• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.569-574
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• 1999

In this paper we obtain relation between the heding prices in European and American option and apply to call option.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2012

The aims of this study were three. First, to examine the degree of deviation from dictionary prescribed symbols and actual speech made by American English speakers. Second, to measure the frequency of vowel and consonant production of American English speakers. And third, to investigate gender differences in the segmental sounds in a speech corpus. The Buckeye Speech Corpus was recorded by forty American male and female subjects for one hour per subject. The vowels and consonants in both the phonemic and phonetic transcriptions were extracted from the original files of the corpus and their frequencies were obtained using codes of a free software R. Results were as follows: Firstly, the American English speakers produced a reduced number of vowels and consonants in daily conversation. The reduction rate from the dictionary transcriptions to the actual transcriptions was around 38.2%. Secondly, the American English speakers used more front high and back low vowels while three-fourths of the consonants accounted for stops, fricatives, and nasals. This indicates that the segmental inventory has nonlinear frequency distribution in the speech corpus. Thirdly, the two gender groups produced vowels and consonants similarly even though there were a few noticeable differences in their speech. From these results we propose that English teachers consider pronunciation education reflecting the actual speech sounds and that linguists find a way to establish unmarked segmentals from speech corpora.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.28-39
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• 2009

In this treatise, a survey was conducted on American female consumers to confirm the possibility of segmenting the American cosmetic industry by classifying lifestyles and analysing differences in consumer behavior, and also to provide global marketing strategy for entry into the American cosmetics industry by Korean companies. The results of the analysis provided three categories of American female consumer lifestyles. The first is the "practical conservative" type(58 people) who are fairly indifferent to or uninterested in external changes. The second is the "pro-active sensitive" type(48 people) who are interested in external changes and want to live a leading life. The last is the "neutral economical" type(54 people) who resemble characteristics that are in between the previous two types. The study has showed there was a difference in consumer motivation, considerations during selection, factors associated with shop choice according to consumer classification. It provides evidence that lifestyles can be a criteria in segmenting the American cosmetics market.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2016

It is well known that vowels are shorter before voiceless consonants than voiced ones in English, as in many other languages. Research has shown that the ratio of vowel durations in voiced and voiceless contexts in English is in the range of 0.6~0.8. However, little work has been done as to whether the ratio of vowel durations varies depending on English variety. In the production experiment in this paper, seven speakers from three varieties of English, New Zealand, British, and American English, read 30 pairs of (C)VC monosyllabic words which differ in coda voicing (e.g. beat-bead). Vowel height, phonemic vowel length, and consonant manner were varied as well. As expected, vowel-shortening effects were found in all varieties: vowels were shorter before voiceless than before voiced codas. Overall vowel duration was the longest in American English and the shortest in New Zealand (NZ) English. In particular, vowel duration before voiceless codas is the shortest in New Zealand English, indicating the most radical degree of shortening in this variety. As a result, the ratio of vowel durations in varying voicing contexts is the lowest in NZ English, while American and British English do not show a significant difference each other. In addition, consonant closure duration was examined. Whereas NZ speakers show the shortest vowel duration before a voiceless coda, their voiceless consonants have the longest closure duration, which suggest an inverse relationship between vowel duration and closure duration.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.111-118
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• 2009

The present study aims at investigating the relationship between voices and the physical images triggered by the voices. It is the final part of a four-part series and the results reported in the present study are limited to those of American speakers and American listeners. Combined with the results from previous studies (Moon, 2000; Moon, 2002; Tak, 2005), the results suggest that (1) there is a very strong, much higher than chance-level relationship between voices and the pictures chosen for the voices by the perception experiment subjects; (2) the more physical characteristics that are given, the better the chance for correctly matching voices with pictures; and (3) culture (in the present, language environment) seems to play a role in conjuring up the mental images from voices.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.193-202
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is introducing the extension in American family and consumer sciences and making the implications from it to apply in Korea. The study was conducted using literatures, interviews with the extension relates and visiting extension offices in America. The main contents for the introduction consist of the history, organizations, funds, programs, and extension agents in American extension. The practical and cooperative characteristics, volunteerism, the attitude of agents and in-services for them are suggested for the application of American cooperative extension system to Korea.

• Child Studies in Asia-Pacific Contexts
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.11-27
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• 2012

We examined play interactions between siblings when one child has autism in a Vietnamese American and a European American family. Analysis was based on video recorded free play sessions with each set of siblings at their home. Interviews with the typically developing sibling and parents also provided supplemental data to aid our knowledge about their play behavior. This study describes the role of the typically developing sibling in play and the types of play engaged in by siblings. Findings indicate that the two sets of siblings differed in their play behavior. Specifically, significant differences were noted in the role of the typically developing sibling in play, and the types of play engaged in by the siblings. The perceptions of the typically developing siblings and parents regarding autism also differed across families, significantly affecting their play behavior. Implications for research are described.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.178-182
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• 2003

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) fungi naturally colonise American ginseng roots and this relationship is highly beneficial to enhance plant productivity. Our goal was to determine the effect of adding two Glomus species (Glomus etuticatum, G. intraradices) on survival, photosynthetic capacity, growth, morphology and root ginsenoside content of one-year-old American ginseng plants grown in a broadleaf forest. While our study revealed that VAM inoculations significantly affected root morphology and Re ginsenoside content, the survival, photosynthetic capacity and root growth of American ginseng plants were not significantly influenced by VAM inoculations. Surface area and volume of rootlets were 16-25% higher for ginseng grown in VAM-inoculated soil compared to those grown in the control plots. Also, Re ginsenoside content was 18 ％ higher in YAM-inoculated roots compared to controls.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2002

One of the benefits of the internet-assisted instruction is that it can improve L2 Learners' motivation to express themselves in English. The purpose of this paper is to investigate an effective approach to British-American fiction learning in Korean universities, which can emphasize communicative strategies drawing on video-conferencing system, a chat system(CUSeeMe), and an e-mail system. Students are passive participants who cannot assert their creativity in the traditional teaching method of British-American fiction, which mainly relies upon reading and translation far from literature lessons. In CCDL(Cross-cultural distance learning) class, students can play active roles in asserting their own ideas and assuming considerable responsibility for making a presentation in English. A professor can play a role as a coordinator in supporting the students' activities and in winding up the class. The main significance of this article lies in providing a paradigm for CCDL class beyond the limitation of the traditional teaching method of British-American fiction in Korea and futhermore in exploring the eclectic integration of the traditional one and CCDL.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.129-137
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• 2012

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surface roughness (SR) of 2 types of orthodontic archwires made by 4 different manufacturers. Methods: This in vitro experimental study was conducted on 35 specimens of 7 different orthodontic archwires, namely, 1 nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwire each from the manufacturers American Orthodontics, OrthoTechnology, All-Star Orthodontics, and Smart Technology, and 1 stainless steel (SS) archwire each from the manufacturers American Orthodontics, OrthoTechnology, and All-Star Orthodontics. Aft er analyzing the composition of each wire by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, the SR of each wire was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface profilometry. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests (${\alpha}$ < 0.05). Results: The average SR of NiTi wires manufactured by Smart Technology, American Orthodontics, OrthoTechnology, and All-Star Orthodontics were $1,289{\pm}915A^{\circ}$, $1,378{\pm}372A^{\circ}$, $2,444{\pm}369A^{\circ}$, and $5,242{\pm}2,832A^{\circ}$, respectively. The average SR of SS wires manufactured by All-Star Orthodontics, OrthoTechnology, and American Orthodontics were $710{\pm}210A^{\circ}$, $1,831{\pm}1,156A^{\circ}$, and $4,018{\pm}2,214A^{\circ}$, respectively. Similar to the results of profilometry, the SEM images showed more defects and cracks on the SS wire made by American Orthodontics and the NiTi wire made by All-Star Orthodontics than others. Conclusions: The NiTi wire manufactured by All-Star Orthodontics and the SS wire made by American Orthodontics were the roughest wires.