• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.351-378
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• 2020

The purpose of the study was to identify the latent classes of meta-awareness of gender discrimination among Korean young adults using Latent Profile Analysis based on 'perceived ambivalence toward men among women', 'perceived ambivalent sexism among men', 'perceived gender(reverse-) discrimination in Korea'. After identifying the latent classes, the difference between gender role conflict, sense of distance from the opposite sex, and support for gender discrimination issues were explored among the classified groups. As a result, 3 latent classes among women and 2 latent classes among men were identified. Latent classes among women were named 'women with low sensitivity of sexism', 'women with high sensitivity of sexism' and 'women against sexism' and latent classes among men were named 'men with perception of gender equality', 'men with perception of reverse discrimination'. Types with higher levels of meta-awareness of gender discrimination were related with higher gender role conflict and higher sense of distance from the opposite sex. Among women, types with higher levels of meta-awareness of gender discrimination perceived higher levels of gender discrimination and showed more support for gender discrimination issues while among men, types with higher levels of meta-perception of gender discrimination only perceived higher levels of reverse discrimination. Based on the present findings, implications about the severe gender conflict among Korean young adults are further discussed in the article.

• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.25-51
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• 2018

Objectives: The aim of this study is to identify patterns of gender role attitude among older men and women and to investigate the effects of the identified patterns on marital quality for each gender. Method: The Third National Survey of Korean Families was utilized and 981 men and 752 women aged 60 and above, who have been married for over 20 years and have at least one child, were analyzed. Using Mplus 7.3, a latent profile analysis (LPA) identified latent profiles of gender role attitude for each gender. Then, using SPSS 23.0, multiple regression analysis analyzed the effects of the identified patterns on both marital satisfaction and marital conflict. Results: The latent profile analysis identified two patterns of traditional and partially egalitarian gender role attitudes each for the older men and women. Also, means on items relevant to the male breadwinner model and the male-oriented family culture were relatively low for both men and women regardless of the patterns. For the older men, the effects of the gender role attitude patterns on marital satisfaction and marital conflict were both significant; those individuals with the partially egalitarian gender role attitude pattern reported higher levels of marital satisfaction and lower levels of marital conflict than those individuals with the traditional gender role attitude pattern. However, the effects of the gender role attitude patterns on marital satisfaction and marital conflict were both not significant for the older women. Conclusions: The findings from this study suggest that political interventions are required to promote an egalitarian family culture for older adults. Moreover, its findings may be useful in the field of marriage and family therapy to develop educational programs that seek to improve marital quality in later life.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.321-332
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• 2016

This study clarified the maintenance of relationship between children and teachers based on longitudinal data and explored the latent classes. It clarified the latent classes connection with the children's peer play interaction. The subjects of this study were 194 children (aged 3) who attended 11 different kindergartens and daycare centers. We collected data three times (once every 6 months) until they reached age 4. The results of this study were: first, closeness, conflict, and dependence of child-teacher relationship that showed a continuous short-term connection. Second, we classified the child-teacher relationship into three groups according to longitudinal data. Those groups were, 'low level maintenance group' which had the lowest conflict and dependence compared to the highest closeness with teacher, 'middle level maintenance group' which had the teacher relationship in the middle level of the sub element area, and 'high level maintenance group' which showed high conflict and dependence compared to low closeness with the teacher. Third, the group which maintains a longitudinal high conflict.dependence showed more interruption and disruption behavior than the group which maintained a low conflict and dependence. In conclusion, the child-teacher relationship seemed to be the steady characteristic because it showed the early formation of a stable relationship. It was possible to predict the child's peer interaction through an early child-teacher relationship. Teachers need to be educated by the kindergarten and daily care center because the early formation of a child-teacher relationship can be the foundation of child's later peer and teacher relationships.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.199-213
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• 2021

The purpose of the study was to apply latent transition analysis to the work-family balance of working mothers with a child in elementary school by focusing on the effect of antecedents on both work-family balance typology and the transition between typologies. Data from 400 working mothers who participated in the eighth and eleventh waves of the Panel Study on Korean Children were used. The results can be summarized as follows. First, the latent profile analysis of working mothers whose children were in the first grade classified the work-family balance types as 'contradictory' or 'beneficial' and of working mothers whose children were in the fourth grade as 'conflictual', 'contradictory', 'high beneficial', 'low beneficial' or 'beneficial'. Second, working mothers whose work-family balance was 'contradictory' or 'beneficial' when their children were in the first grade mostly had, respectively, a 'low beneficial' or a 'high beneficial' balance when their children were in the fourth grade. Third, the probability of being classified into each type differed according to subjective happiness and marital conflict in the first grade, and marital conflict and social support in the fourth grade. Moreover, marital conflict and social support were significant in the transition between the types of work-family balance. The study showed that the types of work-family balance differed for each time point for individual working mothers. The study also highlighted the importance of parenting-related personal, family and social factors in determining the work-family balance type and transition between types.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.75-83
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• 2007

Korean secondary school students (n=263) responded to surveys measuring their family contexts and school adjustment during the time period August-September 2004. Structure Equation Modeling tests were conducted to identify the nested model on school adjustment, a latent variable constructed with peer relations, teacher-adolescent relations, and academic attitude. In the nested model, parental involvement was a powerful predictor for school adjustment. Family conflict had a negative impact on school adjustment and was statistically significantly when correlated with the other predictors in the model. These finding suggested that family contexts play an important role in Korean adolescents' school adjustment. Hence, adolescents' perceived GPA level and satisfaction for school were important predictors for school adjustment.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.344-352
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to identify the latent classes in the changing patterns of marital conflict perceived by mothers to explore its relationship with the changing patterns of mothers' depression, school readiness, self-esteem, and happiness of their children five years after their birth. A total of 1,243 responses from the 1st (2008) to 5th (2012) and 7th (2014) to 10th (2017) Korean Child and Youth Panel Study(KCYPS) were analyzed by Latent Growth Modeling (LGM) and Growth Mixture Analysis (GMA). The results were as follows. First, three changing patterns in the mothers' perceived marital conflict groups were identified: low-low changing, average-uptrend, and high-unchanging group. Second, an increasing pattern of depression was found from mothers of high-unchanging group over five years. Third, school readiness for their children was differentiated according to the latent classes. In particular, children from the low-low changing group showed higher readiness as well as self-esteem and happiness. Fourth, children from mothers of the low-low changing group showed high self-esteem and happiness in lower grades in elementary school. The results of this study suggest that the mothers' perceived marital conflict had an influence on themselves as well as their children's school related behaviors. Suggestions for an intervention program to resolve marital conflict are also discussed.

• Korean Journal of Child Care and Education Policy
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.31-53
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to examine trajectories in and predictors of marital satisfaction among parents with one year old baby. Latent growth modeling was used with a sample of 984 households. Data from Panel Study on Korean Children conducted by Korea Institute of Child Care and Education were used. The study results revealed that for both fathers and mothers, marital satisfaction decreased over time after the birth of the first child. However, fathers' marital satisfaction decreased more steeply than mothers'. Furthermore, mothers' employment was associated with the changes of fathers' marital satisfaction. Father involvement and marital conflict predicted changes of mothers' marital satisfaction. These findings show that factors such as father involvement and marital conflict are more highly associated with changes in mothers' marital satisfaction than fathers'. Also, the study suggests that parent education should be systematically organized to promote father involvement and to resolve marital conflict.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.822-836
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to identify latent classes of behavioral problem trajectories in children with allergic diseases and investigate their predictors. Methods: This study used data from the 5th to 7th Panel Study of Korean Children. The participants included 840 children aged 4~6 years with allergic diseases. Statistical analyses were conducted using latent class growth analysis and multinomial logistic regression. Results: The trajectories of both internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems in children with allergic diseases were classified into five groups, that is deteriorative, recovering, changing 1 (decreasing-increasing), changing 2 (increasing-decreasing), and low state persistent group. For the internalizing behavioral problems, predictors were temperament, father's education, family interaction, and disconnection in peer interaction. For the externalizing behavioral problems, predictors child's gender, temperament, marital conflict, parenting stress, family interaction, and parenting environment. Conclusion: Deteriorative group has high-risk behavioral problems in children with allergic diseases. We suggest to provide interventions considering latent problem trajectories based on ecological environments for allergic children.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.47-78
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• 2001

The primary purpose of this paper is to critically examine the theoretical and methodological issues in the study of generations. The issues include: 1) the concept of generation: 2) the basis of generational formation: 3) internal differentiation of generations: 4) the boundary problems of generations: 4) the boundary problems of generations: and 5) generational differences and generational conflict. From the investigation of these issues, two conclusions are drawn. Firstly, Mannheim's basic concepts and theoretical frameworks are very useful to understand and explain the social movements and sociocultural changes. Secondly, however, further elaboration and modification of the several concepts and frameworks are needed to deal with the problems of generations in general which are not directly connected to social movements. Several points are suggested to elaborate Mannheim's frameworks, which include the reconceptualization of generation, and introducing the concepts of “generation sects” and “manifest-latent generational conflicts”.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.19-36
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was (a) to identify latent profiles among employed Korean mothers of third graders based on work-family conflict, work-family enrichment, work-parenting conflict, and work-parenting enrichment, (b) to examine the antecedents of profile membership at the individual, family, work, and community levels, and (c) to investigate the differences in the various psychological outcomes across the profiles. The sample of 451 married employed mothers was a subset of data from the 10th Wave of the Panel Study of Korean Children, which was collected in 2017 when the focal child was in the third grade. Our latent profile analysis suggested a three-profile model that comprised enriched (11.91%), moderate (47.85%), and mixed (40.24%) profiles. The significant antecedents of profile membership were subjective health status, the child's adjustment to school, working hours, the community's suitability for childrearing, and satisfaction with community service facilities. Regarding psychological outcomes, the levels of life satisfaction, marital satisfaction, and job satisfaction were higher in the following order: enriched, moderate, and mixed profiles. The levels of depressive symptoms were in the reverse order: mixed, moderate, and enriched profiles. This study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the literature on work-family interactions by considering various predictors and outcomes at multiple levels.