development of psychiatric disorders in the offspring. In this study, we investigated whether exposure to low levels of lead acetate (0.2%) in drinking water during pregnancy and lactation causes behavioral impairment and affects the expression of proteins associated with neurodevelopment. Lead exposure altered several parameters in rat offspring compared with those unexposed in open-field, social interaction, and pre-pulse inhibition tests. These parameters were restored to normal levels after clozapine treatment. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses of the hippocampus revealed that several neurodevelopmental proteins were downregulated in lead-exposed rats. The expression was normalized after clozapine treatment (5 mg/kg/day, postnatal day 35-56). These findings demonstrate that downregulation of several proteins in lead-exposed rats affected subsequent behavioral changes. Our results suggest that lead exposure in early life may induce psychiatric disorders and treatment with antipsychotics such as clozapine may reduce their incidence.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.164-168
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• 2013

Objectives: This study was aimed at the examination of the lead exposure status of smelting process workers in steelmaking using scrap iron. Methods: The study was conducted from July to September 2012 by means of measurements taken during the smelting process, with 45 minutes set for a one-time smelting work cycle when it comes to personal air sample and area air sample. As such, daily work hours were classified into 360 minutes for measurement. The analysis of lead concentration was conducted using AAs based on the NIOSH 7300 method. Results: In the case of the personal specimens that were subjected to periodical measurement 45 minutes per one session during the smelting process, 40 out of 42 specimens measured were found to contain lead, with an average concentration level of $0.028mg/m^3$ (Max: $0.182mg/m^3$, Min: $0.005mg/m^3$, TWA-more than 50%: 4 out of 6 units). In the case of regional specimens, lead was detected in 45 out of 48 specimens measured, with an average concentration level of $0.037mg/m^3$ (Max: $0.220mg/m^3$, Min: $0.007mg/m^3$ ). In the case of regional specimens subjected to measurement using a day as the work cycle, lead was detected in 15 out of 15 specimens measured, with an average concentration level of $0.049mg/m^3$ (Max: $0.478mg/m^3$, Min: $0.005mg/m^3$ ). Conclusions: It concluded that smelting process workers in steelmaking are exposed to lead because scrap iron is used as a raw material. It is thus necessary to introduce legal management to prevent occupation-related disease in smelting process workers in steelmaking.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.225-236
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• 1987

This study was performed to investigate the effects of lead poisoning and different levels of dietary lipid on lead and lipid metabolism in the rats. Forty eight male weanling rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing 73.1$\pm$11.1g were blocked into 6 groups according to body weight. Dietary lipid were given at the lev딘 of 5, 20 and 40% of total caloric intake and lead were either administered or not. The results obtained are summerized as follows ; 1) Food intake, weight gain, F.E.R. liver and epididymal. fat pad weights, weight and length of bone, hematocrit and hemoglobin content in Pb-adminstered groups were lower than these in Pb-free groups. 2) Plasma lipid and cholesterol levels were tended to be higher in Pb-administered groups than in Pb-free groups, while liver lipid and cholesterol levels were tended to be lower in Pb-adminstered groups. 3) Fecal dry matter excretion was tended to be higher in Pb-adminstered groups than in Pb-free groups, and were increased with increasing dietary lipid level. Daily fecal excretions of lipid and cholesterol were higher in high lipid groups than in low lipid groups and these levels were even higher in the animals exposed to Pb than in Pb-free groups. 4) Pb contents in blood, liver, kidney and bone were significantly higher in Pb administered groups than in Pb-free groups. Pb levels of blood, liver and bone did not show any significant difference among groups with different levels of dietary lipid, but Pb concentration in kidney of Pb-adminstered groups increased with increasing dietary lipid level.