• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.43-51
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• 1986

The highly accurate laser holographic interferemotry method was used to determine in what way low-magnitude forces during maxillary expansion are transmitted to the entire maxillary complex and its surrounding structures. The experiments were carried out on a dryed human skull which had a perfectly preserved, normally aligned maxillary dental arch and intact alveolar process. The skull was fixed within a constructed metal frame which ensured maximal stability of the object. The optical equipment and the object were mounted on antivibration table. Interferograms were taken on the lateral and frontal sides of the maxillary complex, using the 10mW He-Ne laser and the double-exposure method. Analysis of the fringe pattern on the recorded object surface was performed by graphically determining the deformation curves related to the bony surface in selected horizontal and vertical planes. On the basis of this study, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. The density of the interference fringes was gradually increased with the degree of expansion force. 2. Mechanical reactions on the maxillary complex, circummaxillary sutures, and surrounding bones were clearly visible, even with the lowest loading degree. 3. The amount of bone displacement was greater in application of the force after $90^{\circ}$ turn than in initial application of the same force. 4. The direction of interference fringes on the bony surface was similar at all loading degrees.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.105-115
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• 2005

This study was investigated the kinematic factors of the last approach strides and. take off motion for the skill improving of BKH elite male athlete. 'The subjects chosen for the study were BKH and. KASZCZYK Emillian male athletes who were participated in 2003 Dae-Gu Universiad Games. Three high speed video cameras set in 60frames/s setting were used. for recording from the last approach strides to the apex position. After digitizing motion, the Direct Linear Transformation(DLT) technique was employed to obtain 3-D position coordinates, The kinematic factors of the distance, velocity and angle variable were calculated for Kwon3D 3.1. The following conclusions were drawn; 1. It showed longer stride length, as well as faster horizontal and lateral velocity than the success trial during the approach phase. For consistent of the approach rhythm, it appeared that the subject should a short length for obtain the breaking force by the lower COG during the approach phase. 2. The body lean angle showed a small angle by a high COG during the take-off phase. For obtain the vertical displacement of the COG and a enough space form the bar after take-off, it appeared that the subject should increase the body lean angle. 3. For obtain the vertical force during the takeoff phase, it appeared that the subject should keep straight as possible the knee joint. Therefor, the subject can be obtain a enough breaking force at the approach landing.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.219-228
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 철재형 이안제를 설계하기 위한 하부기초의 설계과정을 제시하고, 시험시공 현장에 대한 실시설계를 실시하였다. 본 구조물이 시험시공될 예정지인 경상북도 울진군 오산항 인근 해역에 대한 지반조사를 실시하였다. 대상기초는 압축력이 아닌 파력에 의한 수평력과 인발력에 의존한다. 상부 구조물이 해저면에서 약 9.0 m 돌출되어 있으므로 말뚝두부에 파력에 의한 수평하중이 재하되며 휨강성에 대한 저항력이 중요하다. 검토 결과 철재형 이안제의 기초로 강관말뚝(${\varphi}711$-12t)으로 결정하였다. 외부하중에 대한 말뚝기초의 안정성을 평가한 결과, 연직지지력, 인발저항력 및 수평저항력은 기준 안전율보다 크게 나타났다. 상용하중 작용시 발생되는 기초의 변위는 허용량 이내인 것으로 평가되었다. 지반반력법을 통하여 지층의 횡방향 및 축방향 지반반력과 변위관계를 산정할 수 있었다. 이를 토대로 상부구조의 해석을 수행하고 결과를 정량적으로 비교하였다.

• 한국지반신소재학회논문집
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.67-76
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• 2016

교대는 토압을 받는 구조체로 뒤채움의 재질 및 부설방법, 다짐정도, 배수시설 등에 따라 교대에 미치는 영향이 민감한 구조물이다. 하지만 보통 실무에서는 경험치인 내부마찰값을 $30{\sim}35^{\circ}$를 적용하고 있는 실정으로 뒤채움재의 물성치값을 현실에 맞도록 합리적인 값의 설정이 필요하다고 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 교대높이 12m로 가정하고 직접기초의 교대를 최소안전율을 기반하여 절 성토 표준단면을 선정하여 내부마찰각의 변화에 따른 외적안정성분석와 부재력 검토하여 공사비를 비교하였다. 그 결과 내부마찰각에 따라 교대단면 축소 등으로 인한 공사비용 절감효과는 약 2.2%~8.4% 감소하였다.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2021

Gait kinematics and kinetics have a similar tendency between men and women, yet it remains unclear how walking while carrying a load affects the gait mechanism. Twenty adults walked with preferred velocity on level ground of 20 m relative to change of a load carriage (no load, 15%, 30% of the body weights) aimed to observe gait mechanism. We measured gait posture using the three-dimensional image analysis and ground reaction force system during stance phase on left foot. In main effect of gender difference, men showed increased displacement of center of gravity (COG) compared to women, and it showed more extended joint angle of hip and knee in sagittal plane. In main effect of a load difference, knee joint showed more flexed postuel relative to increase of load carriage. In main effect of load difference on the kinetic variables, medial-lateral force, anterior-posterior force (1st breaking, 2nd propulsive), vertical force, center of pressure (COP) area, leg stiffness, and whole body stiffness showed more increased values relative to increase of load carriage. Also, men showed more increased COP area compared to women. Interaction showed in the 1st anterior-posterior force, and as a result of one-way variance analysis, it was found that a load main effect had a greater influence on the increase in the magnitude of the braking force than the gender. The data in this study explains that women require little kinematic alteration compared to men, while men in more stiff posture accommodate an added load compared to women during gait. Additionally, it suggests that dynamic stability is maintained by adopting different gait strategies relative to gender and load difference.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2019

In 2017 Pohang Earthquake, a number of residential buildings with pilotis at their first level were severely damaged. In this study, the results of an analytical investigation on the seismic performance and structural damage of two bearing wall buildings with pilotis are presented. The vibration mode and lateral force-resisting mechanism of the buildings with vertical and plan irregularity were investigated through elastic analysis. Then, based on the investigations, methods of nonlinear modeling for walls and columns at the piloti level were proposed. By performing nonlinear static and dynamic analyses, structural damages of the walls and columns at the piloti level under 2017 Pohang Earthquake were predicted. The results show that the area and arrangement of walls in the piloti level significantly affected the seismic safety of the buildings. Initially, the lateral resistance of the piloti story was dominated mainly by the walls resisting in-plane shear. After shear cracking and yielding of the walls, the columns showing double-curvature flexural behavior contributed significantly to the residual strength and ductility.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2023

Recently, Free-Form and Irregular Shape high-rise buildings are constructed by IT technology development. Tilted shaped high-rise building which is one of Irregular shape high-rise buildings can cause lateral displacement by gravity load and lateral load due to tilted elevation shape. Therefore, it is necessary to review the behavior and structural aspects of the Tilted shape high-rise building by gravity load. In this paper, the dynamic characteristics of a tilted structure with a dual-core were analyzed with the core location as a design variable, and response behavior, vulnerable members, and vulnerable layers to earthquake loads were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, as the location of the core moved in an tilted direction, the eccentric distance and eccentric load decreased, reducing the axial force of the vertical members. However, the location of the core had little effect on the response.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2012

This paper presents the details of studies conducted on hollow concrete block masonry (HCBM) units and wall panels. This study includes, compressive strength of unit block, ungrouted and grouted HCB prisms, flexural strength evaluation, testing of HCBM panels with and without opening. Non-linear finite element (FE) analysis of HCBM panels with and without opening has been carried out by simulating the actual test conditions. Constant vertical load is applied on the top of the wall panel and then lateral load is applied in incremental manner. The in-plane deformation is recorded under each incremental lateral load. Displacement ductility factors and response reduction factors have been evaluated based on experimental results. From the study, it is observed that fully grouted and partially reinforced HCBM panel without opening performed well compared to other types of wall panels in lateral load resistance and displacement ductility. In all the wall panels, shear cracks originated at loading point and moved towards the compression toe of the wall. The force reduction factor of a wall panel with opening is much less when compared with fully reinforced wall panel with no opening. The displacement values obtained by non-linear FE analysis are found to be in good agreement with the corresponding experimental values. The influence of mortar joint has been included in the stress-strain behaviour as a monolith with HCBM and not considered separately. The derived response reduction factors will be useful for the design of reinforced HCBM wall panels subjected to lateral forces generated due to earthquakes.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.165-183
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• 2022

Most transportation departments have recognized and developed procedures to address the ever-increasing weights of trucks traveling on bridges in a service today. Transportation agencies also recognize the issues with overheight vehicles' collisions with bridges, but few stakeholders have definitive countermeasures. Bridges are becoming more vulnerable to collisions from overheight vehicles. The exact response under lateral impact force is difficult to predict. In this paper, nonlinear impact analysis shows that the degree of deformation recorded through the modeling of the unprotected vehicle-girder model provides realistic results compared to the observation from the US-61 bridge overheight vehicle impact. The predicted displacements are 0.229 m, 0.161 m, and 0.271 m in the girder bottom flange (lateral), bottom flange (vertical), and web (lateral) deformations, respectively, due to a truck traveling at 112.65 km/h. With such large deformations, the integrity of an impacted bridge becomes jeopardized, which in most cases requires closing the bridge for safety reasons and a need for rehabilitation. We proposed different sacrificial cushion systems to dissipate the energy of an overheight vehicle impact. The goal was to design and tune a suitable energy absorbing system that can protect the bridge and possibly reduce stresses in the overheight vehicle, minimizing the consequences of an impact. A material representing a Sorbothane high impact rubber was chosen and modeled in ANSYS. Out of three sacrificial schemes, a sandwich system is the best in protecting both the bridge and the overheight vehicle. The mitigation system reduced the lateral deflection in the bottom flange by 89%. The system decreased the stresses in the bridge girder and the top portion of the vehicle by 82% and 25%, respectively. The results reveal the capability of the proposed sacrificial system as an effective mitigation system.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.356-364
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• 2023

항행 정밀도 증가는 항공교통 수용량을 개선함으로써 효율적인 공역 환경을 조성하였으나, 항공안전 측면에서는 항공기 간 충돌확률을 증가시키는 요인으로 작용하였다. 항공기가 고도 분리에 실패하더라도 좌우 위치 오차를 갖는 경우 충돌로 이어지지 않지만, 좌우 위치 정밀도가 증가하면 위치 랜덤성이 줄어들어 항공기 충돌확률이 증가하게 된다. 이에 따라 국제민간항공기구는 항공기를 항공로 중심선으로부터 의도적으로 이탈시키는 SLOP (Strategic Lateral Offset Procedures) 절차를 도입하였으며, 우리나라 또한 이와 유사한 Offset 절차를 운영하고 있다. Y579 항공로는 22년 말 복선화되기 전까지 offset 절차로 운영되었으며, Y579 offset 항적 분석결과 SLOP 절차와 달리 단방향 복선 항공로와 유사함을 확인하였다. 본 논문은 단방향 복선 항공로 및 offset 절차에 적용 가능한 안전평가 방법론을 개발하고 이를 활용하여 Y579 Offset 절차에 대한 안전평가를 수행하였다.