• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.65-69
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• 1990

An experiment was carried out ot determine the effects of seeding rates and seedbed preparations on the establishment and yield of surface-sown pasture species. Establishment of orchardgrass was significantly increased by the lowest seeding rate of 20 kg/ha as compared to 30 and 40 kg/ha, but no differences were found between the seeding rates of ladino clover. Both raking and burning significantly improved the establishment of pasture species in comparison with non-treatment. There was a significant difference between the raking and burning for the establishment of orchardgrass, but no significant difference was found between the two treatments for that of ladino clover. Increasing seeding rate of pasture species did not enhance the yield of surface-sown pasture, but both the raking and non-treatment significantly increased the yield of pasture species. The results suggest that both the raking and burning can improve the establishment but increasing seeding rate over 20 kg/ha and burning may not increase the yield.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.71-77
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• 1986

The field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of herbicide treatment (Banvel: 100, 200, U-46: 150, 300, Hedonal: 150, 300, Simazin: 100, 200g/10 a) on change in the botanical composition and dry matter productivity of ladino clover (Trifolium repens L.) dominated pasture mixtures. The experiment was laid down as a randomized block design with 4 replications at experimental field of Livestock Experiment Station in Suweon from 1983 to 1985. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Against ladino clover in mixie grass-clover swards Banvel, U-46 and Hedonal gave good control. The percentage of ladino clover under herbicide tratment decreased to about 1-2%(Banvel), 11-18%(U-46) and 22-31%(Hedonal), respectively, while it increased to 71% in untreated pastures. However, in the second year this trend stated to reverse and occurred clover dominance again in U-46 and Hedonal application, while those remained approximately constant until end of the years under Banvel treatment. Simazin is to be not recommended. 2. The best time for herbicide treatment was found to be late summer before autumn sown 20-25 days. When it applied in early summer weed infestigation by Digitaria spp., Echinochloa spp. and other species was a severe problem. 3. Emergence and early development of introduced pastures were less satisfactory, if it oversown immediatley after herbicide treatments due to its phytotoxical damage. Residual chemicals remained about 7-10 days in topsoils. Perennial ryegrass and orchardgrass were slightly less tolerant than the other species. 4. In dry matter, taken as average of three year results, Banvel applied pastures produced the remarkably high yield of 1023 kg/10 a, which is as much as 44% higher than that of untreated plot. Dry matter yields under U-46 and Hedonal treatment were 842 and 811 kg/10 a, respectively. 5. Weender components and net energy concentration were affected by change in the botanical composition. Crude protein and NEL value were slightly higher in clover dominance than those in herbicide treatments. Total yields of net energy lactation, however, were the highest in Banvel application with 5401 MJ and the lowest in untreatment with 3889 MJ-NEL/10 a DM.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 1999

This pot experiment was conducted to find out the forage productivity and quality in a grass/clover sward as affected by the application of three different fertilizers; double superphosphate(DS), fused Mg-phosphate(FP), and complex fertilizer(CF), on newly reclaimed hilly soil. This 1st part was concerned with the forage yields, yield components and botanical composition. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The significant differences in the yields(relative yields, %) of whole forages and legume were laid in the following increasing order; CF(relative yield: 150.4% in whole forages and 169.7% in ladino clover) > FP(125.4% in whole forages and 121.7% in ladino clover) > DS(100.0%). The yield of orchardgrass was significantly reduced in the DS plot, compared with the yields in the FP and CF plots, whereas these showed no significant differences between the FP and CF plots. 2. In the botanicl composition, it showed that the rates of grass : legume were 48:52% in the DS and FP, and 40:60% in the CF. It was recognized that the application of complex fertilizer contributed to the increasing of the yields of whole forages, and especially legume yield and rate in the mixed sward.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.477-480
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• 1995

The effects of formic acid and formaldehyde treatment and methionine supplementation to ladino clover fibrous residue silage on eating and rumination behaviour were studied in sheep. From the ladino clover fibrous residue, two silage were prepared, either untreated or treated with formic acid and formaldehyde. Four experimental diets: untreated silage, treated silage, untreated silage with supplementation of methionine and treated silage with supplementation of methionine, were offered to four sheep at a restricted level of DM intake (2% of BW/d) twice daily in a two-way layout design. Methionine supplementation with the treated silage significantly (p < 0.05) reduced daily time spent eating, and consequently, markedly increased rate of eating. However, there was little effect of methionine supplementation on the daily time spent eating and eating rate for sheep offered untreated silage. Methionine supplementation with the treated silage reduced daily time spent ruminating, although the same effect was not observed for untreated silage. The rumination index (time spent ruminating/100 g DM eaten) was remarkably smaller (p < 0.05) with methionine supplement in feeding treated silage, although it did not differ for sheep offered untreated silage. There were no clear effect of methionine supplementation on the rumination efficiency (i.e. number of chews/bolus, bolus time and rumination chewing rate) both feeding untreated silage and treated silage.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 2009

The grassland establishment under the forest become important, but it comes with a shade for the grass growing among trees. The objective of this study is to select the proper grass-clover mixtures to several shading degrees. The grass-clover mixtures were grown under full sunlights and shade cloths, which reduce sunlight intensity by 35, 50 and 75%. The various types of mixtures were allocated at each shading degrees with three replications. The productivity of mixtures was the highest under full sunlights, and intermediate with 35% degree of shading and least with both 50 and 75% degrees of shading. The 1st mixture (orchardgrass+tall fescue+Kentucky bluegrass+ladino clover+perennial ryegrass+timothy) showed the greatest yield in all treatments. The crude protein (CP) concentration of all mixtures increased with the higher degree of shading, but no CP concentration difference was observed in mixtures within same degree of shading. The lowest neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) concentrations and highest relative feed value (RFV) were resulted in the 1st mixture in all treatments. This study indicates that tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, ladino clover, perennial ryegrass and timothy can be used as components for mixtures with orchardgrass which is major component for forest-pastures.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2001

This pot experiments was conducted to find out the forage productivity and quality in a grass/clover sward as affected by the application of three different fertilizers; double superphosphate(DS), fused Mg-phosphate(FP), and complex fertilizer(CF) on newly reclaimed hilly soil. This 2nd part was concerned with the contents and yields of mineral nutrients and general components. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The concentrations of P, Ca. Mg, and Na by the forage species were relatively higher in the CF plots than in the FP and DS plots. The yields of mineral nutrients by the forage species were high in the order: CF>FP>DS plots. Especially. these were higher in the ladino clover and mixed forages than in orchardgrass. 2 The contents of crude protein and crude ash were highest with the CF plots, compared with the FP and DS plots. The yields of general components in the ladino clover and mixed forages were apparently highest with the CF plots. whereas these in orchardgrass not showed consistent differences among the plots. It was recognized that the positive effects on the concentrations and yields of mineral nutrients and general components in forages were higher in the order: CF＞FP＞DS plots.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.34
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• pp.147-172
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• 2014

The Guatemalan government and guerrilla forces(the Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteco, URNG) signed peace accord in 1996, and ended civil conflict(1960-1996). The bloodiest governments of the 36-year-lond armed conflict were those of Lucas Garc?a, R?os Montt and Mej?a V?ctores, between 1978 and 1983. The war that Guatemala underwent resulted in more than 200,000 casualties, more than 83% of them Mayan, according to the report of the CEH(Comision para de Esclarecimiento Historico). 'Victoria 82' and 'Opreation Sof?a' were the strategy of military dictatorship to destory indigenous Mayan communities. This paper is to demonstrates that the Guatemalan state perpetrated a genocide against the indigenous population using racism to strengthening modern nation-state and this was because, historically and structurally, it possessed, in its intrinsic naturem the repressive, ideological and legal apparatus. To distinguish Maya from ladino is often linked to cultural and social discrimination and a system of racial ranking. Militaty dictatorship used the system of racial ranking to exterminate indigenous populations.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 1969

This experiment was conducted for 4 weeks to compare the feeding values of dried meal of Russian Comfrey and Kale as green feeds with Acacia leaf meal and Ladino clover meal, and to investigate the effects of feeding these on the total cholesterol in blood serum and liver fat content. Seventy-five male chicks of Single Comb White Leghorn were allotted into 5 treatments. Fifteen birds in each treatment were received Russian Comfrey meal, Kale meal, Acasia leaf meal, Ladino clover meal or no dried meal, respectively. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. No significant differences were recognized between the treatments and control in the growth rate, feed consumption, feed efficiency, utilization of nutrients, nitrogen retention and metabolizable energy value. 2. Carotene content in Russian Comfrey and Kale has been decreased as the growing stage advanced, and the leaves of both vegetable contained significantly (p<0.01) more carotene than that in stems. Vitamin C content of leaves was also signifcantly (p<0.01) higher than that in stems, however, vitamin C content has been increased as the growing stage advanced. 3. Toltal cholesterol content in blood serum of the chickens fed the Acacia leaf meal or Russian Comfrey meal was significantly (p<0.05) lower than Ladino clover meal fed group or those received no green feeds. Kale seems to decrease cholesterol content a little. Above results indicated that Acacia leaf and Russian Comfrey might contain certain substances that would depressing the cholesterol content. 4. No significant differences in the liver fat were discovered among the treatment but it was observed that liver fat was decreased as the cholesterol content increased.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.289-292
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• 1997

A grazing trial was carried out to determine the effects of different grass/legume pastures on forage production, legume proportion, nutritive value, and animal performance. The pasture mixtures were mainly orchardgrass (OG) + ladino clover (T1), OG + alfalfa (T2), perennial ryegrass + alfalfa (T3), and grass alone mainly OG (T4). The pastures were rotationally grazed 7 times with heifers which had an initial liveweight of about 243 kg in 1991 and 1992. The average plant height at each grazing was 32.4 cm. The annual dry matter yield ranged from 9.19 MT in T4 to 9.61 MT/ha in T3, but no significant difference among different mixture combinations was found. The proportion of ladino clover in T1 mixtures rapidly increased from 21% to 68% during the grazing season. However, the proportion of alfalfa in T2 and T3 ranged from 12% to 23%. The contents of crude protein and calcium, respectively, in the forages were highest in T1 (23.2%, 0.68%) and lowest in T4 (18.5%, 0.13%), while crude fiber content showed the opposite trends. Liveweight gain was greatest on T1 (1.073 kg) and lowest on T4 (643 kg). It was concluded that pasture mixtures containing legume (ladino clover) can increase forage nutritive value and animal performance.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 1983

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of some kinds of tree litters covered the soil surface on the germination, establishment, sward composition, and herbage production of the grasses sown by the oversowing method. The litters were leaves of Pinus rigida Miller, Quercus variabilis Blume, Larix leptolepis Gord, and Alnus hirsuta Rupr. The results obtained were as follows; 1. In the Petri dish, germination was affected by grass species and kinds of litters, especially the percolate from Pinus litter seriously suppressed the early germination of small size seeds such as ladino clover and timothy. 2. In the pot, establishment was slightly suppressed in ladino and timothy by the percolate from Pinus litter, while in others it was decreased relatively. 3. Among the 6 species investigated, the small size seeds of ladino clover and timothy and the large size seeds of red clover, they could be early put into the litter spaces and established well. 4. In Larix litter, the establishment percentage of all species were decreased seriously owing to low moisture retention capacity. 5. Grass height and root length were different in kinds of litters and species. 6. The percentages of establishment on each surface treatments of burning, treading, raking, and the control under Quercus tree were 36, 46, 37, and 31%, respectively. 7. The sward percentage of oversown grasses and legumes was 57.8% in burning, 70.9% in treading, 59.6% in raking, and 54.0% in the control. 8. Treading treatment was most effective to destroy existing vegetation and improve soil-seed contact when oversowing and showed the best result. 9. Yield of dry matter per unit area in treading treatment was higher (p<0.05) than those of the other treatments. The above experimental results suggest the importance of direct oversowing on the litters in the mountainous land and forest land.