• Wind and Structures
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2010

The recommended factored design wind load effects for overhead lattice transmission line towers by codes and standards are evaluated based on the applicable wind load factor, gust response factor and design wind speed. The current factors and design wind speed were developed considering linear elastic responses and selected notional target safety levels. However, information on the nonlinear inelastic responses of such towers under extreme dynamic wind loading, and on the structural capacity curves of the towers in relation to the design capacities, is lacking. The knowledge and assessment of the capacity curve, and its relation to the design strength, is important to evaluate the integrity and reliability of these towers. Such an assessment was performed in the present study, using a nonlinear static pushover (NSP) analysis and incremental dynamic analysis (IDA), both of which are commonly used in earthquake engineering. For the IDA, temporal and spatially varying wind speeds are simulated based on power spectral density and coherence functions. Numerical results show that the structural capacity curves of the tower determined from the NSP analysis depend on the load pattern, and that the curves determined from the nonlinear static pushover analysis are similar to those obtained from IDA.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.65-87
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• 2016

The wind velocity profile over the height of a structure in high intensity wind (HIW) events, such as downbursts, differs from that associated with atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) winds. Current design codes for lattice transmission structures contain only limited advice on the treatment of HIW effects, and structural design is carried out using wind load profiles and response factors derived for ABL winds. The present study assesses the load-deformation curve (capacity curve) of a transmission tower under modeled downburst wind loading, and compares it with that obtained for an ABL wind loading profile. The analysis considers nonlinear inelastic response under simulated downburst wind fields. The capacity curve is represented using the relationship between the base shear and the maximum tip displacement. The results indicate that the capacity curve remains relatively consistent between different downburst scenarios and an ABL loading profile. The use of the capacity curve avoids the difficulty associated with defining a reference wind speed and corresponding wind profile that are adequate and applicable for downburst and ABL winds, thereby allowing a direct comparison of response under synoptic and downburst events. Uncertainty propagation analysis is carried out to evaluate the tower capacity by considering the uncertainty in material properties and geometric variables. The results indicated the coefficient of variation of the tower capacity is small compared to those associated with extreme wind speeds.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.443-458
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• 2005

Steel angles are widely used in roof trusses as web and chord members and in lattice towers. Very often angle members are connected eccentrically. As a result, not only an angle member is under an axial force, but it is also subject to a pair of end eccentric moments. Moreover, the connection at each end provides some fixity so neither pinned nor the fixed end represents the reality. Many national design codes allow for the effects due to eccentricities by modifying the slenderness ratio and reducing the compressive strength of the member. However, in practice, it is difficult to determine accurately the effective length. The concept behind this method is inconsistent with strength design of members of other cross-sectional types such as I or box sections of which the buckling strength is controlled by the Perry constant or the initial imperfection parameters. This paper proposes a method for design of angle frames and trusses by the second-order analysis. The equivalent initial imperfection-to-length ratios for equal and unequal angles to compensate the negligence of initial curvatures, load eccentricities and residual stresses are determined in this paper. From the obtained results, the values of imperfection-to-length ratios are suggested for design and analysis of angle steel trusses allowing for member buckling strength based on the Perry-Robertson formula.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.9
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• pp.3494-3515
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• 2022

This paper presents the development of a nodal diffusion code, RAST-V, and its verification and validation for VVER (vodo-vodyanoi energetichesky reactor) analysis. A VVER analytic solver has been implemented in an in-house nodal diffusion code, RAST-K. The new RAST-K version, RAST-V, uses the triangle-based polynomial expansion nodal method. The RAST-K code provides stand-alone and two-step computation modes for steady-state and transient calculations. An in-house lattice code (STREAM) with updated features for VVER analysis is also utilized in the two-step method for cross-section generation. To assess the calculation capability of the formulated analysis module, various verification and validation studies have been performed with Rostov-II, and X2 multicycles, Novovoronezh-4, and the Atomic Energy Research benchmarks. In comparing the multicycle operation, rod worth, and integrated temperature coefficients, RAST-V is found to agree with measurements with high accuracy which RMS differences of each cycle are within ±47 ppm in multicycle operations, and ±81 pcm of the rod worth of the X2 reactor. Transient calculations were also performed considering two different rod ejection scenarios. The accuracy of RAST-V was observed to be comparable to that of conventional nodal diffusion codes (DYN3D, BIPR8, and PARCS).

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.729-738
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• 2009

Given the evolution of High-Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor(HTGR) designs, the source terms for licensing must be developed. There are three potential source terms: fission products, actinides in the fuel and tritium in the coolant. It is necessary to provide first an inventory of the source terms under normal operations. An analysis of source terms has yet to be performed for HTGRs. The previous code, which can estimate the inventory of the source terms for LWRs, cannot be used for HTGRs because the general data of a typical neutron cross-section and flux has not been developed. Thus, this paper uses a combination of the MCNP, ORIGEN, and MONTETEBURNS codes for an estimation of the source terms. A method in which the HTR-10 core is constructed using the unit lattice of a body-centered cubic is developed for core modeling. Based on this modeling method by MCNP, the generation of fission products, actinides and tritium with an increase in the burnup ratio is simulated. The model developed by MCNP appears feasible through a comparison with models developed in previous studies. Continuous fuel management is divided into five periods for the feeding and discharging of fuel pebbles. This discrete fuel management scheme is employed using the MONTEBURNS code. Finally, the work is investigated for 22 isotope fission products of nuclides, 22 actinides in the core, and tritium in the coolant. The activities are mainly distributed within the range of $10^{15}{\sim}10^{17}$ Bq in the equilibrium core of HTR-10. The results appear to be highly probable, and they would be informative when the spent fuel of HTGRs is taken into account. The tritium inventory in the primary coolant is also taken into account without a helium purification system. This article can lay a foundation for future work on analyses of source terms as a platform for safety assessment in HTGRs.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.528-533
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• 2012

Flexible composite propellers are subject to large deformation under heavy loading, and hence the hydrodynamic performance of deformed propeller might deviate from that of the metallic propeller under negligible deformation. To design the flexible propeller, it is therefore necessary to be able to evaluate the structural response of the blades to the hydrodynamic loadings, and then the influence of the blade deformation upon the hydrodynamic loadings. We use the lifting-surface-theory-based propeller analysis and design codes in solving the hydrodynamic problem, and the finite-element-method program formulated with 20-node iso-parametric solid elements for the analysis of the structural response. The two different hydrodynamic and structural programs are arranged to communicate through the carefully-designed interface scheme which leads to the derivation of the geometric parameters such as the pitch, the rake and the skew distributions common to both programs. The design of flexible propellers, suitable for manufacturing, is shown to perform the required thrust performance when deformed in operation. Sample design shows the fast iteration scheme and the robustness of the design procedure of the flexible propellers.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.267-279
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• 1983

An analytical system has been established for scrutinizing both uranium- and plutonium-fueled lattices moderated by light water. This system consists of two primary codes. One is a unit cell program called KICC, which has theoretical foundation on the models of GAM and THERMOS incorporated with appropriate approximate treatments for various phenomena, whereas the other is a multi-dimensional diffusion-depletion program entitled KIDD. The adequacy of this system is verified by performing extensive benchmark calculations on a variety of critical experiments. The average value of effective multiplication factors for the selected nineteen UO$_2$ critical experiments of heterogeneous lattice structure is calculated to be 1.0006 with a standard deviation of 0.0039. Power distributions have also been calculated for some critical experiments fueled with both uranium and plutonium of varying concentrations. The maximum percentage difference between the measured and calculated power distributions appears to be less than 5%. This result, together with the previously reported result, illustrates that the KICC/KIDD system is a very effective tool for the analysis of a light water reactor core.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.325-336
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• 2018

The physical infrastructure of the power systems, including the high-voltage transmission towers and lines as well as the poles and wires for power distribution at a lower voltage level, is critical for the resilience of the community since the failures or nonfunctioning of these structures could introduce large area power outages under the extreme weather events. In the current engineering practices, single circuit lattice steel towers linked by transmission lines are widely used to form power transmission systems. After years of service and continues interactions with natural and built environment, progressive damages accumulate at various structural details and could gradually change the structural performance. This study is to evaluate the typical existing transmission tower-line system subjected to synoptic winds (atmospheric boundary layer winds). Effects from the possible corrosion penetration on the structural members of the transmission towers and the aerodynamic damping force on the conductors are evaluated. However, corrosion in connections is not included. Meanwhile, corrosion on the structural members is assumed to be evenly distributed. Wind loads are calculated based on the codes used for synoptic winds and the wind tunnel experiments were carried out to obtain the drag coefficients for different panels of the transmission towers as well as for the transmission lines. Sensitivity analysis is carried out based upon the incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) to evaluate the structural capacity of the transmission tower-line system for different corrosion and loading conditions. Meanwhile, extreme value analysis is also performed to further estimate the short-term extreme response of the transmission tower-line system.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.421-441
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• 2014

With the assistance of typhoon field data at aerial elevation level observed by meteorological satellites and wind velocity and direction records nearby the ground gathered in Guangzhou Weather Station between 1985 and 2001, some key wind field parameters under typhoon climate in Guangzhou region were calibrated based on Monte-Carlo stochastic algorithm and Meng's typhoon numerical model. By using Peak Over Threshold method (POT) and Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD), Wind field characteristics during typhoons for various return periods in several typical engineering fields were predicted, showing that some distribution rules in relation to gradient height of atmosphere boundary layer, power-law component of wind profile, gust factor and extreme wind velocity at 1-3s time interval are obviously different from corresponding items in Chinese wind load Codes. In order to evaluate the influence of typhoon field parameters on long-span flexible bridges, 1:100 reduced-scale wind field of type B terrain was reillustrated under typhoon and normal conditions utilizing passive turbulence generators in TJ-3 wind tunnel, and wind-induced performance tests of aero-elastic model of long-span Guangzhou Xinguang arch bridge were carried out as well. Furthermore, aerodynamic admittance function about lattice cross section in mid-span arch lib under the condition of higher turbulence intensity of typhoon field was identified via using high-frequency force-measured balance. Based on identified aerodynamic admittance expressions, Wind-induced stochastic vibration of Xinguang arch bridge under typhoon and normal climates was calculated and compared, considering structural geometrical non-linearity, stochastic wind attack angle effects, etc. Thus, the aerodynamic response characteristics under typhoon and normal conditions can be illustrated and checked, which are of satisfactory response results for different oncoming wind velocities with resemblance to those wind tunnel testing data under the two types of climate modes.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.61-69
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• 2017

The study on interference channel is very important information theoretically and many studies have been done on it. However, even in the simplest case, even in the case of two user interfering channels, the channel capacity is not yet known except in special cases. Recently, research on the multiplexing gain that shows the tendency of the transmission rate in the high signal to noise ratio (SNR) band has been actively carried out, instead of accurately grasping the channel capacity. Obtaining optimal multiplexing gain can reveal trends in channel capacity at high signal-to-noise ratio bands. In an interfering channel with two users, the best multiplexing gain can be obtained by eliminating the interference. However, recent research shows that when the number of users is more than three, the optimal multiplexing gain can not be obtained only by zero forcing and a new technique called interference sorting is needed. There are two types of interference sorting techniques. Beamforming A method of effectively separating signals and interference by properly selecting matrices and constructing structured codes using rational numbers and irrational numbers. The interference alignment technique can achieve optimal multiplexing gain in various environments such as interference channel, X channel, compound broadcast channel, and multi hop network for multi source multi destination. In recent years, it has also been applied to distributed storage. Lee et al., "Lattice Code Interference Alignment in Cooperative Multipoint Transmission (COMP) for Interference Channels of Three Users", Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers, vol.49-TC,no.6,2012. In this paper, the DoF of delayed channel information is obtained.