• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.467-472
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• 2007

Alimentary lymphoma accounts for approximately 5% of neoplasm and diffuse lesion is more common than solitary nodular form in dogs. An eleven year-old male Yorkshire terrier was examined because of nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms such as anorexia and vomiting for 10 days. An abdominal mass was palpated, which was originated from small intestinal wall in abdominal ultrasonography. Small intestine was obstructed by hypoechoic mass and lost normal layering and measured 24.5m. After fine-needle aspiration, septic peritonitis due to intestinal rupture occurred and emergency surgery was performed. Solitary mass was found in small intestine and diagnosed as alimentary lymphoma through histopathologic examination. Conclusively, abdominal ultrasonouaphy could verify the thickened bowel, loss of wall layering and decrease of motility and percutaneous ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration is considered as useful diagnostic technique, especially in nodular form of alimentary lymphoma.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.17-34
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• 2001

An improved method has been developed for the computation of the section forces and stiffness in nonlinear finite element analysis of RC plane frames. The need for a new approach arises because the conventional technique may have a questionable level of efficiency if a large number of layers is specified and a questionable level of accuracy if a smaller number is used. The proposed technique is based on automatically dividing the section into zones of similar state of stress and tangent modulus and then numerically integrating within each zone to evaluate the sectional stiffness parameters and forces. In the new system, the size, number and location of the layers vary with the state of the strains in the cross section. The proposed method shows a significant improvement in time requirement and accuracy in comparison with the conventional layered approach. The computer program based on the new technique has been used successfully to predict the experimental load-deflection response of a RC frame and good agreement with test and other numerical results have been obtained.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.84-89
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• 2012

Objectives: This study analyzed the difference in color caused by different thickness in enamel layer of composite resins when applied with single and layering placement technique, and evaluated if the results agreed with the shade guide from the manufacturers to verify reliability of the color matching process of the manufacturers. Materials and Methods: For single composite resin samples, 6 mm diameter and 4 mm thickness cylindrical samples were fabricated using Ceram-X mono (DENTSPLY DeTrey) and CIE $L^*a^*b^*$ values were measured with spectrophotometer. Same process was done for layering composite resin samples, making 3 dentinal shade samples, 4 mm thickness, for each shade using Ceram-X duo (DENTSPLY DeTrey) and enamel shade resins were layered in 2 mm thickness and CIE $L^*a^*b^*$ values were measured. These samples were ground to 0.2 mm thickness each time, and CIE $L^*a^*b^*$ values were measured to 1 mm thickness of enamel shade resin. Results: Color difference (${\Delta}E^*$) between single and layering composite resin was 1.37 minimum and 10.53 maximum when layering thicknesses were between 1 mm and 2 mm and 6 out of 10 same shade groups suggested by manufacturer showed remarkable color difference at any thickness (${\Delta}E^*$ > 3.3). Conclusion: When using Ceram-X mono and duo for composite resin restoration, following the manufacturer's instructions for choosing the shade is not appropriate, and more accurate information for Ceram-X duo is needed on the variation and expression of the shades depending on the thickness of the enamel.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.85-89
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• 2013

When a patient with a fractured anterior tooth visits the clinic, clinician has to restore the tooth esthetically and quickly. For esthetic resin restoration, clinician can use 'Natural Layering technique' and an index for palatal wall may be needed. In this case report, we introduce pre-restoration index technique on a Class IV defect, in which a temporary filling material is used for easy restoration. Chair-side index fabrication for Class IV restoration is convenient and makes a single-visit treatment possible.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.131-139
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• 2002

There have been many studies about marginal discrepancy of single restorations made by various systems and materials. But many of statistical inferences are not definite because of sample size, measurement number, measuring instruments. etc. The purpose of this study was to compare the marginal adaptations of the anterior single restorations made by different systems and to consider more desirable statistical methods in analysing the marginal fit. The in vitro marginal discrepancies of three different all-ceramic crown systems (Celay In-Ceram. Conventional In-Ceram. IPS Empress 2 layering technique) and one control group (PFM) were evaluated and compared. The crowns were made from one extracted maxillary central incisor prepared with a 1mm shoulder margin and $6^{\circ}$ taper walls by milling machine. 10 crowns per each system were fabricated. Measurements or a crown were recorded at 50 points that were randomly selected for marginal gap evaluation. Non-parametric statistical analysis was performed for the results. Within the limits of this study, the following conclusions were drawn: 1 Mean gap dimensions and standard deviations at the marginal opening for the maxillary incisor crowns were $98.2{\pm}40.6{\mu}m$ for PFM, $83.5{\pm}18.7{\mu}m$ for Celay In-Ceram, $104.9{\pm}44.1{\mu}m$ for conventional In-Ceram, and $45.5{\pm}11.5{\mu}m$ for IPS Empress 2 layering technique. The IPS Empress 2 system showed the smallest marginal gap (P<0.05). The marginal openings of the other three groups were not significantly different (P<0.05). 2 The marginal discrepancies found in this study were all within clinically acceptable standards ($100\sim150{\mu}m$). 3. When the variable is so controlled that the system may be the only one, mean value is interpreted to be the marginal discrepancy of a restoration which is made by each system and standard deviation is to be technique-sensitivity of each one. 4. From the standard deviations. the copy-milling technique (Celay/In-Ceram) was not considered to be technique-sensitive in comparison with other methods. 5. Parametric analysis is more reliable than non-parametric one in interpretation of the mean and standard deviation. The sample size of each group has to be more than 30 to use parametric statistics. The level of clinically acceptable marginal fit has not been established. Further studies are needed.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.233-243
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the C-factor and shrinkage strain values of composite resin and examine the strain values in different incremental filling techniques. Experiment consisted two aims. First, we compared with strain value in two different C-factors(3.7 and 1.0). Second, we examined the strain values in three different filling techniques. The results of the present study can be summarized as follows : 1. High C-factor groups showed higher contraction stress values than low C-factor groups at 900 sec after polymerization. 2. Hybrid resin showed higher contraction stress values than flowable resin in high C-factor cavities. But contraction stress was not revealed significant difference between hybrid resin and flowable resin in low C-factor cavities (P>0.05). 3. Bulk felling with hybrid resin(Group 1) showed high contraction stress and lining with flowable resin followed hybrid resin (Group 5) showed lower contraction stress. 4. Contraction stress were increased during 900 sec after polymerization in high C-factor groups but decreased gradually after 900 sec. 5. Low C-factor groups showed tight marginal seal between resin and cavity wall but high C-factor groups showed gaps formed between resin and cavity wall in part. On the basis above results, layering techniques in high C-factor cavity showed advantages in reducing contraction stress and gap formation between cavity wall and resin restoration.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.312-319
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• 2009

Statement of problem: Delamination of veneering porcelain from underlying ceramic substructures has been reported for zirconia-ceramic restorations. Colored zirconia cores for esthetics have been reported that their bond strength with veneered porcelain is weaker compared to white zirconia cores. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the shear bond strength by manufacturing the veneering porcelain on the colored zirconia core, using the layering technique and heat-pressing technique, and to evaluate the clinical stability by comparing the result of this with that of conventional metal ceramic system. Material and methods: A Metal ceramic (MC) system was tested as a control group. The tested systems were Katana zirconia with CZR (ZB) and Katana Zirconia with NobelRondo Press (ZP). Thirty specimens, 10 for each system and control, were fabricated. Specimen disks, 3 mm high and 12 mm diameter, were fabricated with the lost-wax technique (MC) and the CAD-CAM (ZB and ZP). MC and ZB specimens were prepared using opaque and dentin veneering ceramics, veneered, 3 mm high and 2.8 mm in diameter, over the cores. ZP specimens were prepared using heat pressing ingots, 3 mm high and 2.8mm in diameter. The shear bond strength test was performed in a Shear bond test machine. Load was applied at a cross-head speed of 0.50 mm/min until failure. Mean shear bond strengths (MPa) were analyzed with the One-way ANOVA. After the shear bond test, fracture surfaces were examined by SEM. Results: The mean shear bond strengths (SD) in MPa were MC control 29.14 (2.26); ZB 29.48 (2.30); and ZP 29.51 (2.32). The shear bond strengths of the tested systems were not significantly different (P > .05). All groups presented cohesive and adhesive failures, and showed predominance of cohesive failures in ceramic veneers. Conclusion: 1. The shear bond strengths of the tested groups were not significantly different from the control group (P >.05). 2. There was no significant different between the layering technique and the heat pressing technique in the veneering methods on the colored zirconia core. 3. All groups presented cohesive and adhesive failures, and showed predominance of cohesive failures in ceramic veneers.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.299-306
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• 2011

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the shear bond strength by manufacturing the veneering porcelain on the IPS e.max $ZirCAD^{(R)}$ zirconia core, using the layering technique and heat-pressing technique, and to evaluate the clinical stability by comparing to the conventional metal ceramic system. Methods: The Schmitz-Schulmeyer test method was used to evaluate the core-veneer shear bond strength of zirconia core ceramic(IPS e.max $ZirCAD^{(R)}$) and their manufacture recommended two veneering ceramic systems(IPS e.max $ceram^{(R)}$, IPS e. max $ZirPress^{(R)}$). A metal ceramic system(Bellabond $plus^{(R)}$, VITA $VM13^{(R)}$) was used as a control group for the two all ceramic system test groups. The maximum loading and shear bond strength was measured. The average shear strength(MPa) was analyzed with the one-way ANOVA and the Tukey's test(${\alpha}$=.05). The fracture specimens were examined using Microscope to determine the failure pattern. Results: The mean shear bond strengths(SD) in MPa were MBSB control 43.62(2.13); ZBSB 18.65(1.76); ZPSB 18.89(1.54). The shear strengths of the zirconia cores were not significantly different(P>.05). Microscope examination showed that zirconia specimens presented mixed failure, and base metal alloy specimens showed adhesive failure. Conclusion: There was no siginificant different between the layering technique and the heat pressing technique in the veneering methods on the zirconia cores. None of the zirconia core and veneering ceramics could attain the high bond strength values of the metal ceramic combination.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.880-896
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• 2004

Trompe l'Oeil technique strategically conceived with a view to effectively realize creative ideas among the expression techniques of fine arts style has provided the driving force in development of fine arts and has continuously influenced development of the modem fashion pursuing unique individuality. The study is focused first on finding out how Trompe l'Oeil technique originated in connection with researching the fashion of Trompe l'Oeil and on analysing the technique of expression. The author referred to fashion magazines for designing ideas of Trompe l'Oeil represented in modem fashion in practical applications used by designers in Paris, Italy, London and New York during the 10 year period(1990-1999). The collections of data were analyzed as following: Effectiveness depending on the method of Trompe l'Oeil I. Effectiveness of Layering: when two clothing are over lapped or coordinated with one another in color or style. 2. Effectiveness of Detailing: when pictures, stitch, tape, cutting, quilting and etc are used to create collar, pocket, yoke, zipper, string, shadow and etc. 3. Effectiveness of Accessories: when the image of necklace, belt, tie, tassel, badges and stars are represented by illustration or embroidery on clothing to substitute the actual existence. 4. Effectiveness of Nudity: when human body is realistically drawn and printed on clothing.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.162-168
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• 2019

Composite resin restorations in posterior teeth are increasing due to the aesthetic needs of patients and the development of materials. This trend will accelerate in line with domestic insurance policies. However, resin composites generate stresses due to their contraction during the polymerization process. To reduce the polymerization shrinkage stress of resin composites, incremental layering technique has been recommended for decades. This technique reduces stress at the cavity wall interface and allows a more efficient light curing of the material. Bulk-fill resin composites have been designed to simplify the restorative technique because they can be placed into cavities in a single increment of 4-5mm. The simplification of the operative procedures is desirable in clinical daily practice. In this context, bulk-fill resin composites are an attractive alternative for posterior restorations. However, a clearer understanding of the clinical performance of this relatively new class of materials in comparison to conventional resin composites is required. Based on previous studies, the aim of the current review was to present the clinical criteria for the use of bulk-fill composites in direct restorations of posterior teeth.