• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.309-320
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• 2022

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the consumption values of fast foods among American consumers and compare the consumption values according to the levels of health consciousness. Methods: An online survey using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted on 351 American consumers. Based on the median health consciousness score (3.83 out of 5 points), the subjects were classified into the low health-conscious group (Low group) and the high health-conscious group (High group). Factor analysis was used to extract factors for the five consumption values (functional, social, emotional, conditional, and epistemic values). The differences in the consumption values between the two groups were analyzed. Results: A total of 14 factors were extracted for the five consumption values and 9 factors among them (convenience, healthiness, and taste in functional values; health-conscious people, young, busy, obese people, low class, and budget restricted people in social values; guilt in emotional values; accidental situations in conditional values) showed significant differences between the two groups. The Low group had a higher perception of the factor of healthiness (P < 0.001) than the High group. The High group had a relatively higher perception of the factors of convenience (P < 0.001), taste (P < 0.001), and guilt (P < 0.001). In addition, the High group perceived the social values of fast foods more negatively. The High group consumed fast foods less frequently than the Low group and perceived their health status and healthiness of eating habits more positively. Conclusions: The results reveal that the health consciousness level significantly influences consumption value perceptions about fast foods in American consumers. Policymakers and marketers can develop effective strategies based on the results of this study.

• Journal of architectural history
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.73-85
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• 1999

An analysis of the courses from American architectural institutions during the period of $1890^{\sim}1950$ reveals an emergence of a distinction between a purely architectural and an architectural engineering discipline. A reflection of the economic growth, industrialization and urbanization of a nation; the education of the American architect during that period assumed a professional character. In contrast to European technical institutions which concentrate on the engineering aspects of architecture, American institutions developed a more comprehensive, design oriented curriculum within the framework of the American university system. The establishment of a system of formal education for architects and architectural engineers, replacing the tradition of apprenticeship, made it possible to train future professionals according to their ideals. But the objectives, contents and products of these curricula took on divergent characteristics from institution to institution. The growth of legal regulations( ie. ACSA, NAAB, NCARB, ASEE, etc.) governing the registration of architects and engineers, emphasized the legitimate concern within the profession to determine an acceptable standard of professional education. Such regulatory standards influenced the transition of architectural engineering education in institutions including the case of MIT. As a result, the ambivalence in architectural engineering programs found specific resolution in programs, such as architectural engineering, building engineering, construction or civil engineering.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.129-134
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• 2020

The main reason that drives many developing countries to pursue waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies is that it produces energy while eliminating build-up of large quantities of wastes, at a time, when oil and gas reserves are declining. The rate of generation of municipal solid wastes (MSW) in any given country depends on many factors including economy, population, and modernization of industry and infrastructure developments. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation of seven emirates that has grown to be one of the Middle East's most important economic centers. UAE has also become one of the highest waste producing countries due to fast development and growth; thus, UAE pursue modern technologies to covert generated wastes into energy. In this communication, the status of on-going waste to energy projects and WtE plants that are currently under design and construction in UAE are discussed. The need for development of WtE technologies is presented based on the literature, reports, economics and the environmental regulations.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.40-47
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• 2009

This study evaluates changes in the chemical composition and bioactivities of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) processed by boiling in water, $75^{\circ}C$ for 10, 20, 30, and 40 min, and autoclaving at high temperatures, $115^{\circ}C$ for 30 and 60 min and $130^{\circ}C$ for 90 and 120 min. Total ginsenoside contents of boiled ginseng remained relatively unchanged, whereas the contents of autoclaved ginseng samples significantly decreased with an increase of both time and temperature. Compared to unheated ginseng (control), the color of both boiled and autoclaved ginseng decreased in lightness and increased in redness. The acidic polysaccharide contents, the total phenolic contents and the antioxidant capacity of boiled and autoclaved ginseng were higher than the untreated ginseng, with the highest values being exhibited by the autoclaved samples. In particular, the antioxidant capacity of unheated ginseng increased about 2.5 times ($285.7{\pm}14.03\;mg$/100g to $777.2{\pm}26.4\;mg$/100g) when ginseng was autoclaved at $130^{\circ}C$ for 120 min as compared to the control. It was concluded that as American ginseng was processed at a high temperature, especially steam-heated in an autoclave, its chemical constituents changed and, in particular, acidic polysaccharides, total phenolics and antioxidant capacity were considerably increased.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.1-31
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• 2010

Biotechnology has strategic importance related to the development of start-up companies, industries and nations in the near future. Therefore, many countries have promoted and developed biotechnology. The United States has led the world in promoting biotechnology. American biotechnology policies are diverse, and thus no comprehensive systematic studies have been done on it. In our paper, we will discuss American biotechnology policy in detail. For effective analysis, we will rely on the concept of a national innovation system, which emphasizes the institutional settings of innovation actors and their interaction. This paper deals with the American national innovation system for biotechnology. We will analyze the role of major actors, academia, public research institutes, and venture companies and their interactions. The American biotechnological innovation system is composed of diverse actors and numerous start-up companies in the biotechnology industry. In addition, there are many diverse policy programs for promoting biotechnology. Because of country-specific frame conditions, every country has different institutional settings and policies for promoting biotechnology. Our paper will render meaningful implications for various countries. We also think that this paper will be of interest for international readers.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.36-40
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• 1991

A field experiment was conducted to examine the growth of one and two year old American ginseng (Panax guinguefolium L.) in the arid interior of British Columbia, Canada. For both years of plants, early season growth was characterized by rapid stem and leaf dry matter production. Root growth commenced in early June and continued until early September. One year old roots had a dry weight of 0.1 to 0.2g at the end of the growing season. The two years old roots commenced the growing season at 0.Is and increased in dry matter by a factor of ten-fold. Dry to fresh weight ratios for both years were similar for root, leaf and stem samples at the end of the growing season. Leaf area index for both years showed similarities in progression over the growing season. As a consequence of the effectiveness of the microclimate modification employed to permit American ginseng cultivation (elevated shade cloth and surface mulch), plant growth and development was extremely good. This indicates the potential for the cultivation of American ginseng in dryland environments.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.347-356
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• 2008

Forest-grown American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is exposed to daily and seasonal light variations. Our goal was to determine the effect of understory light changes on the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, expressed as $F_v/F_m$, and photosynthetic pigment composition of two-year-old plants. Understory light photon flux density and sunfleck durations were characterized using hemispherical canopy photography. Our results showed that understory light significantly affected the $F_v/F_m$ of American ginseng, especially during the initial development of the plants when light levels were the highest, averaging 28 mol $m^{-2}d^{-1}$. Associated with low $F_v/F_m$ during its initial development, American ginseng had the lowest levels of epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle of the season, suggesting an active dissipation of excess light energy absorbed by the chlorophyll pigments. As photon flux density decreased after the deployment of the forest canopy to less than 10 mol $m^{-2}d^{-1}$, chlorophyll a/b decreased suggesting a greater investment in light harvesting pigments to reaction centers in order to absorb the fleeting light energy.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.1007-1012
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• 2014

This study investigates the basic elements of film acting based on Lee Strasberg's emotional memory. Acting in Korean film and TV drama often meets difficult circumstances. Therefore, I strongly suggest Lee Strasberg' American Method to film actors and students. This method refers to affective memory that Lee Strasberg devised for film acting at the Actors Studio. Another main point of this method is to overcome difficulties created from the camera use and shooting process. It is evident practicing affective memory would help actors perform better in their field.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.723-735
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• 2018

Linear proportional-integral (PI) controllers are an attractive choice for controlling the speed of induction machines because of their simplicity and ease of implementation. Fractional-order PI (FO-PI) controllers, however, perform better than PI controllers because of their nonlinear nature and the underlying iso-damping property of fractional-order operators. In this work, an FO-PI controller based on the proposed first-order plus dead-time induction motor model and integer-order (IO) controllers, such as Ziegler-Nichols PI, Cohen-Coon PI, and a PI controller tuned via trial-and-error method, is designed. Simulation and experimental investigation on an indirect field-oriented induction motor drive system proves that the proposed FO-PI controller has better speed tracking, lesser settling time, better disturbance rejection, and lower speed tracking error compared with linear IO-PI controllers. Our experimental study also validates that the FO-PI controller maximizes the torque per ampere output of the induction machine and can effectively control the motor at low speed, in field-weakening regions, and under detuned conditions.

• Speech Sciences
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.69-87
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• 2006

This study aims to describe the vowel system of present-day American English and to discuss some of its phonetic variations due to regional differences. Fifteen speakers of American English from various regions of the United States produced the monophthongs of English. The vowel duration and the frequencies of the first and the second formant were measured. The results indicate that the distinction between the vowels [c] and [a] has been merged in most parts of the U.S. except in some speakers from eastern and southeastern parts of the U.S., resulting in the general loss of phonemic distinction between the vowels. The phonemic merger of the two vowels can be interpreted as the result of the relatively small functional load of the [c]-[a] contrast, and the smaller back vowel space in comparison to the front vowel space. The study also shows that the F2 frequencies of the high back vowel [u] were extremely high in most of the speakers from the eastern region of the U.S., resulting in the overall reduction of their acoustic space for high vowels. From the viewpoint of the Adaptive Dispersion Theory proposed by Liljencrants & Lindblom (1972) and Lindblom (1986), the high back vowel [u] appeared to have been fronted in order to satisfy the economy of articulatory gesture to some extent without blurring any contrast between [i] and [u] in the high vowel region.