• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.1059-1064
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• 1998

Fermented beverage using lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi was investigated. Lactic acid bacteria KL 1, KD 6, KL 4 strains from kimchi, or obtained Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides with and without yeast(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were inoculated in fruit vegetable juice for single and mixed culture fermentation. During the fermentation by bacterial strain and yeast for 1~3 days at 30oC, various fermentation behaviors were observed. The growth rate of mixed culture of KL 1 and yeast was higher than that of single culture by KL 1 alone during the fermentation. The amount of organic acid produced by the mixed culture fermentation of KL 1 and yeast was 0.82%(3 day) or 0.58%(1 day) and with the final pH of 3.3(3 day) or 4.2(1 day). These mixed culture systems of isolated strains or other bacterial strains had almost similar results of growth rate and acid production. Among several bacterial strains, KL 1 was suitable for the mixed culture fermentation with yeast in terms of desirable fermentation behavior and organoleptical quality. The selected strain, KL 1 was identified as Leuconostoc spp. through the series of tests on carbohydrate fermentation and biochemical characteristics.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.155-163
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• 1989

YS-medium(0.1% Yeast extract +10% Skimmilk)중에 유산간균 L.casei, L. acidophilus , L. bulgaricus 와 병원성 E, coli, Sal. enteritides를 혐기적으로 혼합배양하면서 각각의 생육과 저해를 조사한 결과 , E. coli와 Sal. enteritideis의 생육이 각 유산균에 의하여 현저하게 저해되었다. 그러나 L.casei와 L.acidophilus의 각 유산균은 E.coli와 Sal. enteritidis에 의하여 생육이 전혀 저해되지 않았고 , L. bulgaricus는 E. coli 에 의하여 약간 저해를 받았다. E. coli와 Sal. enteritidis 의 단독배양액의 pH는 72시간째에 각각 5.08과 5.70이었으며, 유산균혼합배양액의 pH는 3.75~4.48이었고, 병원성균의 생육억제작용은 주고 pH 저하에 기인하였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.644-651
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• 2009

수침조건에 따라 수침찹쌀과 수침액의 미생물학적 변화와 효소활성 및 구조적 특성을 살펴본 결과 수침액의 미생물상에서, 수침초기에는 젖산균이 우세하였고, 수침기간이 길어짐에 따라 미생물 균수가 급속히 증가하면서 젖산균과 Bacillus spp.이 우세 균총으로 관찰되다가 수침이 계속되면서 모든 미생물이 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 그 중에서 Bacillus spp.이 가장 많이 관찰되었다. 수침액의 $\alpha$-amylase는 수침온도와 수침기간이 증가함에 따라 지속적으로 활성이 증가하였고, protease 활성은 수침기간이 길어짐에 따라 활성이 증가한 후 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 수침 찹쌀의 $\alpha$-amylase는 수침온도가 높을수록 감소하였고, $\beta$-amylase와 glucoamylase는 수침 1일에 증가하여 수침 21일까지 일정하였다. 수침찹쌀의 미세구조를 살펴보면, 세포벽이 떨어져 나간 흔적이 보이고 다각형의 찹쌀전분입자들이 노출되면서 표면이 거칠어 보였다. 또한 찹쌀전분 입자 표면의 미세한 구멍이 수침 11일 이후 관찰되어 효소작용의 결과와 일치하는 경향을 나타냈다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.83-90
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• 1999

전통 발효유로부터 콜레스테롤 저하능을 갖는 Lactobacillus (L.) rhamnosus, L. casei, Lactococcus (Lacto.) lactis spp., 그리고 Enterococcus(E.) faecium 각각 1주를 분리, 동정하고, 이들 균주의 내산성 , 내담즙성, 콜레스테롤 저하정도를 조사하였다. 선발 균주의 내산성은 pH 1.5에서는 L. rhamnosus 2084가, pH 2.5에서는 L. casei 0781이 가장 높게 나타났으나, pH 3.0에서는 4 균주가 유사하였다. 내담즙성 및 콜레스테롤 저하 정도는 전반적으로 L. rhamnosus 2084가 가장 우수하였다. 이들 균주를 starter로 요구르트를 제조하여 경시적으로 제조된 발효유의 pH, 산도, 유산균수 등의 이화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 배양 온도 및 배양 시간에 따른 ph, 산도, 그리고 유산균수의 변화를 고려했을 때, 선발 균주의 요구르트 제조 적정 온도 및 배양시간은 L. casei 0781과 L. rhamnosus 2084의 경우 $40^{\circ}C$에서 각각 6시간, 4시간이었으며, Lacto. lactis 204는 $37^{\circ}C$에서 6시간, 그리고 E. faecium 402는 $37^{\circ}C$ 및 $40^{\circ}C$에서 12시간이었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.719-726
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• 2006

본 실험은 가수분해 시킨 유청단백질과 Lb. casei HY2782의 세포 추출물을 인간 전립선 세포에처리하여 세포 내 glutathione 농도 상승효과와 산화제 tbutyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)에 의한핵산 손상 방지 효과를 알아보기 위한 실험으로 전립선 세포 RWPE1 cells와 PC3MMM2 cells에 hydrolyzed WPI(500g/m)를 48시간 동안 처리 시, 가수분해 시키지 않은 WPI 보다 각각 28.2%, 38.4%씩 GSH 농도가 증가하는 것을 유의적으로 확인할 수 있었고(p<0.05), 카제인의 경우 RWPE1 cells and PC3MMM2 cells에 처리 시 가수분해 시킨 카제인과의 유의차가 보이지 않았으며 (p<0.05), glutathione 합성저해제인 Buthionine sulfoximin (BSO) 처리 시 Glutathione 농도가 현저하게 낮아지는 것을 확인할 수가 있었다(Anderson, 1998). 전립선 세포 RWPE1 cells 와 PC3MMM2 cells에 Lb. casei HY2782 세포 추출물 처리 시 PC3MMM2 cell에서는 GSH의 농도가 유의적으로 증가하는 것을 확인 할 수 있었고(p<0.05), RWPE1 cell에서는 증가 성향을 확인 할 수가 있었다.가수분해 시킨 유청단백질과 Lb. casei cell 세포추출물 처리 시 산화제에 의한 세포의 DNA 손상 억제정도와 사멸율의 변화를 확인 한 결과, 가수분해 WPI를 처리 후 Oxidant tbutyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)(500mM)를 이용하여 PC3MMM2 세포에 산화적인 스트레스를 주었을 시, TBHP만 처리한 구에서는 62.0%의 생존율을 나타내었고, glutathione 합성저해제인 BSO를 첨가시킨 처리구에서는 33.7%의 생존율을 나타내었다. 가수분해 시킨 WPI와 카제인 처리구에서는 각각 86.7%, 63.6%의 생존율을 나타내었고, WPI와 BSO를 함께 처리한 구에서는 71.5%의 생존율을 나타내었다. 이는 BSO에 의해 GSH의 생성이 저해되어 나타난 결과로 보여지며(Anderson, 1988), 가수분해시킨 WPI 가 가수분해 시킨 카제인보다는 높은 생존율을 나타내는 것을 유의적으로 확인할 수가 있었다. (p<0.05) Lb. casei 세포 추출물처리에 의한 생존율에서는 가수분해시킨 WPI와 유사한 수준의 82.4%의 생존율을 보였다. 가수분해시킨 유청단백질과 Lb. casei cell 세포추출물에 의한 세포에서의 glutathione 농도 증가에 의해 산화제에 의한 DNA의 손상이 적었던 것으로 사료되어지고, 이로 인해 생존율이 높았던 것으로 판단된다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권12호
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• pp.1892-1903
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• 2022

Objective: A series of experiment were conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing a part of soybean meal (SBM) at 6% of broiler diets with fermented soybean meal (FSBM) obtained by single or two-stage fermentation by measuring growth performance, antioxidant activity in the jejunum and distal intestinal microflora. Methods: Soybean meal samples were prepared by single-stage fermentation using Bacillus velezensis (Bv) (FSBM_B), or Lactobacillus spp. (as commercial control) (FSBM_L). Additional SBM sample was prepared by two-stage fermentation using Bv and subsequently using Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 367 (Lb) (FSBM_B+L). Enzyme activity, chemical composition, trichloroethanoic acid-nitrogen solubility index (TCA-NSI) and antioxidant activity were measured. Then, in an in vivo study, 320 Ross308 broilers were divided into four groups with ad libitum supply of feed and water. Four groups were fed either a corn-soybean meal diet (SBM), or one of fermented SBM diets (FSBM_B+L, FSBM_B, and FSBM_L). Growth, serum characteristics, microflora, and the mRNA expression of selected genes were measured. Results: Compared to SBM, FSBM_B+L contained lower galacto-oligosaccharide, allergic protein, and trypsin inhibitor, and higher TCA-NSI by about three times (p<0.05). Reducing power and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging ability correlated positively with the TCA-NSI content in FSBM. Growth performances were not significantly different among four groups. In jejunum of 35-day-old broilers, partial replacement of SBM by FSBM_B+L increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase (CAT), and the FSBM_B group had the highest catalase activity (p<0.05). Partial replacement of SBM by FSBM increased relative mRNA expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) (p<0.05); however, FSBM_B+L increased CAT mRNA level to 5 times of the control (p<0.05). Conclusion: Using Bv- and Lb-processed SBM through two-stage fermentation to partially replace 6% of diets will improve the gut's antioxidant activity under commercial breeding in broilers.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.647-651
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• 1996

The development of an enrichment method for the rapid and effective identification of Salmonella spp. in sewage or food was studied. As a growth factor for Salmonella, 10 mM cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in trypticase soy broth with 0.6% yeast extract (TSBYE) increased cell number five-folds and 0.6% yeast extract in selenite broth increased cell number ten-folds of control. Bile salts in selenite broth was tested for the selection of S. enteritidis in a mixture with Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Lactobacillus plantarum and Escherichia coli. The latter four strains were effectively inhibited at 0.1% bile salt. A two-step culture method was used to enrich Salmonella spp.; a primary-enrichment and secondary- enrichment culture. At a primary-enrichment step, selenite broth with 0.6% yeast extract and 10 mM cAMP was used, and at a secondary-enrichment step, 0.1% bile salt was additionally used. Culture times of a primary- enrichment and a secondary-enrichment step were 8 hr and 6 hr, respectively. In this procedure, cell number increased from 10$^{0.3}$ to 10$^{8.5}$ with inhibition of other strains within 14 hr. In the case of an initial cell concentrarion as low as 10$^{-2}$ cfu/ml, a cell number increased to 10$^{7}$ cfu/ml by using a 10 hr primary-enrichment and 6 hr secondary-enrichment procedure.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.502-511
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• 2013

This study evaluated the composition two popular species of edible bamboo shoots in Korea (Phyllostachyspubescens and Sinoarundinarianigra) and the effect of their abundant dietary fiber on intestinal microorganisms in healthy young women. The ranges of total moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, crude ash, and dietary fiber content were 87.190.8, 2.943.5, 0.150.39, 0.411.05, and 4.206.15% (wet weight basis), respectively. Moisture and crude ash content increased after heat treatment; however, crude protein, crude lipid, and dietary fiber content were reduced after heating. The major minerals found in bamboo shoots were potassium, phosphorous, sulfur, magnesium, and calcium. In addition, glucose and fructose were abundant free sugars, while asparagine and tyrosine were the most abundant free amino acids. Approximately 70% of the total free fatty acids found in bamboo shoots were linoleic acid and linolenic acid. The ascorbic acid content was 6.60~17.56 mg/100 g (wet weight basis), and one phenolic compound, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, was 0.10.2% (wet weight basis) and detected by HPLC analysis. The intake of bamboo shoots for seven days significantly increased viable cell counts of Lactobacillus spp. and reduced viable cell counts of Bacteriodes spp. in feces (p<0.05). In our data, bamboo shoots may be useful in the food industry as high dietary fiber ingredients.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.245-255
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• 2021

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a disease with high morbidity and mortality that occurs mainly in premature born infants. The pathophysiologic mechanisms indicate that gastrointestinal dysbiosis is a major risk factor. We searched for relevant articles published in PubMed and Google Scholar in the English language up to October 2020. Articles were extracted using subject headings and keywords of interest to the topic. Interesting references in included articles were also considered. Network meta-analysis suggests the preventive efficacy of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp., but even more for mixtures of Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, and Bifidobacterium, and Streptococcus spp. However, studies comparing face-to-face different strains are lacking. Moreover, differences in inclusion criteria, dosage strains, and primary outcomes in most trials are major obstacles to providing evidence-based conclusions. Although adverse effects have not been reported in clinical trials, case series of adverse outcomes, mainly septicemia, have been published. Consequently, systematic administration of probiotic bacteria to prevent NEC is still debated in literature. The risk-benefit ratio depends on the incidence of NEC in a neonatal intensive care unit, and evidence has shown that preventive measures excluding probiotic administration can result in a decrease in NEC.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.257-261
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• 2008

Previous studies have suggested a possible correlation between cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) and stress tolerance in Bifidobacterium. In this study, the relationship was examined between CSH and environmental stress tolerance in Lactobacillus spp. By measuring the adhesion to hexadecane, 2 Lactobacillus fermentum strains- KLB 261 and KLB 231 were found to have high and low CSH, respectively. To measure their tolerance to various stresses, cells were subjected to salt (2 M NaCl), acid (pH 2), $H_2O_2$ (0.01 %, v/v), ethanol (20%, v/v), heat ($60^{\circ}C$), and cold ($-20^{\circ}C$). Compared with KLB 231, the hydrophobic KLB 261 was found to be much more resistant to the various stresses examined. After being subjected to different stresses for a period of time, KLB 261 and KLB 231 showed 50 and 0% survivability in 2 M NaCl, 108.2 and 0.6% in 0.01 %(v/v) $H_2O_2$, 40.2%(v/v), and 3.7% at $60^{\circ}C$ incubation, 4 and 0.6% at $-20^{\circ}C$, 12.9 and 0.1 % in pH 2, 33.8 and 0.2% in 20%(v/v) ethanol, respectively. Autoaggregation test and morphological observation were also conducted in an attempt to explain these differences. These results suggested that high CSH could strengthen the stress tolerance of lactobacilli.