• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.133-156
• /
• 2004

The rapid development of the internet may not have occurred without techniques of linking and framing, which provide users flexible and easy access to other website. These techniques have enabled internet users to navigate the internet efficiently and sort through the products, services and information available on the internet. The Advent of the global information structure and the do-called EC revolution raise countless new issues and questions. There are no limitations regulating the expressions on the cyberspace due to internet's of quality anonymity? diversity? spontaneity. Therefore, the freedom of speech is expanded in both areas of time and space, which was impossible with the old communicating system. Although online technology raises many new legal issues, the law available to help us resolve them, at least today, is largely based on the world as it existed before online commerce became a reality. Thus the challenge is to predict how these new legal issues may be resolved using the current law. As a result of the drastic change of the environment for international trade of which that has taken took place in parallel with the global information technology revolution on a global basis, the scope of issues to be addressed which should be resolved by the conflict of laws principles has been remarkably expanded, and various new issues of an entirely which are quite new in its type and nature have arisen been raised. Further more in addition, the old act prior act was regarded as insufficient in that it lacked rules on international governing law to adjudicate, or international adjudicatory governing law, where as the expectation of the public was that the private international law should function as the basic law of the legal relational encompassing rules on governing law given the increase of It international disputes. for the move the private international law has also attracted more attention from the korean.

• 플랜트 저널
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.34-41
• /
• 2018

과거의 학문은 기초의 시대이며, 현재의 학문은 융합의 시대이며, 미래의 학문은 통합의 시대이다. 학문 통합의 필수 조건은 모든 학문이 서로 동등해야 한다는 것이며, 오직 자연법칙으로부터 파생된 법칙만이 통합의 동등성을 구현할 수 있을 것이다. 변화를 일으킬 수 있는 능력을 에너지로 정의할 것을 제안한다. 만물은 변화하며 그 변화에는 방향성이 필히 존재하므로, 변화와 방향성은 모든 학문에 동등하게 적용된다. 통합학문의 제 0 법칙은 존재의 법칙, 제 1 법칙은 변화 보존의 법칙, 제 2 법칙은 무효변화 증가의 법칙, 제 3 법칙은 지침의 법칙, 그리고 제 4 법칙은 융합의 법칙이다. 위 법칙들은 열역학의 자연법칙과 매우 유사함을 볼 수 있다. 통합학문 5 대 법칙의 최종 목표는 지구상에서 자연, 인간, 인공지능 개체들이 서로 협력하여 발전하는 공동체의 구현이다.

• 분석과 대안
• /
• 제1권2호
• /
• pp.44-64
• /
• 2017

From the field survey of the main ethnic minority areas in the south China, it is found that political, economic, cultural and natural environmental changes are the main reasons leading to the change of customary law. The power mechanism of the customary law change include the three aspects, such as the promotion of country elite, the dominance of grassroots government, and the daily demands of the villagers, which promote the change of customary law alone or together. Through the application of customary law, the country elites can adjust and refine the rules of customary law in order to make out the new customary law and promote its development. In the current pattern of rural governance, grassroots self-government is actually the "official supervision of people's autonomy". The executive power of the grassroots government often intervene the practice of customary law and other informal rules. This is another mechanism of customary law change. Customary law arises from the practice of the daily life of the villagers. If the villagers think that the norms of customary law cannot meet the actual needs of daily life practice, the customary law will be promoted in the form of collective consultation. This is the most important dynamic practice mechanism of customary law change. Transformation and abandonment are the two ways to change customary law. No matter what kind of change does not lead to the demise of the customary law system, the demise of the customary law is only an outdated result, which is made by the universality, nature and objectivity of customary law. The procedure of customary law change is the process of continuation and rebirth about customary law. The result of the change is to produce the new customary law of keeping pace with the times, and the customary law will be presented with new content and form after the change. The continuation of customary law means the inheritance of traditional customary law, but it is based on the transformation of traditional customary law. The rebirth of customary law means that the traditional customary law is completely discarded. But it will produce new customary law rules and be based on the needs of social life practice. Customary law occupies a pivotal position in the normative system and the national law cannot be replaced. The purpose of customary law change will let the customary rules better adapt to the development of modern society, adjust the social relations more reasonably and better meet people's needs of production and life, which is decided by the character of customary law.

• 통상정보연구
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.453-479
• /
• 2012

국제상거래의 증가는 분쟁의 증가로 나타나 소송이나 중재로 명확히 반영되고 있다. 국제상거래의 중요성에도 불구하고, 최근까지 어떻게 법이 실제 무역관행과 상호작용하는지 잘 알지 못하고 있다. 전 세계에 걸쳐 소송과 중재법정은 국제물품매매계약에서 CISG를 준거법으로 적용하고 있지만, 해결되지 않는 문제점에 대한 국제 판례가 축적되고 있다. 이런 점에서 국제 판례법에 대한 유니렉스(UNILEX) 데이터베이스는 대표적인 사례라 할 수 있다. 오늘날 확실히 CISG가 국제상사계약에서 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있지만, CISG가 경성법(hard law)으로서의 특징 때문에 갖는 한계로 준거법 적용에 따른 문제가 있다. 이에 비하여 UPICC는 국제협약이나 법률이 아닌 국제상거래일반의 법의 리스테이트먼트(restatement)이다. 즉 연성법(soft law)으로서 UPICC는 CISG보다도 유연하고 포괄적이다. 따라서 본 연구는 UPICC 2010년 개정에 착안하여 2012년 8월 현재까지 유니렉스(UNILEX)에 포함된 CISG와 UPICC의 적용사례 통계를 비교 분석하여 UPICC가 CISG의 한계를 보완하는 기능을 담당할 수 있음은 물론이고, 더 나아가 국제상거래의 준거법으로서 적용에도 유용성이 있음을 밝혀 UPICC의 국제상거래에서의 적용을 촉진하고자 한다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.33-46
• /
• 2014

Amiable composition is a means of dispute resolution based on the arbitrator's authority to base his decision on equity. Although this method has been used frequently in the last decades of the 20th Century, the number of the published awards by amiable compositeur arbitrators is getting lower and lower. The reason(s) for unpopularity of amiable composition should be sought in its very nature, in its relationships with other institutions such as arbitration in law, equity, ex aequo et bono arbitration, other means of dispute resolution and in its role in the development of the rules specific to international commerce. A brief look at the history of law shows that the concept of equity comes to the scene every time that the rigidity of the rules of law challenges the justice. This has been the case in the 20th Century with respect to international commercial law which was deprived of specific rules. The role of amiable composition has been to contribute to the development of the rules specific to international commerce. The progressive codification of such rules in the last decades is also owed to amiable composition, which has accomplished its mission in the evolution of these rules.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제54권
• /
• pp.167-190
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study is to find out some countermeasure to Korean companies entered Chinese market through analyzing an arbitration case resolved by CIETAC applied of Chinese Commission Agency Law and CISG. China create legal relationship between the principal and the third party under Chinese Consignment Contract Law. Korean companies so make sure whether this Contract is included when they conclude international commercial contract. If yes, they have to prove their recognition for the relationship between the principal and the commission agent when needed. If the parties agreed an additional period of time of delivery and the seller do not deliver the goods within this period, this breach might be regarded as fundamental nature and the buyer could declare the contract avoided. In addition, late delivery might also be regarded as fundamental breach when market price is fluctuated. It is understandable that attorney's fees is recoverable one, but it is not understandable that arbitrator's extra expenses such as travel and accommodation expenses is not recoverable with the reason that arbitrator comes outside of the country.

• 철학연구
• /
• 제131권
• /
• pp.331-352
• /
• 2014

이 글은 홉스의 <인간론>와 <시민론>을 중심으로 그의 인간관과 국가관을 기존의 많은 견해와 달리 해석해볼만한 가능성을 모색한다. 홉스의 인간관과 국가관에 대한 기존의 견해는 인간의 본성은 이기적이므로 자연상태에서는 만인에 대한 만인의 투쟁이 있을 뿐이라는 것이다. 인간의 이런 이기적 성향을 억제하기 위해 각 개인은 상호간의 계약을 통해 국가를 수립하여, 자신을 국가권력(통치권/주권)에 절대적으로 복종시킴으로써 자기를 보존한다는 것이다. 이런 입장에서는 국가가 개인에 대해 절대적 우위를 차지하며 개인의 자유와 자율성을 억압하는 것으로 보일 수도 있다. 이와 달리 이 논문은 모든 인간의 본성이 이기적인 것이 아니라 이기적인 인간도 있다는 것을 밝힌다. 국가가 각 개인을 억압하는 것이 아니라 국가권력을 통해 이기적인 인간의 공격성을 통제함으로써 개인의 안전과 평화에 대한 '희망'을 제공하는 기능을 갖는다고 파악한다. 따라서 개인은 이 희망을 보장받지 못한다면, 국가권력에 복종할 필요나 의무가 상실된다. 오히려 희망을 보장받지 못하면 국가권력은 국가권력이 아니라 적의 무력일 뿐이므로 자연법에 따라 다시 전쟁상태로 환원되어 적과 전쟁할 수도 있다고 본다. 여기서 홉스가 국가를 '사멸적 신'이라고 한 의미를 파악할 수 있다.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 제어로봇시스템학회 2005년도 ICCAS
• /
• pp.1005-1007
• /
• 2005

A Nonlinear approach to control of Small Scale Rotary Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (R-UAV) is presented. Using Backstepping, a globally stabilizing control law is derived. We derive backstepping control law for angle of attack and sideslip control. The inherent nonlinear nature of the system are considered here which helps in naturally stabilizing without extensive external effort. Thus, the resulting control law is much simpler than if the feedback linearization had been used.

• 환경영향평가
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.13-25
• /
• 1993

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) serves to identify a project's possible effects on the environment early enough sufficiently allowing for them to be taken into account in the decision-making process. The EIA in Germany is an instrument of environmental Policy which considers nature as an integrated system (ecosystem). In the german process of developing environmental policy, the EIA has been one of the instruments which introduced by law rather late. This means that the German Law of EIA has been made in 1900, 20 years after the beginning of the environmental policy in Germany. In the following paper I intend to ${\cdot}$ explain the basic concept of the EIA in Germany ${\cdot}$ describe the process of law building for EIA ${\cdot}$ give a short overview of applications and experiences with EIA ${\cdot}$ show the links between EIA and general environmental policy in Germany.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제25권
• /
• pp.41-71
• /
• 2005

"UNIDROIT Principles 2004" focused on an enlargement rather than a revision. An additional Section or Chapter so to speak, which are about, the Authority of a Agents, Third Party Rights, Set-off, Assignment of Rights, Transfer of Obligations and Assignment of Contracts, and Limitation Periods have been added, while the only change of substance made to the 1994 Edition, apart from two paragraphs in the Preamble, and three new provisions in Chapter 1 and 2 which are necessary to adapt the Principles to the needs of electronic contracting. The Principles which have the nature of the restatement of international uniform laws (for example CISG) are continuous exercise. Therefore we should note whether in the future our concerns would be on a additional topics on a improvement of the current text by monitoring the reception of the "UNIDROIT Principles 2004" in practice, and the application by contracting parties. The purposes of the Principles may be classified into three ; the rules of law governing the contract, means of interpreting and supplementing international uniform law or domestic law, or models for national and international legislator. Among them, the function of governing law may be applied by the express choice by the parties or by the implied choice like "general principles of law" or "les mercatoria", and it may be applied in the absence of any choice of law by the parties. Among there importance functions, this writer would like to emphasize the function to supplementing international uniform law instruments. The reason is that the CISG which has been established as an international uniform sales act and to which our country would be a contracting State from March, 2005, needs a lot of gap-filling. For this purpose it is advisable the parties to insert following provisions in their contract. "This contract shall be governed by the CISG, supplemented when necessary by the UNIDROIT Principles 2004" Thus success in practice of the UNIDROIT Principles over the last then years has surpassed the most optimistic expectations. It is hoped that the 2004 Edition of the UNIDROIT Principles will be just as favorably received by legislators, business persons, lawyers, arbitrators and judges and become even better known and more widely used throughout the World.