• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.202-211
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• 2011

The stems and branchs of Euryale ferox Salisbury (EF), are used in Chinese herbal medicine for latent-heat-clearing, antipyretic, detoxicant and anti-inflammatory ailments. This plant is used worldwide for the treatment of many types of inflammatory disease including respiratory infections, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis and play an important role in the immune reaction. Topical natural antioxidants are a useful strategy for the prevention of oxidative stress mediated inflammatory disease. Plants produce significant amounts of antioxidants to prevent the oxidative stress caused by photons and oxygen, therefore they represent a potential source of new compounds with antioxidant activity. This study was designed to evaluate whether EFEA (ethylacetate fraction of EF) may ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammatory status through the antioxidative mechanism in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with EFEA significantly reduced LPS-stimulated inflammatory response in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, the EF extracts have anti-inflammatory effects in vitro system, which can be used for developing pharmaceutical drug against oxidative stress and chronic inflammatory disease.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1509-1517
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• 2008

The flowers and buds of Lonicera Flower (LF), are used in Korean herbal medicine for latent-heat-clearing, antipyretic, detoxicant and anti-inflammatory ailments. This plant is used worldwide for the treatment of many types of inflammatory disease including respiratory infections, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis and play an important role in immune reaction. These pharmaceutical effects of LF looks like to be related to its antioxidant capacity and phytochemicals containing in LF. In this study, the antioxidant activity of extract from LF was studied in vitro methods by measuring the antioxidant activity by TEAC, measuring the scavenging effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) [superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical] and on reactive nitrogen species (RNS) [nitric oxide and peroxynitrite] as well as measuring the inhibitory effect on $Cu^{2+}$ induced human LDL oxidation and the inhibitory effect on collagen induced platelet aggregation. The LF extracts were found to have a potent scavenging activity, as well as an inhibitory effect on LDL oxidation and on platelet aggregation. In conclusion, the LF extracts have anti-oxidative and anti-atherosclerotic effects in vitro system, which can be used for developing pharmaceutical drug against oxidative stress and atherosclerosis.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.395-404
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• 2017

In this study, we classified observed fog events in the Middle Nakdong River near Gumi and analyzed the meteorological characteristics before and after the fog formation. The observation was performed from 2013 to 2015 using visibility meter. A total of 74 fog events were observed and most of them were classified as steam fog. The duration of observed steam fogs was longer than that of typical inland fogs because the nocturnal evaporation from the water surface was enhanced by the topographical characteristics. In order to analyze the effect of evaporation from the stream on the fog duration, the evaporation was estimated using the Penman-Monteith and the Bulk aerodynamic methods. The estimated evaporation by the Bulk method was similar to the actual evaporation from the water surface. Therefore, the Bulk method is suitable for estimating the evaporation from water surface. The evaporation amount, estimated by using the Bulk method was higher on fog days than non-fog days at 06 LST and 07 LST. The added evaporation of fog days released latent heat to the atmosphere and provided energy to maintain the turbulence in the fog. This phenomenon was confirmed by the increase of wind speed, temperature and turbulent kinetic energy within the fog.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.47 no.10
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• pp.945-958
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• 2014

Soil temperature is one of the most important environmental factors that govern hydrological and biogeochemical processes related to diffuse pollution. In this study, considering the snowmelting and the soil freezing-thawing processes, a set of computer codes to estimate winter soil temperature has been developed for CAMEL (Chemicals, Agricultural Management and Erosion Losses), a distributed watershed model. The model was calibrated and validated against the field measurements for three months at 4 sites across the study catchment in a rural area of Yeoju, Korea. The degree of agreement between the simulated and the observed soil temperature is good for the soil surface ($R^2$ 0.71~0.95, RMSE $0.89{\sim}1.49^{\circ}C$). As for the subsurface soils, however, the simulation results are not as good as for the soil surface ($R^2$ 0.51~0.97, RMSE $0.51{\sim}5.08^{\circ}C$) which is considered resulting from vertically-homogeneous soil textures assumed in the model. The model well simulates the blanket effect of snowpack and the latent heat flux in the soil freezing-thawing processes. Although there is some discrepancy between the simulated and the observed soil temperature due to limitations of the model structure and the lack of data, the model reasonably well simulates the temporal and spatial distributions of the soil temperature and the snow water equivalent in accordance with the land uses and the topography of the study catchment.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.214-219
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• 2011

Today, various activities to save energy are being conducted around the world. Even in our country, carbon reduction policy is being conducted for low carbon green growth and with this movement, effort to replace energy sources by recognizing the problems on environment pollution and resource exhaustion due to the indiscrete usage of fossil fuel is being made. Therefore, active study on renewable energy is in progress as part of effort to replace the energy supply through fossil fuel and solar ray industry has rapidly developed receiving big strength of renewable energy policies. The conclusion of this study measuring the surface temperature change of single crystal and polycrystalline PV module in green roof system and non-green roof system aspect are as follows. There was approximately $4^{\circ}C$ difference in PV module temperature in green roof system and non-green roof system aspect and this has the characteristic to decrease 0.5% when the temperature rises by $1^{\circ}C$ when the front side of the module is $20^{\circ}C$ higher than the surrounding air temperature following the characteristic of solar cells. It can be concluded that PV efficiency will be come better when it is $4^{\circ}C$ lower. Also, in result of temperature measurement of the module back side, there was $5^{\circ}C$ difference of PV module installed on the PV module back side and green roof system side on the 5th, $3^{\circ}C$ on the 4th, $2^{\circ}C$ on the 5th to show decreasing temperature difference as the air temperature dropped, but is judged that there will be higher temperature difference due to the evapotranspiration latent heat effect of green roof system floor side as the temperature rises. Based on this data, it is intended to be used as basic reference to maximize efficiency by applying green roof system and PV system when building non-green roof system flat roof.

• Atmosphere
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.97-110
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• 2006

This study investigates the response of a typhoon model to the change of the sea surface temperature (SST) throughout the model integration. The SST change is parameterized as a formulae of which the magnitude is given as a function of not only the intensity and the size but the moving speed of tropical cyclone. The formulae is constructed by referring to many previous observational and numerical studies on the SST cooling with the passage of tropical cyclones. Since the parameterized cooling formulae is based on the mathematical expression, the resemblance between the prescribed SST cooling and the observed one during the period of the numerical experiment is not complete nor satisfactory. The agreements between the prescribed and the observed SST even over the swath of the typhoon passage differ from case to case. Numerical experiments are undertaken with and without prescribing the SST cooling. The results with the SST cooling do not show clear evidence in improving the track prediction compared to those of the without-experiments. SST cooling in the model shows its swath along the incomplete simulated track so that the magnitude and the distribution of the sea surface cooling does not resemble completely with the observed one. However, we have observed a little improvement in the intensity prediction in terms of the central pressure of the tropical cyclone in some cases. In case where the model without the SST treatment is not able to yield a correct prediction of the filling of the tropical cyclone especially in the decaying stage, the pulling effect given by the SST cooling alleviates the over-deepening of the model so that the central pressure approaches toward the observed value. However, the opposite case when the SST treatment makes the prediction worse may also be possible. In general when the sea surface temperature is reduced, the amount of the sensible and the latent heat from the ocean surface become also reduced, which results in the weakening of the storms comparing to the constant SST case. It turns out to be the case also in our experiments. The weakening is realized in the central pressure, maximum wind, horizontal temperature gradient, etc.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.33 no.1_2
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• pp.37-48
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• 2021

The cold surge is an important extreme weather in East Asia during winter, and is largely affected by behavior of the Siberian high Arctic Oscillation, which represents undulation of large-scale pressure pattern in the Arctic region. Recent studies also revealed that the synoptic low pressure system developing in the eastern boundary of the Asian continent is sensitive to sea surface temperature (SST) and plays an important role in strengthening the cold advection over the Korean Peninsula during cold surges. In this study, we analyzed the Arctic Oscillation affecting the large-scale background of cold surge in East Asia, and the sea surface temperature in the coast of East Asia is examined focusing on its role on synoptic low-inducing cold advection. For the analysis, the days with the bottom 3% of the average daily temperature, measured at five surface stations in Korean Peninsula during 49 years (1969/70-2017/18), were used for the cold surge cases. During the negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation, a strong trough is observed over East Asia, and the inflow of cold air from the polar region is strengthened, which lead to frequent cold surges. In addition, anomalously high SST in the eastern coast of Asia increases sensible and latent heat release from the ocean, therefore, it enlarges the likelihood of synoptic low-inducing extreme cold surges.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.93-102
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• 1993

Carbonized rice hull, neutralized by dilute nitric acid, was evaluated possibility as a bed matrial for sanitary cultivation. The growth response of Chinese Cabbage, lettuce, and spinach on the carbonized rice hull supplemented with different kinds and concentrations of available nutrition solution was accessed. The ideal nitrogen concentration of nutrition solution was 126 mg/l. Both solutions of compound fertilizer and nutrition containing microelements showed no difference in growth and chemical components of vegetables. Therefore, compound fertilizer was thought to be better than nutrition owing to the convenience of handling in practice. The gravel was also evaluated as supporting material of carbonized rice hull. Because of lasting latent heat in gravel, the mixing treatment of carbonized rice hull and gravel(7~10cm in diam.) was efficient to the growth resulting in the highest dry weight per plant, but the heavy weight of gravel made the handling very difficult. Light carbonized rice hull showed the better plant growth and ease handling, compared to the mixture of soil and compost, and had enough supporting capacity. Therefore, carbonized rice hull was thought to be a desirable bed material for environmentally controlled cultivation.