• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.393-404
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• 2014

With consideration of proximate and intricate relationships among rural livelihood, farm land and forestry; this paper examined impact of land tenure reform on local peoples' forest dependency by taking Ethiopia as case study. The post 1975 major land tenure reform and associated activities such as land distribution and forest demarcation were found to be short of minimizing pressure on the forest as has been evidenced by percentage of new households established inside the forest and current level of dependency on the forest. With most of recently established households all making up the poor and very poor categories, together with overall of household composition which is dominated by dependent members coupled by current land tenure system that tie farmers with their land, future dependency on the already diminished forest seems to increase unabated. Reconsidering the existing land tenure system backed by policy for livelihood diversification, improvement in rural education and awareness on demographic issues can minimize future dependency on the forest.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2011

폭이 8m이상인 광폭형 비닐하우스는 농기구 사용의 편리성과 토지 활용성 등의 장점이 부각되면서 농가에 점차 보급되고 있는 실정이다. 이 논문은 광폭형 비닐하우스의 인장타이보강에 따른 효과에 관한 실험결과를 제공한다. 이미 앞선 연구에서는 농촌진흥청에서 고시된 폭이 6.5m인 단동형 비닐하우스 모델을 선정하여 인장타이보강효과에 대한 실험을 수행한바 있다. 본 연구에서는 ${\phi}48.1{\times}2.1$ 단면, 폭이 10.2m인 광폭형 비닐하우스를 선정하여 대칭하중 가력실험과, 햇빛에 의한 열이나 바람에 의한 불균형 적설하중을 산정한 편심하중 가력실험을 수행하였다. 타이를 보강하지 않은 실험체와 인장타이를 보강한 실험체의 하중-변위 관계를 비교 분석하였다. 대칭하중 가력실험에서 인장타이로 보강되어진 모델은 내력이 68~93%정도 증가하였다. 파괴모드는 무보강시에는 sway붕괴 메카니즘이 일어났으나 타이 보강시에는 아치 좌굴 메카니즘이 일어났다. 편심하중 가력실험 결과 타이로 보강하였을 경우 내력이 10~20%정도 증가하였다. 파괴모드는 무보강시에는 조합 붕괴 메카니즘이 일어났지만 타이보강시에는 아치 좌굴 메카니즘이 일어났다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2006

The objective of this research was to find an indirect method to estimate land surface temperature (LST) efficiently, using Landsat images. Agricultural fields including paddy fields have long been known to have multi-functions beneficial to the environment and ecology of the urban surrounding areas. Among these functions, the ambient temperature cooling (ATC) effect is widely acknowledged. However, quantitative and regional assessment of such effect has not been performed. Thermal remote sensing has been used over urban areas to assess the ATC effect, Thermal Island Effect(TIE), and as input for models of urban surface atmosphere exchange. Here, we review the use of thermal remote sensing in the study of paddy fields and urban climates, focusing primarily on the ATC effect. Landsat satellite images were used to determine the surface temperatures of different land cover types of a $44km^{2}$ study area in Cheongiu, Korea. The results show that the ATC is a function of paddy area percentage in Landsat pixels. Landsat pixels with higher paddy area percentage have much more cooling effect. The use of satellite data may contribute to a globally consistent method for analysis of ATC effect.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.148-155
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• 2005

This study was carried out to analyze the effect of direction of wind load and machinery house location on the stability of container crane loading/unloading a container on a vessel. The overturning moment of container crane under wind load at 50m/s velocity was estimated by analyzing reaction forces at each supporting point. And variations of reaction forces at each supporting point of a container crane were analyzed according to direction of wind load and machinery house location. The critical location of machinery house was also investigated to install a tie-down which has an anti-overturning function of container crane at the land side supporting point.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.299-310
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• 2014

국가적으로 국토의 효율적 활용과 친환경성 등으로 인해 터널과 같은 지하공간 건설이 필요하다. 친환경적 요소의 중요성을 감안할 때, 산악지에 형성되는 도로건설에 대해 2-아치 및 대단면 터널로 계획되나 경제성, 시공성, 공사기간, 유지관리 등의 문제점을 가지고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 2차로의 국도터널을 기준으로 현장조건과 지반조건을 고려하여 터널별 이격거리와 토피고를 변화시켜 경험식과 수치해석적으로 필라부의 안전성을 평가하였으며, 해석 프로그램으로 유한요소법을 적용한 Plaxis 2D를 활용하여 터널의 최소 필라폭 선정과 전체적인 터널의 거동특성을 분석하였다. 분석결과, Tie-Bolt에 의한 필라보강은 연직하중을 분산시켜 안전적인 근접병렬터널 계획이 가능하며, 터널 필라의 거동은 현장계측 결과와 잘 일치하는 것으로 나타났으며, 지반조건에 따라 터널 필라폭을 축소시킨다면 이전의 터널에 비해 효율적인 터널 활용이 가능하다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.497-507
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• 2005

This paper presents a method for obtaining mosaic aerial photographs that are useful for a long-term shoreline change study in the Nakdong estuary. Although this method involves digital photogrammetry software of the shelf its usage can be simplified to accomodate the shoreline change study. Ground control points, which are common in aerial photographs, were measured from digital maps. Block triangulation was highly affected by land-based GCPs. Extension of tie points near the shoreline to vertical control points gave more reliable results for the block triangulation. A constant Digital Elevation Model (DEM), close to mean sea level, was employed to produce ortho-rectified photographs, from which mosaic photographs were made. Accuracy of photographs were found to be acceptable for the analysis of long-term shoreline change, and the promising construction of a shoreline change database in the Nakdong estuary.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.137-154
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• 2019

Singapore has seen a phenomenal and an unprecedented transformation from a swampland to a high density urban environment since its independence in 1965, made possible largely and single-handedly by the sustained efforts of its government. Indeed, urban space is a key vehicle for achieving urban social, environmental, economic, and cultural sustainability. The dense urban context in Singapore has seen an emergence and increase in elevated spaces in the form of sky-gardens, sky-bridges and sky-courts in a range of building types, seemingly seeking to tie together the different horizontal and vertical components of the city. This paper, therefore, examines the effectiveness of elevated urban spaces and pedestrian networks in Singapore and their ability to contribute to the horizontal to vertical transitions, and consequently to the urban vitality and accessibility. It does this through the analysis of two key developments: Marina Bay Sands and the Jurong Gateway. In particular, it considers the implications of certain constraints placed on urban spaces by their inherent location at height, in addition to the familiar privatization of public spaces, over-management of spaces, and their somewhat utilitarian characteristics. The paper argues that some of these issues may pose detrimental effects on the publicness of these spaces that in turn may lead to such spaces being underused and therefore adding redundancies and further stress to Singapore's urban land. Finally, the paper outlines key strategies that may help overcome the aforementioned issues, including the disjuncture associated with elevated spaces such that they may become a seamless extension of the urban spaces on ground.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.88-95
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• 2010

천부와 광역적인 지체 구조를 해석하기 위하여 일본 혼슈섬 중부에 위치한 노토 반도 연안을 따라 2008년 10월 헬리콥터를 이용한 항공 중력 탐사를 수행하였다. 항공탐사 측선은 총 700 km 정도이며, 세 개의 교차측선을 포함하여 2 km 간격으로 연안에서 20 km 이내에서 수행되었다. 항공탐사를 통해 해석된 부게 이상은 육상탐사와 선상탐사의 결과와 잘 부합하고 있으며, 해안으로 갈수록 중력값이 감소하는 패턴 및 선행연구 결과로 알려진 와지마만의 특성을 잘 보여주고 있어 타당성 있는 항공 탐사 결과임을 확인할 수 있었다. 이번 연구에서 제안하는 항공중력 시스템은 공간적으로 2km 정도의 해상도를 제공해 주고 있다. 항공탐사 결과를 기준변의 자료로 보정해 주기 위하여 항공, 선상, 육상 탐사 결과를 모두 이용하였으며, 이를 위하여 입체각을 이용한 수치 적분을 반복적으로 수행하였다. 최종적으로는 해발 300 m 높이의 중력 이상값으로 계산하였다. 그러나, 선상중력자료와의 자연스러운 자료 통합을 수행하기 위해서는 2-5 mGal 정도의 추가 보정이 필요하였으며, 이를 고려하면, 이번 항공 중력 측정 자료는 2-g mGal 의 오차 범위를 갖는 것으로 판단된다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.83-99
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• 1994

Ch'ang-Ts'al-Ts'un is a rural Village near Lung-jing City in Yen-pien Korean Autonomous Province of China. It was formed about 100 years ago by Korean Immigrants and has been developed maintaing the characteristics of traditional Korean architecture. Therefore investigating the spatial structure of this village is a meanigful work to confirm and explore one branch of Korean architecture. This study aims at analyzing the spatial structure of the village using direct data collected from the field work and indirect data from books and maps. The field work consists of on-the-site survey of the village layout, interviews of residents, observation notes and photography. Ch'ang-Ts'ai-Ts'un is located 360-370 m high above the sea level and at the side of a long valley. A river flows in the middle of the valley and relatively flat arable land exists at the both sides of the river. The location of the village related to the surrounding river and mountains suggests that the site of the village was chosen according to Feng-Shui, Chinese and Korean traditional architectural theory. The main direction of the house layouts is South-western. The village has been growing gradually until today. Therefore it is meaningful to make the village layout before Liberation(1946 A.D.) because the characteristics of Korean architecture prevailed more in that period. The area of the previous village is limited to the west side of the creek. New houses were later added to the east of the creek, forming a 'New Village'. Previously the village was composed of 3 small villages: Up, Middle and Down. Also the main access roads connecting the village with the neighboring villages were penetrating the village transversely. Presently the main access road comes to the village longitudinally from the main highway located in front of the village. The retrospective layout shows the existence of well-formed Territory, Places and Axes, thus suggesting a coherent Micro-cosmos. The boundary of imaginery territory perceived by present residents could be defined by linking conspicous outside places sorrounding the village such as Five-mountains, Front-mountain, Shin-dong village, Standing-rock, Rear-mountain and Myong-dong village. Inside the territory there are also the important places such as Bus-stop, Memorial tower of patriots, Road-maitenance building and the village itself. And inside it 5 transverse and 1 longitudinal axes exist in the form of river, roads and mountains. The perceived spatial structure of the village formed by Places, Axes and Territory is geometrical and well-balanced and suggests this village is fit for human settlement. The administrative area of the village is about 738 ha, 27 % of which is cultivated land and the rest is mountain area. Initially the village and surrounndings were covered with natural forest But the trees have been gradually cut down for building and warning houses, resulting in the present barren and artificial landscape with bare mountains and cultivated land. At present the area of the village occupied by houses is wedge-shaped, 600 m wide and 220 m deep in its maximum. The total area of the village is $122,175m^{2}$. The area and the rate of each sub-division arc as follow. 116 house-lots $91,465m^{2}$ (74.9 %) Land for public buildings and shops $2,980m^{2}$ (2.4 %) Roads $17,106m^{2}$ (14.0 %) Creek $1,356m^{2}$ (1.1 %) Vacant spaces and others $9,268m^{2}$ (7.6 %) TOTAL $122,175m^{2}$ (100.0 %) Each lot is fenced around with vertical wooden pannels 1.5-1.8 m high and each house is located to the backside of the lot. The open space of a lot is sub-divided into three areas using the same wooden fence: Front yard, Back yard and Access area. Front and back yards are generally used for crop-cultivation, the custom of which is rare in Korea. The number of lots is 116 and the average size of area is $694.7m^{2}$. Outdoor spaces in the village such as roads, vacant spaces, front yard of the cultural hall, front yard of shops and spacse around the creek are good 'behavioral settings' frequently used by residents for play, chatting, drinking and movie-watching. The road system of the village is net-shaped, having T-junctions in intersections. The road could be graded to 4 categories according to their functions: Access roads, Inner trunk roads, Connecting roads and Culs-de-sac. The total length of the road inside the village is 3,709 m and the average width is 4.6 m. The main direction of the road in the village is NNE-SSE and ESE-WNW, crossing with right angles. Conclusively, the spatial structure of Ch'ang-Ts'ai-Ts'un village consists of various components in different dimensions and these components form a coherent structure in each dimension. Therefore the village has a proper spatial structure meaningful and appropriate for human living.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.227-233
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• 2012

해양은 지구상에서 제일 큰 물의 지리적 단위이다. 해양에 관한 국제법은 <유엔 해양법협약>으로 이는 지구상에서 유일한 <지구 헌법>이다. 동 협약에 의하여 세계 1/3의 해양이 연안국에 속하게 되었다. 다시 말해 해양의 이용권과 관리권을 연안국 중심으로 관할권을 주어서 연안국의 관할범위가 넓어지게 된 것이다. 이에 따라 세계 각국의 권력범위는 새로운 변화를 가져오게 되었다. 즉, 해양국토도 육지국토와 마찬가지로 한 국가의 중요한 물질적 조건이 된 것이다. 따라서 현재는 해양에 대한 전력이 그 어느 때 보다도 중요하게 되었다. 이제 해양은 국제 경제와 국제정치 및 군사투쟁의 중요한 무대로서 한 국가의 권익, 자원개발 및 이용에 관한 분쟁이 많이 나타나게 되었다. 이러한 분쟁을 해결하려면 강대한 종합적 국력과 함께 해양력이 필요한 것으로 분석되었고, 해양력에서 가장 큰 비중을 차지하는 것은 해양경찰력으로 나타났다.