• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.247-260
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• 2014

The impact of folate on health and disease, particularly pregnancy complications and congenital malformations, has been extensively studied. Mandatory folic acid fortification therefore has been implemented in multiple countries, resulting in a reduction in the occurrence of neural tube defects. However, emerging evidence suggests increased folate intake may also be associated with unexpected adverse effects. This literature review focuses on contemporary issues of concern, and possible underlying mechanisms as well as giving consideration the future direction of mandatory folic acid fortification. Folate fortification has been associated with the presence of unmetabolized folic acid (PteGlu) in blood, masking of vitamin $B_{12}$ deficiency, increased dosage for anti-cancer medication, photo-catalysis of PteGlu leading to potential genotoxicity, and a role in the pathoaetiology of colorectal cancer. Increased folate intake has also been associated with twin birth and insulin resistance in offspring, and altered epigenetic mechanisms of inheritance. Although limited data exists to elucidate potential mechanisms underlying these issues, elevated blood folate level due to the excess use of PteGlu without consideration of an individual's specific phenotypic traits (e.g. genetic background and undiagnosed disease) may be relevant. Additionally, the accumulation of unmetabolized PteGlu may lead to inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase and other enzymes. Concerns notwithstanding, folic acid fortification has achieved enormous advances in public health. It therefore seems prudent to target and carefully monitor high risk groups, and to conduct well focused further research to better understand and to minimize any risk of mandatory folic acid fortification.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.615-623
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• 2000

Under the assumption that people go through stages in making dietary behavior change, this study was attempted to apply the stages of a change model for fat intake by examining the associations of social psychological variables with stages of change in dietary fat reduction. Derived from social psychological theories, 10 social psychological variables on motivational beliefs(6), social influence(3) and self-efficacy(1) related specifically to selecting every day diets low in fat were constructed. Fat and energy intakes were assessed by a short form semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The associations of stages of change with motivational beliefs, social influence, and self-efficacy variables and energy and fat intakes were assessed in 333 female adults from large cities in Korea. Dietary stage groups differed significantly on most of the social psychological variables in ways predicted by theory. Motivational factors that lead to a psychological state of readiness to take action were important in the early stages of the dietary change process. Social influences were more important in the stages as people decide to take action. Self efficacy and motivational beliefs, particularly, reduction of perceived barriers were important in maintaining fat reduction behavior. The results of our study indicate differences in stages of change in fat reduction behavior in terms of nutrient intakes and social psychological correlates and suggests that adding a time dimension to social psychological models increases our understanding of dietary change, which assist us in designing nutrition education interventions that are more appropriately targeted by stage of change. (Korean J Community Nutrition 5(4) 615∼623, 2000)

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.161-167
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• 2021

Understanding sciences behind fall-related hip fractures in older adults is important to develop effective interventions for prevention. The aim of this review is to provide biomechanical understanding and prevention strategies of falls and related hip fractures in older adults, in order to guide future research directions from biomechanical perspectives. While most hip fractures are due to a fall, a few of falls are injurious causing hip fractures, and most falls are non-injurious. Fall mechanics are important in determining injurious versus non-injurious falls. Many different biomechanical factors contribute to the risk of hip fracture, and effects of each individual factors are known well. However, combining effects, and correlation and causation among the factors are poorly understood. While fall prevention interventions include exercise, vision correction, vitamin D intake and environment modification, injury prevention strategies include use of hip protectors, compliant flooring and safe landing strategies, vitamin D intake and exercise. While fall risk assessments have well been established, limited efforts have been made for injury risk assessments. Better understanding is necessary on the correlation and causation among factors affecting the risk of falls and related hip fractures in older adults. Development of the hip fracture risk assessment technique is required to establish more efficient intervention models for fall-related hip fractures in older adults.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.836-843
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• 2022

In the present study, exposure to heavy metals by consumption of edible seaweeds (green laver, laver, hijiki, sea tangle, and sea mustard) was assessed based on their concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg). The mean of heavy metal concentrations were 0.006-0.023 mg/kg for Pb, 0.037-0.156 mg/kg for Cd, 1.117-15.928 mg/kg for As, and 0.008-0.021 mg/kg for Hg. In multivariate analysis, the correlations were high between Pb levels in sea mustard, Cb levels in laver, and As and Hg level in Hijiki. However, the estimated daily intake and target hazard quotient (THQ) of the heavy metals in edible seaweeds were below their approved limits suggesting no health risks associated with seaweed consumption by Koreans.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.286-295
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between household economic changes by COVID-19 and dietary habits in Korean adolescents. The study analyzed data from the 17th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey in 2021. A total of 54,848 middle and high school students, 28,401 males and 26,447 females, participated in this study. COVID-19 lead to deterioration of household economy in the lower level of household economic status (p<0.001). The deterioration of household economic status by COVID-19 was associated with dietary habits such as lower breakfast intake, and higher fast food, soda drinks, and sweet drinks consumption (p<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that deterioration of household economic status was significantly decreased in frequency of breakfast intake (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.67~0.80). The deterioration of household economic status by COVID-19 was also significantly associated with increased frequency of fast food (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.16~1.41), soda drinks (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.30~1.56) and sweet drinks (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.24~1.46) consumption (p<0.001). In conclusion, it was confirmed that the change in household economy caused by COVID-19 was associated with dietary habits in adolescents. As the household economy deteriorated, there was an increase in undesirable dietary habits including skipping breakfast and fast food consumption.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.380-385
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• 2005

This study was designed to investigate the effects of mulberry leaf powder supplementation on lead (Pb) status and mineral (Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn) content in Pb-administered rats for 4 weeks. Thirty two male rats were divided into 4 groups: a control, Pb, Pb5M (500 ppm $Pb + 5\%$ mulberry leaf powder), and Pb10M (500 ppm $Pb + 10\%$ mulberry leaf powder). There were no significant differences in food intake and initial body weight among groups. Mulberry leaf powder treatments showed significant decreases in food efficiency ratio and body weight gain. But FER of $Pb5M\%$ and Pb10M were significantly increases than that of Pb group. The levels of serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and creatinine were decreased by mulberry leaf powder treatment. Minerals content of liver and kidney were significantly decreased in the Pb groups than that of control group. Whereas, fecal minerals content were significantly increased in the Pb5M and Pb10M than those of control group. Pb content of serum, liver and kidney was significantly increased in the Pb group than those of control group. However, by mulberry leaf powder administration (Pb5M and Pb10M), Pb level of serum, liver and kidney were lowered than that of Pb group. And fecal Pb excretion was significantly increased in the Pb5M and Pb10M than that of Pb group. These results showed mulberry leaves were effective for lowing Pb accumulation in serum, organs, which may have potential to prevent Pb toxicity.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.342-346
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• 2003

본 연구는 국내 유통되고 있는 207건의 음료류에 대하여 납, 카드뮴, 비소, 주석함량은 습식분해 후 유도결합플라스마분광기(ICP), 원자흡광광도계(AAS)를 사용하여 분석하였으며 수은함량은 수은분석기 등을 이용하여 측정하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. [단위: min-max(mean), mg/kg]; Hg 0.0001-0.0025(0.0004), As 불검출-0.0245(0.0003), Pb 불검출-0.089(0.004), Cd 불검출-0.006(0.001), Sn 불검출-45.36(1.97). 본 조사결과 우리나라에서 유통되고 있는 음료류 중 납 등 중금속 함량은 외국의 모니터링 결과와 유사하였다. 또한 우리나라 국민이 음료류를 통한 중금속 섭취량은 FAO/WHO에서 설정한 잠정주간섭취허용량의 약 $0.01{\sim}0.06%$ 이하로 매우 낮았다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.60-66
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: The concern over heavy metal(loid)s in arable land and agricultural products increases for public health in recent years. This study aims to identify transition characteristics of heavy metal(loid)s and to assess dietary risk in barley grown at the major producing districts in Korea. METHODS AND RESULTS: The soil and barley samples were collected from 38 locations around the major producing districts at Jeollabuk-do in Korea for the propose of examining the concentrations of heavy metal(loid)s. The 34 barley samples were separately purchased on the market for the same survey. The average concentration and range of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in barley grown at the major producing districts in Korea were 0.037 (0.016-0.094), 0.028 (0.004-0.083) and 0.137 (0.107-0.212) mg kg-1, respectively. Currently, the maximum allowable level for barley Pb is set at 0.2 mg kg-1 in Korea, and the monitoring results suggested that some samples exceeded the maximum allowable level and required appropriate farming management. Bio-concentration factor values by heavy metal(loid)s in barley were high at Cd, copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), similar to other crops, while As and Pb were low, indicating low transferability. CONCLUSION: Human exposure to As, Cd and Pb through dietary intake of barley might not cause adverse health effects due to relatively low concentrations, although the Pb in some barley was detected higher than the maximum allowable level. Further study on uptake and accumulation mechanism of Pb by barley might be required to assess the human health risk associated with soil contamination.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.525-528
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• 2001

시중에 유통중인 칼슘함유식품등 일부 건강보조식품 100건 대해 수은 함량은 Mercury analyzer로, 납, 카드뮴, 비소 등은 마이크로파를 이용하여 분해한 후 GF-AAS로 분석하였다. 본 연구 결과, 칼슘함유식품중 평균 중금속 함량은 수은 0.007, 납 1.08, 카드뮴 0.02, 비소 0.48mg/kg으로 나타났다. 또한 키토산가공식품에서는 수은 0.001, 납 0.36, 카드뮴 0.01, 비소 0.03mg/kg이었다. 프로폴리스식품중 중금속 함량은 수은 0.013, 납 4.96, 카드뮴 0.01, 비소 0.13mg/kg이었다. 칼슘 함유식품중 우골분을 사용한 제품에서 납함량이 비교적 높게 검출되었다. 그러나 우골분을 사용한 제품에서도 납 함량의 차이가 많은 것으로 보아 원료 및 제조 가공과정에서 납이 오염될 수 있는 것으로 사료된다. 프로폴리스식품에서도 일부 제품에서 매우 높은 양의 납이 검출되었다. 사용한 건강보조식품중 카드뮴, 비소, 수은 함량은 일반 수산물 등에 함유되어 있는 것 보다 매우 낮은 수준으로 오염가능성은 거의 없는 것으로 판단된다. 우리나라 국민의 건강보조식품 등 식품을 통한 납 섭취량은 FAO/WHO에서 설정한 주간섭취허용량(PTWI)보다 적게 섭취하고 있으나 일부 건강보조식품의 경우 비교적 높은 양의 납이 함유되어 있고 또한 여러 가지 건강보조식품을 함께 섭취하는 경우에는 많은 양의 납을 섭취할 수 있으므로 식품의 안전성 확보를 위해 기준설정이 필요한 것으로 사료된다. 따라서 본 연구결과를 토대로 Codex 방법에 따라 칼슘함유식품 3.0mg/kg 이하, 키토산가공식품 2.0mg/kg 이하, 프로폴리스식품 5.0mg/kg 이하로 납 기준을 설정하였다.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.83-96
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• 2005

본 연구는 춘천지역에 살고 있는 고등학생들의 식품 섭취와 식사의 질을 평가하기 위하여 318명의 조사대상자들에게 24시간 회상법을 이용하여 식이조사를 하였다. 총 식품섭취량 중에서 식물성 식품의 섭취비율은 $71.4\%$이고 나머지는 동물성 식품으로 섭취하였다. 식사의 질은 식품군 섭취유형과 주요식품군 점수(DDS) 및 총 식품점수(DVS)에 의해 평가하였다. 주요식품군 섭취 평가에서 전체 조사대상자 중 DDS가 3인 경우의 비율은 $37.1\%$이고 4일 때는 $48.4\%$로 나타났다. 5가지 주요식품군을 모두 섭취한 경우는 $14.5\%$에 불과하였다. 또한 하루에 섭취하는 평균 식품가짓수는 26.7가지인데 남학생은 27.3가지, 여학생은 25.8가지로 남학생의 비율이 유의하게 높았다. 영양소 적정섭취비와 총 식품점수와의 상관관계에서는 비타민 $B_2$의 0.39에서부터 인의 0.61까지 범위의 상관계수를 보였다. 또한 영양소 적정섭취비도 섭취 식품수나 주요식품군 섭취가 증가함에 따라 유의하게(p<0.001) 증가하였으며, NAR과 DDS의 관계에서보다 NAR과 DVS와의 관계에서 더 높은 양의 상관관계를 보였다. DDS와 DVS를 이용하여 대상자들의 식사의 질을 평가하였을 때 많은 학생들은 바람직한 식품 섭취를 하지 못했음을 알 수 있었다. 그러므로 영양적으로 균형있는 식사를 하기 위해서는 주요식품군을 모두 섭취하고 섭취식품 가짓수가 많은 식생활을 하도록 학생과 학부모를 대상으로 바람직한 식생활을 위한 영양교육 및 식사지침 제시가 절실히 필요할 것으로 생각된다..0종으로 감소되었다. 우점잡초의 변동은 무비구에서 명아주, 바랭이, 여뀌순위였고, 지렁이분 150kg\10a 시비구에서는 쇠비름, 바랭이, 여뀌 순위로, 450kg/10a 시비에서는 여뀌, 새포아풀, 바랭이 순위로, 600kg/10a 시비구에서는 여뀌, 바랭이, 쇠비름 순위였다. 이상의 시험결과를 보아 제주지역에서 Creeping bentgrass의 점유율과 밀도를 최대로 증대시킬 수 있는 지렁이분 적정시비량은 10a당 $450\~600kg$으로 추정할 수 있다.든 영역의 실생활 활용도가 낮게 나타났다.용이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.100kg/ha와 화학비료 100kg/ha 혼합하거나 톱밥발효돈분만 N 400kg/ha 까지가 적정 수준이다.EX>$b^{\ast}(\pm,\;yellowness/blueness)$ 값은 반응기질보다 유의적으로 가장 높은 55.1을 나타내었다(p<0.05).준에서 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 허리와 엉덩이 둘레는 남자는 $86.3\pm19.9cm$와 $90.0\pm90.8cm$, 여자는 $84.2\pm12.4cm$와 $96.8\pm6.72cm$로 남녀간에 유의한 차이는 없었으나 WHR이 여자의 경우 0.8이상이 되어서 심혈관계 질환의 위험 범위에 속하는 수준이었다. 삼두근의 두겹 두께는 남녀 각각 $20.2\pm8.58cm,\;22.2\pm4.40mm$으로 남녀간에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 조사대상자의 식습관 상태는 전체 대상자의 $84.4\%$가 대부분이 하루 세끼 식사를 규칙적으로 하고 있었으며 식사속도는