• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.27-36
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• 1975

The success of the family planning program in Korea is reflected in the decrease in the growth rate from 3.0% in 1962 to 2.0% in 1971, and in the decrease in the fertility rate from 43/1,000 in 1960 to 29/1,000 in 1970. However, it would be erroneous to attribute these reductions entirely to the family planning program. Other socio-economic factors, such as the increasing age at marriage and the increasing use of induced abortions, definitely had an impact on the lowered growth and fertility rate. Despite the relative success of the program to data in meeting its goals, there is no room for complacency. Meeting the goal of a further reduction in the population growth rate to 1.3% by 1981 is a much more difficult task than any one faced in the past. Not only must fertility be lowered further, but the size of the target population itself will expand tremendously in the late seventies; due to the post-war baby boom of the 1950's reaching reproductive ages. Furthermore, it is doubtful that the age at marriage will continue to rise as in the past or that the incidence of induced abortion will continue to increase. Consequently, future reductions in fertility will be more dependent on the performance of the national family planning program, with less assistance from these non-program factors. This paper will describe various approaches to help to the solution of these current problems. 1. PRACTICE RATE IN FAMILY PLANNING In 1973, the attitude (approval) and knowledge rates were quite high; 94% and 98% respectively. But a large gap exists between that and the actual practice rate, which is only 3695. Two factors must be considered in attempting to close the KAP-gap. The first is to change social norms, which still favor a larger family, increasing the practice rate cannot be done very quickly. The second point to consider is that the family planning program has not yet reached all the eligible women. A 1973 study determineded that a large portion, 3096 in fact, of all eligible women do not want more children, but are not practicing family planning. Thus, future efforts to help close the KAP-gap must focus attention and services on this important large group of potential acceptors. 2. CONTINUATION RATES Dissatisfaction with the loop and pill has resulted in high discontinuation rates. For example, a 1973 survey revealed that within the first six months initial loop acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts, and that within the first four months of inital pill acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts. These discontinuation rates have risen over the past few years. The high rate of discontinuance obviously decreases the contraceptive effectiveness. and has resulted in many unwanted births which is directly related to the increase of induced abortions. In the future, the family planning program must emphasize the improved quality of initial and follow-up services. rather than more quantity, in order to insure higher continuation rates and thus more effective contraceptive protection. 3. INDUCED ABORTION As noted earlier. the use of induced abortions has been increase yearly. For example, in 1960, the average number of abortions was 0.6 abortions per women in the 15-44 age range. By 1970. that had increased to 2 abortions per women. In 1966. 13% of all women between 15-44 had experienced at least one abortion. By 1971, that figure jumped to 28%. In 1973 alone, the total number of abortions was 400,000. Besides the ever incre.sing number of induced abortions, another change has that those who use abortions have shifted since 1965 to include- not. only the middle class, but also rural and low-income women. In the future. in response to the demand for abortion services among rural and low-income w~men, the government must provide and support abortion services for these women as a part of the national family planning program. 4. TARGET SYSTIi:M Since 1962, the nationwide target system has been used to set a target for each method, and the target number of acceptors is then apportioned out to various sub-areas according to the number of eligible couples in each area. Because these targets are set without consideration for demographic factors, particular tastes, prejudices, and previous patterns of acceptance in the area, a high discontinuation rate for all methods and a high wastage rate for the oral pill and condom results. In the future. to alleviate these problems of the methodbased target system. an alternative. such as the weighted-credit system, should be adopted on a nation wide basis. In this system. each contraceptive method is. assigned a specific number of points based upon the couple-years of protection (CYP) provided by the method. and no specific targets for each method are given. 5. INCREASE OF STERILIZA.TION TARGET Two special projects. the hospital-based family planning program and the armed forces program, has greatly contributed to the increasing acceptance in female and male sterilization respectively. From January-September 1974, 28,773 sterilizations were performed. During the same time in 1975, 46,894 were performed; a 63% increase. If this trend continues, by the end of 1975. approximately 70,000 sterilizations will have been performed. Sterilization is a much better method than both the loop and pill, in terms of more effective contraceptive protection and the almost zero dropout rate. In the future, the. family planning program should continue to stress the special programs which make more sterilizations possible. In particular, it should seek to add the laparoscope techniques to facilitate female sterilization acceptance rates. 6. INCREASE NUMBER OF PRIVATE ACCEPTORS Among the current family planning users, approximately 1/3 are in the private sector and thus do not- require government subsidy. The number of private acceptors increases with increasing urbanization and economic growth. To speed this process, the government initiated the special hospital based family planning program which is utilized mostly by the private sector. However, in the future, to further hasten the increase of private acceptors, the government should encourage doctors in private practice to provide family planning services, and provide the contraceptive supplies. This way, those do utilize the private medical system will also be able to receive family planning services and pay for it. Another means of increasing the number of private acceptors, IS to greatly expand the commercial outlets for pills and condoms beyond the existing service points of drugstores, hospitals, and health centers. 7. IE&C PROGRAM The current preferred family size is nearly twice as high as needed to achieve a stable poplation. Also, a strong boy preference hinders a small family size as nearly all couples fuel they must have at least one or more sons. The IE&C program must, in the future, strive to emphasize the values of the small family and equality of the sexes. A second problem for the IE&C program to work. with in the: future is the large group of people who approves family planning, want no more children, but do not practice. The IE&C program must work to motivate these people to accept family planning And finally, for those who already practice, an IE&C program in the future must stress continuation of use. The IE&C campaign, to insure highest effectiveness, should be based on a detailed factor analysis of contraceptive discontinuance. In conclusion, Korea faces a serious unfavorable sociodemographic situation- in the future unless the population growth rate can be curtailed. And in the future, the decrease in fertility will depend solely on the family planning program, as the effect of other socio-economic factors has already been maximumally felt. A second serious factor to consider is the increasing number of eligible women due to the 1950's baby boom. Thus, to meet these challenges, the program target must be increased and the program must improve the effectiveness of its current activities and develop new programs.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.55-70
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• 1980

The pharmacological and microbiological studies of Cefoperazone (T-1551, Toyama Chemical Co., Japan) were conducted in vitro and in vivo. The studies included stability and physicochemical characteristics, antimicrobial activity, animal and human pharmacokinetics, animal pharmacodynamics and safety evaluation of Cefoperazone sodium for injection. 1) Stability and physicochemical characteristics. Sodium salt of cefoperazone for injection had a general appearance of white crystalline powder which contained 0.5% water, and of which melting point was $187.2^{\circ}C$. The pH's of 10% and 25% aqueous solutions were 5.03 ana 5.16 at $25^{\circ}C$. The preparations of cefoperazone did not contain any pyrogenic substances and did not liberate histamine in cats. The drug was highly compatible with common infusion solutions including 5% Dextrose solution and no significant potency decrease was observed in 5 hours after mixing. Powdered cefoperazone sodium contained in hermetically sealed and ligt-shielded container was highly stable at $4^circ}C{\sim}37^{\circ}C$ for 12 weeks. When stored at $4^{\circ}C$ the potency was retained almost completely for up to one year. 2) Antimicrobial activity against clinical isolates. Among the 230 clinical isolates included, Salmonella typhi was the most susceptible to cefoperazone, with 100% inhibition at MIC of ${\leq}0.5{\mu}g/ml$. Cefoperazone was also highly active against Streptococcus pyogenes(group A), Kletsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella flexneri, with 100% inhibition at $16{\mu}g/ml$ or less. More than 80% of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes and Salmonella paratyphi was inhibited at ${\leq}16{\mu}/ml$, while Enterobacter cloaceae, Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aerogenosa were somewhat less sensitive to cefoperagone, with inhibitions of 60%, 55% and 35% respectively at the same MIC. 3) Animal pharmacokinetics Serum concentration, organ distritution and excretion of cefoperazone in rats were observed after single intramuscular injections at doses of 20 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg. The extent of protein binding to human plasma protein was also measured in vitro br equilibrium dialysis method. The mean Peak serum concentrations of $7.4{\mu}g/ml$ and $16.4{\mu}/ml$ were obtained at 30 min. after administration of cefoperazone at doses of 20 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg respectively. The tissue concentrations of cefoperazone measured at 30 and 60 min. were highest in kidney. And the concentrations of the drug in kidney, liver and small intestine were much higher than in blood. Urinary and fecal excretion over 24 hours after injetcion ranged form 12.5% to 15.0% in urine and from 19.6% to 25.0% in feces, indicating that the gastrointestinal system is more important than renal system for the excretion of cefoperazone. The extent of binding to human plasma protein measured by equilibrium dialysis was $76.3%{\sim}76.9%$, which was somewhat lower than the others utilizing centrifugal ultrafiltration method. 4) Animal pharmacodynamics Central nervous system : Effects of cefoperazone on the spontaneous movement and general behavioral patterns of rats, the pentobarbital sleeping time in mice and the body temperature in rabbits were observed. Single intraperitoneal injections at doses of $500{\sim}2,000mg/kg$ in rats did not affect the spontaneous movement ana the general behavioral patterns of the animal. Doses of $125{\sim}500mg/kg$ of cefoperazone injected intraperitonealy in mice neither increased nor decreased the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time. In rabbits the normal body temperature was maintained following the single intravenous injections of $125{\sim}2,000mg/kg$ dose. Respiratory and circulatory system: Respiration rate, blood pressure, heart rate and ECG of anesthetized rabbits were monitored for 3 hours following single intravenous injections of cefoperazone at doses of $125{\sim}2,000mg/kg$. The respiration rate decreased by $3{\sim}l7%$ at all the doses of cefoperazone administered. Blood pressure did not show any changes but slight decrease from 130/113 to 125/107 by the highest dose(2,000 mg/kg) injected in this experiment. The dosages of 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg seemed to slightly decrease the heart rate, but it was not significantly different from the normal control. All the doses of cefoperazone injected were not associated with any abnormal changes in ECG findings throughout the monitering period. Autonomic nervous system and smooth muscle: Effects of cefoperazone on the automatic movement of rabbit isolated small intestine, large intestine, stomach and uterus were observed in vitro. The autonomic movement and tonus of intestinal smooth muscle increased at dose of $40{\mu}g/ml$ in small intestine and at 0.4 mg/ml in large intestine. However, in stomach and uterine smooth muscle the autonomic movement was slightly increased by the much higher doses of 5-10 mg/ml. Blood: In vitro osmotic fragility of rabbit RBC suspension was not affected by cefoperazone of $1{\sim}10mg/ml$. Doses of 7.5 and 10 mg/ml were associated with 11.8% and 15.3% prolongation of whole blood coagulation time. Liver and kidney function: When measured at 3 hours after single intravenous injections of cefoperaonze in rabbits, the values of serum GOT, GPT, Bilirubin, TTT, BUN and creatine were not significantly different from the normal control. 5) Safety evaluation Acute toxicity: The acute toxicity of cefoperazone was studied following intraperitoneal and intravenous injections to mice(A strain, 4 week old) and rats(Sprague-Dawler, 6 week old). The LD_(50)'s of intraperitonealy injected cefoperazone were 9.7g/kg in male mice, 9.6g/kg in female mice and over 15g/kg in both male and female rats. And when administered intravenously in rats, LD_(50)'s were 5.1g/kg in male and 5.0g/kg in female. Administrations of the high doses of the drug were associated with slight inhibition of spontaneous movement and convulsion. Atdominal transudate and intestinal hyperemia were observed in animals administered intraperitonealy. In rats receiving high doses of the drug intravenously rhinorrhea and pulmonary congestion and edema were also observed. Renal proximal tubular epithelial degeneration was found in animals dosing in high concentrations of cefoperazone. Subacute toxicity: Rats(Sprague-Dawley, 6 week old) dosing 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg/day of cefoperazone intraperitonealy were observed for one month and sacrificed at 24 hours after the last dose. In animals with a high dose, slight inhibition of spontaneous movement was observed during the experimental period. Soft stool or diarrhea appeared at first or second week of the administration in rats receiving 2.0g/kg. Daily food consumption and weekly weight gain were similar to control during the administration. Urinalysis, blood chemistry and hematology after one month administration were not different from control either. Cecal enlargement, which is an expected effect of broad spectrum antibiotic altering the normal intestinal microbial flora, was observed. Intestinal or peritoneal congestion and peritonitis were found. These findings seemed to be attributed to the local irritation following prolonged intraperitoneal injections of hypertonic and acidic cefoperazone solution. Among the histopathologic findings renal proximal tubular epithelial degeneration was characteristic in rats receiving 1 and 2g/kg/day, which were 10 and 20 times higher than the maximal clinical dose (100 mg/kg) of the drug. 6) Human pharmacokinetics Serum concentrations and urinary excretion were determined following a single intravenous injection of 1g cefoperazone in eight healthy, male volunteers. Mean serum concentrations of 89.3, 61.3, 26.6, 12.3, 2.3, and $1.8{\mu}g/ml$ occured at 1,2,4,6,8 and 12 hours after injection respectively, and the biological half-life was 108 minutes. Urinary excretion over 24 hours after injection was up to 43.5% of administered dose.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제7권
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• pp.105-117
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• 1966

acaricide로 알려진 phthalimidomethyl O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioat (Imidan)을 수도(水稻)에 살포(撒布)했을 때 Imidan과 그 대사물질(代謝物質)이 식물(植物)의 생육(生育)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 연구(硏究)하기 위하여 본(本) 실험(實驗)을 하였으며 이의 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)해 보면 다음과 같다. (1) Imian의 대사물질(代謝物質)로 예상(豫想)되는 다음의 8가지 화합물(化合物)을 합성(合成) 또는 정제(精製)하여 공시약제(供試藥劑)로 사용(使用)하였다. (a) N-Hydroxy methyl phthalimide (b) Phalimide (c) Phthalamdic acid (d) Phthalic acid (e) Anthranilic acid (f) p-amino benzoic acid (g) p-hydroxu benzoic acid (h) Benzoic acid (2) 상기(上記) 물질중(物質中)에서 (a),(c),(d),(e)와 Imidan의 각(各) 10 ppm과 20 ppm 의 Buffer Solution 을 만들어 밀 종자(種子)를 가지고 coleoptile straight growth test를 해 본 결과(結果) Imidan 은 10 ppm 과 20 ppm에서 모두 control 보다 생장(生長)의 촉진효과(促進?果)를 보였으며 기중(其中) phthalamidic acid 10 ppm 이 가장 좋은 성적(成績)을 보였다. 이것으로 보아 Imidan 자체(自體)는 생장(生長) 억제(抑制)의 효과(?果)를f 보이나 이것이 일단(一但) 생체내(生體內)에서 가수분해(加水分解)를 비롯한 각종(各種) 대사작용(代謝作用)을 받으면 그 대사산물(代謝産物)이 식물생장(植物生長)을 촉진(促進)하는 효과(?果)를 보이는 것 같다. (Table 1, Fig. 1 참조(參照)) (3) xylene을 용매(溶媒)로 하여 Imidan 유제(乳劑)를 만들고 이것을 희석(稀釋)하여 20 ppm, 100 ppm 및 200 ppm 의 각(各) 농도(濃度) 유화액(乳化液)을 조제(調製)한 후 이것을 배지(培地)로 하여 수도종자(水稻種子)를 발아(發芽)시킨 후 12 일(日)에 shoot와 root의 길이를 측정(測定)하였다. 이의 결과(結果)를 보면 root는 Imidan 20 ppm에서, shoot 는 Imidan 100 ppm에서 모두 xylene만의 유제구(乳劑區)인 control 보다 좋은 효과(?果)를 보였으며 여기에서 흥미(興味)있는 것은 용매(溶媒)로 사용(使用)된 xylene은 수도종자(水稻種子) 뿌리의 발육(發育)에 심(甚)한 억제효과(抑制效果)를 보이는 것 같다. (Table 2, Table 5 참조(參照)) (4) 벼를 pot에 심고 2회(回)에 걸쳐 control, Imidan, N-hydroxy methyl phthalimide, anthranilic acid 및 phthalimide의 10, 25, 50, 100 ppm 농도(濃度)의 각(各) 유제(乳劑)를 살포하고 일정기간후(一定期間後) 생육상(生育相)을 조사(調査)하였더니 Imidan 구(區)와 N-hydroxy methyl phthalimide 구(區)가 control 보다 좋은 성적(成績)을 보였다. (5) Imidan 250 ppm 유제(乳劑)를 수도엽면(水稻葉面)에 살포(撒布)하고 3 일(日), 5 일(日), 7 일(日) 및 14일후(日後)에 일정량(一定量)의 엽경(葉莖)을 채취(採取)하여 acetone으로 추출(抽出)k고 acetonitrile을 가지고 prechromatographic piriication 을 거쳐 paper chromatography에 의(依)하여 다음과 같은 대사물질(代謝物質)을 검출(檢出)하였다. Imidan $(Rf:\;0.97{\sim}0.98)$, N-hydroxy methyl phthalimide (Rf: 0.87), phthalimide $(Rf:\;0.86{\sim}0.87)$, phthalamidic acid $(Rf:\;0.13{\sim}0.14)$, phthalic acid $(Rf:\;0.02{\sim}0.03)$, benzoic acid $(Rf:\;0.42{\sim}0.43)$ 및 p-amino benzoic acid 또는 p-hydroxy benzoic acid $(Rf:\;0.08{\sim}0.09)$와 Rf=0.73, 0.59, 0.33, 0.23, 0.07의 미지물질(未知物質)을 검출(檢出)하였다. 또한 3일(日), 5일(日) 등(等) 초기(初期)에서는 미분해(未分解)의 Imidan과 최초(最初)의 가수분해(加水分解) 산물(産物)인 N-hydroxy methyl phthalimide등(等)이 비교적(比較的) 다량(多量)으로 검출(檢出)되었으나 7일(日), 14일(日) 등(等) 후기(後期)에는 생체내(生體內)에서 더 많은 분해(分解)를 받아 상기(上記) 이성분(二成分)은 양(量)이 감소(減少)되고 phthalic acid, phthalamidic acid benzoic acid 및 p-hydroxy benzoic acid 또는 p-amino benzoic acid등(等)의 양(量)이 증가(增加)되는 것을 볼 수있었으며 도체상(稻體上)에 살포(撒布)된 Imidan 은 체내(體內)에 흡수(吸收)되어 14일(日)이 경과(經過)되면 대부분(大部分)이 분해(分解)를 받는 것으로 보여진다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)로 보아 Imidan은 자체(自體)로서는 식물생장(植物生長) 촉진작용(促進作用)이 없으나 식물체내(植物體內)에서 여러 가지 대사작용(代謝作用)(enzyme의 작용(作用))을 맡아서 각종(各種) phthaloyl 영향(影響)을 주는 것으로 생각(生覺)된다.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.55-79
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 집중형 센터를 가진 역물류네트워크(Reverse logistics network with centralized centers : RLNCC)를 효율적을 해결하기 위한 혼합형 유전알고리즘(Hybrid genetic algorithm : HGA) 접근법을 제안한다. 제안된 HGA에서는 유전알고리즘(Genetic algorithm : GA)이 주요한 알고리즘으로 사용되며, GA 실행을 위해 0 혹은 1의 값을 가질 수 있는 새로운 비트스트링 표현구조(Bit-string representation scheme), Gen and Chang(1997)이 제안한 확장샘플링공간에서의 우수해 선택전략(Elitist strategy in enlarged sampling space) 2점 교차변이 연산자(Two-point crossover operator), 랜덤 돌연변이 연산자(Random mutation operator)가 사용된다. 또한 HGA에서는 혼합형 개념 적용을 위해 Michalewicz(1994)가 제안한 반복적언덕오르기법(Iterative hill climbing method : IHCM)이 사용된다. IHCM은 지역적 탐색기법(Local search technique) 중의 하나로서 GA탐색과정에 의해 수렴된 탐색공간에 대해 정밀하게 탐색을 실시한다. RLNCC는 역물류 네트워크에서 수집센터(Collection center), 재제조센터(Remanufacturing center), 재분배센터(Redistribution center), 2차 시장(Secondary market)으로 구성되며, 이들 각 센터 및 2차 시장들 중에서 하나의 센터 및 2차 시장만 개설되는 형태를 가지고 있다. 이러한 형태의 RLNCC는 혼합정수계획법(Mixed integer programming : MIP)모델로 표현되며, MIP 모델은 수송비용, 고정비용, 제품처리비용의 총합을 최소화하는 목적함수를 가지고 있다. 수송비용은 각 센터와 2차 시장 간에 제품수송에서 발생하는 비용을 의미하며, 고정비용은 각 센터 및 2차 시장의 개설여부에 따라 결정된다. 예를 들어 만일 세 개의 수집센터(수집센터 1, 2, 3의 개설비용이 각각 10.5, 12.1, 8.9)가 고려되고, 이 중에서 수집센터 1이 개설되고, 나머지 수집센터 2, 3은 개설되지 않을 경우, 전체고정비용은 10.5가 된다. 제품처리비용은 고객으로부터 회수된 제품을 각 센터 및 2차 시장에서 처리할 경우에 발생되는 비용을 의미한다. 수치실험에서는 본 연구에서 제안된 HGA접근법과 Yun(2013)의 연구에서 제안한 GA접근법이 다양한 수행도 평가 척도에 의해 서로 비교, 분석된다. Yun(2013)이 제안한 GA는 HGA에서 사용되는 IHCM과 같은 지역적탐색기법을 가지지 않는 접근법이다. 이들 두 접근법에서 동일한 조건의 실험을 위해 총세대수 : 10,000, 집단의 크기 : 20, 교차변이 확률 : 0.5, 돌연변이 확률 : 0.1, IHCM을 위한 탐색범위 : 2.0이 사용되며, 탐색의 랜덤성을 제거하기 위해 총 20번의 반복실행이 이루어 졌다. 사례로 제시된 두 가지 형태의 RLNCC에 대해 GA와 HGA가 각각 실행되었으며, 그 실험결과는 본 연구에서 제안된 HGA가 기존의 접근법인 GA보다 더 우수하다는 것이 증명되었다. 다만 본 연구에서는 비교적 규모가 작은 RLNCC만을 고려하였기에 추후 연구에서는 보다 규모가 큰 RLNCC에 대해 비교분석이 이루어 져야 할 것이다.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.34-40
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• 2021

[목 적] 의료기관의 핵의학 검사실에서 신규검사를 도입하거나 사용하던 시약을 변경하게 되는 경우 절차에 따라 검사의 특성이 분석되고 시약에 대한 평가가 이루어져야 한다. 그러나 요구되어지는 비교실험을 모두 수행하기 위해서는 몇 가지 필요한 조건이 충족되어야 하는데, 첫째 각 검사별로 수행하기에 충분한 검체량이 준비되어야하며, 둘째 비교실험에 적용 가능한 다양한 시약의 공급이 가능해야한다. 충분한 비교실험이 이루어졌다고 하더라도 변경된 시약에 의한 데이터 변동이 전체 환자데이터 변동을 의미하는 것에는 한계가 있으므로 검사실에서 시약이 변경되는 것에 대한 부담이 있다. 이러한 다양한 어려움으로 검사실에서의 시약변경은 제한적으로 이루어지고 있다. 본원에서는 원할한 경쟁 입찰을 도입하기 위하여 검사별로 radioimmunoassay(RIA)시약을 전수조사하고 비교실험을 통해 검사실에서 사용가능한 시약범위를 설정하였다. 이 과정을 공유하고자 하였다. [대상 및 방법] 본원 핵의학 검체 검사실에서 시행하고 있는 검사는 위탁검사를 제외하고 총 20종목이다. 각각의 검사별로 외부정도관리와 기관간 정도관리 결과보고서를 참고로 사용가능한 RIA시약을 전수 조사하였고, 각 시약에 대한 메뉴얼을 확보하였다. 각각의 시약마다 메뉴얼을 확인하여 검사 방법과 incubation시간, 검사 시 필요한 검체량, 시약량 등을 확인하여 본 검사실에서 사용가능한지 여부에 따라 시약 1차 선정을 하였다. 1차 선정된 시약을 100 test기준으로 2 kit씩 공급받아 데이터 상관성시험, 민감도, 회수율, 희석시험을 진행하였고, 비교실험 결과에 따라 시약을 2차 선정하였다. 1, 2차 선정을 통과한 시약을 경쟁 입찰리스트로 제출하였다. 검사 시약을 단수로 지정할 경우에는 1차, 2차 선정 과정에서 얻은 자료로 단수지정 사유서를 작성하였다. [결 과] 각각의 시약마다 매뉴얼을 확인하여 시약 1차 선정에서 제외되는 경우는 각 검사의 현재 Turn Around Time(TAT)보다 길어지는 경우와 검사 시 사용 시약량이 많아 장비사용이 불가능한 경우였다. 1차 선정에서 사용가능한 시약이 1개인 경우는 5종목 squamous cell carcinoma antigen(SCC Ag), 𝛽-human chorionic gonadotropin(𝛽-HCG), vitamin B12, folate, free testosterone 이었고, 2개인 경우는 8종목 (CA19-9, CA125, CA72-4, ferritin, thyroglobulin antibody(TG Ab), microsomal antibody(Mic Ab), thyroid stimulating hormone-receptor-antibody(TSH-R-Ab), calcitonin), 3개인 경우는 5종목(triiodothyronine(T3), Free T3, Free T4, TSH, intact parathyroid hormone(intact PTH)), 4개인 경우는 2종목(carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA), TG)이었다. 2차 최종 선정결과 사용가능한 시약이 3개인 것은 T3, Free T3, Free T4, TSH, CEA, 2개인 것은 TG Ab, Mic Ab, TSH-R-Ab, CA125, CA72-4, intact PTH, calcitonin이었다. 단수 지정된 종목은 ferritin, TG, CA19-9, SCC, 𝛽-HCG, vitamin B12, folate, free testosterone이었다. 2차 선정에서 제외된 사유에는 비교실험을 위한 시약공급이 안된 경우와 데이터 재현성에 문제가 있었던 경우, 데이터 변동에 대한 수용이 불가능하다고 판단되는 경우였다. 비교실험 시 가장 문제가 되는 부분은 검체 수집이었다. 검사건수가 많고 검사 시 필요한 검체량이 적은 경우에는 문제가 되지 않았지만, 검사건수가 적은 경우(월 100건 이하)에는 다양한 농도 검체를 수집하기가 어려웠으며, 한번 검사 시 필요한 검체량이 상대적으로 많은 경우(100 uL이상)에는 회수율시험을 진행하기가 어려웠다. 또한 민감도 측정이나 희석시험을 위한 희석액이나 표준액0 물질이 부족한 경우도 문제점 중의 하나였다. [결 론] 검사시약 변경을 위한 비교실험 시 다양하고 충분한 검체 수집을 위해 적정한 준비기간이 필요하다. 또한 1회 검사 시 필요한 검체량 및 시약량에 따라 비교실험 시 필요한 총 검체량, 시약량 범위를 설정해 놓는다면 비교실험을 진행할 때마다 검체 수집과 실험계획을 세우는 데 부담이 줄어들 것이다.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.65-106
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• 1986

1, The Purpose of Study This is a study on the Evaluation of the operating of Fisheries Extension Services of Korea, for performing the activities such as guiding fisheries technique as well as offering industrial information to the fishermen in fishing village. By doing so, the Fisheries Extension Sevices(FES) can materialize the continued growth of fisheries, the social and economic development of fishing village, and the increase in income by enhancing the knowledge level of Fishermen, etc. In performing fisheries policy, this activity plays a great role on the research and development activity, and it has become practical since 1976 in Korea. In order to meet immediately with the problem of fisheries technical innovation and rapid environmental changes surrounding the fisheries, the fishermen should not only enhance their scientific and comprehensive capacity in fisheries technique but abtain various effective information. Generally, as most of all the fishemen are poor in the managerial structure and scattered in fishing villages, they have little opportunity in the contact of information. As a result, it is nessessary for the FES to perform the fishing business by the extension service officials who has received special training and acquired fisheries know-how in these fields. And yet, FES is under the unfullfilled circumstance in such factors as manpower, technical know-how, equipment, and the service system etc., which is required in promoting the social, economic development of fishing village and in resolving the high technique demand of fisherman. This study on the fisheries extension services have been studied from those backgrounds. 2. Research Method The data of collecting methods which were necessary in carrying out this study was adopted by the questionaire research on the present extension service activity, through the subject of the extension services (driving agency of the work and the officials), the object(fishemen) and the 3rd observers to the extension services (the authorities concerned). The research sample was taken by the sampling extraction of total 1, 774 men from the above 3 groups. And the research was carried out from August, 1986 to October, 1986, supported from the Fisheries Extension Office (FEO) located in field during the research process. In this study, the levels of the extension operating were determined and estimated in accordance with the extension service method, morale of extension service officials and the extension service system, etc. through the collected data of the research questionaire paper. And based on this result, the essential conditions of the extension services were grasped, and also we tried to present the various activity plan necessary to promote the operating of the extension services. The questionaire research data was calculated by the computer center of National Fisheries University of Pusan, and the total result was again tried on the one demension analysis along with two dimension analysis to search out the relativity between the questionaire, and the statistical test was done $\chi$$^2$test in significance level of l~5%. 3. Contents of Study This study consists of 7 chapters and the contents are as follows : Chapter I : The object and method of the study Chapter II : The assessment and analysis of the extension services Chapter III : The contents and method of the extension services Chapter IV : Analysis of the essential conditions for the extension services Chapter V : The evaluation of activities of extension services Chapter Ⅵ : Conclusion.4. Results and RecommendationTherefore, the results of this study estimated by logical process and analysis are as follows : 1) Most of Korean fishing villages and coastal fishermen have shown much concerns about fisheries technique and social changes, thus many of them were confronted with new problems on how to adapt and to meet changes. 2) Majority of fishermen estimated FEO as an organization of specific technologies with all the thing concerning the fisheries technique in general. Therefore the fishermen wanted to utilize the FEO as an adaptable method for the modern fisheries techniques as well as the environmental changes. 3) In contrast with the fast changes of the fisheries technique, the complexity and variety of technical system and the broadness of fishing village and fishermen, it was revealed that the necessary factors such as the facilities, manpower, budget, and the level of applying techniques of the FEO located in field were highly insufficient. Accordingly, the guiding efficiency was low and the extension services did not provide full solution to the various request from fishermen. 4) It is possible to classify the activation factor for the extension service into two large dimension ; personal dimension relevant to guidance officials and work dimension relevant to the organization. And it was found that the activation level of the work dimension was far lower than the personal dimension between them. So, the activation should be done first in the dimesion to promote the activation of the extension services. 5) The extension services officials are now demoralized in general, thus it is necessary to take reality into consideration : the expense of activity, the adequate endowment of activity scope and the reasonable operation of the position class, etc to enhance its morale. However, in order to do the FES activation, first of all, the systems should be established which is lain unsettled stage until now. And there must be change in the understanding of government i.e. the fisheries extension services are the essential policy subject to build up the base of fisheries growth and modernize the fisheries management. And it should be driven positively with the recognition of the "lasting project".g project".uot;.

• 분석과학
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.292-298
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• 2003

고급산화공정 (AOP)인 UV시스템과 오존시스템을 이용하여 부식산의 광산화 및 오존 산화를 실시한 후, 용존유기탄소 (DOC)의 제거 효율에 따른 분자량 분포 특성을 한외여과법을 이용하여 조사하였다. 반응 전의 부식산의 분자량 분포는 30,000 daltons 이상의 고분자 물질이 41.5%로 가장 큰 부분을 차지하고 있었으며, 500 dalton 이하의 저분자 물질은 15.2%로 상대적으로 낮은 분포율을 보였다. UV 조사 시간이 증가함에 따라 고분자에서 저분자로의 전환율이 증가하였다. 특히, 30,000 daltons 이상의 고분자물질이 생물학적으로 처리 효율이 높은 500 daltons 이하의 저분자물질로 전환되는 비율은 UV 단독조사 (35.3%)에 비교해 촉매가 첨가된 경우인 $UV/TiO_2$ 및 $UV/H_2O_2$ 시스템에서 각각 58.9%와 87.7%으로 증가하였다. 오존 시스템에서는 500 daltons 이하의 저분자로의 전환율보다는 3,000~30,000 daltons의 중간크기 분자량 분포율이 증가하였다. 오존 단독 시스템에서는 10,000~30,000 daltons 크기의 분포율이 최종 60분 처리시 41.5%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, $O_3/H_2O_2$ 시스템에서는 10,000~30,000 daltons과 3,000~10,000 daltons이 각각 38.9%, 26.2%으로 높은 분포율을 나타냈다. 이상에서 얻어진 결과를 토대로 수중 부식산의 보다 효과적인 제거를 위하여, $UV/H_2O_2$, $UV/TiO_2$ 및 $O_3$, $O_3/H_2O_2$ 시스템 등과 연계하여 처리할 수 있는 단위공정을 제안하였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.1-22
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• 2017

'The worstest environment disaster', 'World's first biocide massacre', 'Home-based Sewol ferry disaster' are all phrases attached to the recent humidifier disinfectant disaster. In the spring of 2011, four of 8 pregnant women including 1 adult man passed away at a university hospital in Seoul due to breathing failure. Epidemiologic investigation conducted by the Korean CDC soon revealed the inhalation of humidifier disinfectant, which had been widely used in Korea during the winter, to be responsible for the disease. As well as lung fibrosis hardening of the lungs, other diseases including asthma, rhinitis, skin disease, liver disease, fetal disease or cancers have been researched for their relation with exposure to the products. By February 9, 2017, 5,342 cases had registered for health problems and 1,131 of them were already dead (20.8% mortality rate). Based on studies by government agencies and a telephone survey of the general population by Seoul National University and civic groups, around 20% of the general public of Korea has used these products. Since the market release of the first product by SK Chemical in 1994, over 7.1 million items from around 20 brands were sold up to 2011. Most of the products were manufactured by well-known large conglomerates such as SK, Lotte, Samsung, Shinsegye, LG, and GS, as well as some European companies including UK-based Reckitt Benckiser and TESCO, the German firm Henkel, the Danish firm KeTox, and an Irish company. Even though this disaster was unveiled in 2011 by the Korean government, the issue of the victims was neglected for over five years. In 2016, an unexpected but intensive investigation by prosecutors found that Reckitt Benckiser manipulated and concealed animal tests for its own brand and brought several university experts and company employees to court. The matter was an intense social issue in Korea from May to June with a surge in media coverage. The prosecutor's investigation and a nationwide boycott campaign organized by victims and environmental groups against Reckitt Benckiser, whose product had been used by more than 70% of victims, led to the producer's official apology and a compensation scheme. A legislative investigation organized after the April 2016 national election revealed the producers' faults and the government's responsibility, but failed to meet expectations. A special law for the victims passed the National Assembly in January 2017 and a punitive system together with a massive environmental epidemiology investigation are expected to be the only solutions for this tragedy. Sciences of medicine, toxicology and environmental health have provided decisive evidence so far, but for the remaining problems the perspectives of social sciences such as sociology and jurisprudence are highly necessary, similar to with the Minamata disease and Wonjin Rayon events. It may not be easy to follow this issue using unfamiliar terminology from medical and chemical science and the long, complicated history of the event. For these reasons the author has attempted to write this article in a question and answer format to render it easier to follow. The 17 questions are: Q1 What is humidifier disinfectant? Q2 What kind of health problems are caused by humidifier disinfectant? Q3 How many victims are there? Q4 What is the analysis of the 1,112 cases of death? Q5 What is the problem with the government's diagnostic criteria and the solution? Q6 Who made what brands? Q7 Has there been a recall? What is still on sale? Q8 Was safety not checked by any producers? Q9 What are the government's responsibilities? Q10 Is it true that these products were sold only in Korea? Q11 Why and how was it unveiled only in 2011 after 17 years of sales? Q12 What delayed the resolution of the victim issue? Q13 What is the background of the prosecutor's investigation in early 2016? Q14 Is it possible to report new victim cases without evidence of product purchase? Q15 What is happening with the victim issue? Q16 How does it compare with the cases of Minamata disease and Wonjin Rayon? Q17 Are there prevention measures and lessons?

• 지능정보연구
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.93-110
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• 2015

기존의 협업필터링 추천시스템 연구는 상품에 대한 고객의 평점(rating)이나 구매 여부 데이터로부터 하나의 프로파일을 생성하고 이를 기반으로 추천 성능을 향상시킬 수 있는 새로운 알고리즘을 개발하는 위주로 진행되어 왔다. 그러나 빅데이터 환경이 도래하면서 기업이 수집할 수 있는 고객 데이터가 풍부해지고 다양해짐에 따라, 보다 정확하게 고객의 선호도나 행태를 파악하는 것이 가능하게 되었고 이러한 데이터, 즉 퍼스널 빅데이터(personal big data)를 추천시스템에 활용하는 연구의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 마케팅의 시장세분화 이론에 근거하여 퍼스널 빅데이터로부터 고객의 선호도나 행태를 다양한 관점에서 표현할 수 있는 5종의 다중 프로파일(multimodal profile)을 개발하고, 이를 활용하여 협업필터링 추천시스템의 성능을 개선하고자 한다. 제안하는 5종의 다중 프로파일은 프로파일 통합 유사도, 개별 프로파일 유사도 평균, 개별 프로파일 유사도 가중 평균이라는 세 가지 앙상블 기법을 통해 협업필터링의 이웃(neighborhood) 탐색과정에 적용된다. 실제 퍼스널 빅데이터에 본 연구에서 제안하는 방법론을 적용한 결과, 단일 프로파일을 사용하는 협업필터링 알고리즘보다 추천 성능이 상당히 개선되었으며 앙상블 방법 중에서는 개별 프로파일 유사도 가중 평균 기법이 가장 높은 추천 성능을 보여주었다. 본 연구는 빅데이터 환경에서 추천시스템을 개발하고자 할 때, 어떠한 성격의 데이터로부터 고객의 특성을 규명하는 프로파일을 만들고 이를 어떻게 결합하여 사용하는 것이 효과적인 지 처음으로 제안하였다는 점에서 그 의의가 있다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1987

$AFB_1$과 아스콜빈산(AA)이 산성 $pH(pH1{\sim}7)$에서 반응하는 동안 ($37^{\circ}C$에서 5일간) 상당량의 $AFB_1$가 파괴되었다. 반응기간 중 $AFB_1$은 $pH5{\sim}7$ 사이에서 대조군의 경우 거의 파괴되지 않았는데 AA 존재할 때 5일 후 $50{\sim}60%$가 파괴되었다. pH4 이하에서는 대조군 자체에서도 pH가 낮아지면서 $AFB_1$의 파괴가 증가되었지만 AA 존재하에서는 그 파괴량도 증가되었을 뿐 아니라, pH가 떨어질수록 속도도 증가했다. $AFB_1$이 AA와 반응했을 때 온도가 증가함에 따라 $AFB_1$량이 점차 감소하여 $60^{\circ}C$에서 반응할 때는 3일 후에 전혀 $AFB_1$을 발견하지 못했지만 $5^{\circ}C$에서는 반응기간 중 $AFB_1$은 안정 했다. $AFB_1$이 산화제$(CuSO_4{\cdot}5H_2O)$가 첨가된 AA와 반응했을 때 그 반응속도는 급격히 증가되어 $90{\sim}96%$ 의 $AFB_1$이 파괴되었으며, 대조군의 4%만이 파괴된 것과는 대조적이었다. 환원제 L-cysteine을 첨가했을 때 하루 동안 $AFB_1$의 파괴는 거의 없었으며 반응기간 중 대조군보다 소량의 $AFB_1$이 파괴되었다. $AFB_1$의 파괴는 AA의 농도에 따라 달랐는데 AA농도가 감소할수록 파괴 속도가 감소했지만 $AFB_1$의 농도는 이 파괴 반응에 영향을 주지 못했다. $AFB_1$과 AA가 반응하여 새로이 생성된 반응물은 TLC, RPLC 및 UV spectrophotometer를 이용하였을 때 $AFB_2a$로 동정되었으며, $AFB_1$의 분해와 더불어 $AFB_2a$의 생성이 확인되었다. 이 실험 결과에 비추어 AA 존재시 $AFB_1$의 파괴는 AA 산화기간 중 생성된 산화 생성물에 의한 것으로 추정된다.