• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.233-238
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• 2008

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common complication during pregnancy and one of the main causes of adverse fetal-maternal outcomes. However, the pathogenesis of GDM has not been clearly stated. Adiponectin, an adipose tissue-derived plasma protein, is involved in regulation of insulin resistance and glucose hemostasis, and thus is a key modulator of insulin action and glucose metabolism. In this study, we investigated to compare serum adiponectin levels in pregnant women with diabetes, pregnant women who are without diabetes, and non-pregnant women, and to evaluate relationship between serum adiponectin. levels and metabolic parameters. Forty-one pregnant women with diabetes, fifty-nine pregnant women without diabetes and forty non-pregnancy women were recruited. Adiponectin levels were significantly lower in pregnant women with diabetes when compared to non-pregnant women and pregnant women without diabetes. Pregnant women without diabetes at second trimester had lower adiponectin levels compared to non-pregnant women. Adiponectin was negatively correlated with BMI, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, and triglyceride. In conclusion, this study confirmed that the decreased level of adiponectin precedes the onset of abnormal glucose level during pregnancy and also normal pregnant women had lower adiponectin levels compared to non-pregnant women. This knowledge may help to identify strategies for lowering the occurrence of GDM in women who are at high risk of developing the disorder.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.107-117
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to develop the size and grading increments chart for the middle-aged obese women compared with normal women in middle age. Seven hundred and thirty three women's data from the 4th National Korean Size Survey for Standardization (1997) were analyzed. It was found that size increment of bust and hip girth of obese women was different from that of ordinary middle-aged women. The rate of coverage for a certain set of size specification and the grading increment value for the clothing of Korean obese women in middle aged group were also suggested. The relative percentage value of grading rule based on the change in bust girth increment of Korean obese women was quite different from that of American women. In conclusion, it was noted that the characteristics of the body size specification of obese women was quite different from those of the corresponding age group, so that the separated size specification and grading rule are needed to be used in the manufacturing process of obese women's clothing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1228-1239
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• 1999

This research analyzes characterisation and classification of body types for the Chinese women and to compare the differences of body type with Korea women in university. The measurement has gauged in 1998 at Yeon-Gil University in China. One hundred of the Chosunjok college women aged 17 and 24 in China were measured for this research. In the results of frequency analysis a comparison of the anthropometric categories of the chinese women with those of the Koreans revealed that the Chinese women were shorter and more fat in body. In the results of factor analysis Both two groups factor 1 represented the degree of abesity while factor 2 indicated the stature and the arm length. For the Chosunjok the body types are classified into eight types but Korean has four types by cluster analysis The stature and weight varied according to types leading to a classification focusing on the body size determened by stature and weight factors.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 1999

The research analyzs characteristics of body types for the Chineses women based on the different life style and to compare the differences of body type with Korean women. The measurement had took in Beijing and Seoul in 1999. As a result of comparing Chinese and Korean women'body measurements, it was found that Chinese women are shorter and obser than Korean women. Besides, chinese arms and upper body are shorter, and their body is thicker compared with their relatively flat chest. After all, Cheinese women'chests are more voluminous, while their shoulders are drooped more, although their shoulder size is almost as same as Korean women'. By used factor analysis, 8 factors were extracted from body measurements : body obesity, vertical body size, ankle and knee sizes, head size, front upper body length, shoulder size, form and size of neck and upper chest, drooping of shoulders, and size of hip. It was found that Chinese college women are obser with larger vertical body length and front upper body length. And their shoulders are more drooped with larger hip. But two nations'female students did not show any differences in the sizes of ankles, knees, head and shoulders.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.13-26
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to analyze the preference of design and body shape for korean baby-boom generation women. For this study, in-depth interviews were carried out to 11 women who were born in 1955~1963. They are called korean baby-boom generation. The results were as follows; 1) Korean baby-boom generation women care to their body shape, and they make much of the balance of body, not just looking slim. 2) Korean baby-boom generation women become more interested in their clothing, and they want to look with casual image than elegant image before. But overweight women preferred elegant image. 3) Korean baby-boom generation women prefer mix-match style for everyday clothes, but they prefer suit-set for formal wear. 4) When Korean baby-boom generation women choose of jacket or coat color, they consider more of their body-shape than season color. 5) Korean baby-boom generation women prefer plain style and jacquard with metal yarn. 6) Korean baby-boom generation women prefer out-door cloth fabric, at special time, they choose pure wool and pure silk. At ordinary time, they like more comfortable fabric like cotton mixed spandex or wool mixed spandex blends.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.74-84
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• 2013

The purpose of this research is to provide useable data for application in American and Korean apparel company. This data was developed by analyzing information of Korean and American body sizes obtained from "Size USA Project" and "Size Korea Project". The Subjects were 6,306 American females and 1,988 Korean females over 18 years old. 30 measurements and 14 computed values were chosen that were considered critical in making garments. And descriptive analysis, percentile analysis and t-test were used as statistical methods for analyzing measurements and computed value between the two countries. The results were as follows. It was determined that American women were larger and bigger than Korean women in all measurements and computed values, except for Shoulder Slope. Based on BMI values, we determined that American women had a distinct tendency towards being overweight. Through the comparison of drop values (i.e. the difference between Hip and Bust Girths or Hip and Waist Girths), ratio values (i.e. waist height divided by height) and Body Mass Index (BMI) between the two countries, we determined that American women's figures were shapelier than Korean women's. American women had higher hip heights and longer leg lengths for their height compared to Korean woman. Furthermore, the back shapes of Korean women were flatter than American women and BMI values indicated American women were relatively more overweight than Korean women.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.177-198
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• 2012

Women's education activity(yejeol)has seen changes and improvements, as Korean society has evolved overtime. Women have been actively addressing contemporary demands by contributing to the establishment of today's women-centered education environment. As a result of this study, the characteristics of yejeol can be summarized as follows: First, yejeol was mainly driven by women wanting to participate in social and volunteer activities, asameans of self-improvement. Second, as field of service, yejeol has become more lucrative ; increasing numbers of young women are participating in the yejeol service industry. Third, yejeol is taking place nationwide. Women are constantly making efforts to acquire expertise by participating in yejeol instructor training programs and obtaining licenses. Fourth, the writing of yejeol books by women scholars has improved the yejeol environment. Further improvements to yejeol in Korea can only be achieved through an in-depth and critical study of its origins, current state, and future direction(s).

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.99-108
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the levels of stress, social support, and marital satisfaction between married immigrant women living in urban areas and women living in rural areas to identify ways to improve their mental health. Methods: Two hundred married immigrant women were recruited from multicultural familysupport centers located in Daejeon City and Chungcheong Province. From July, 2009 to January, 2010, data were collected using self- administered questionnaire. Study instruments were scales for acculturative stress, housewives life stress, support from spouse, and marital satisfaction. Results: Urban married immigrant women had lower levels of acculturative stress and higher levels of support from spouse and more positive marital satisfaction compared to rural women. Both groups reported similar levels of stress in life as a housewife. Factors influencing marital satisfaction in both group were lower levels of acculturative and housewives life stress, higher levels of support from spouse, and living with parents-in-law. Conclusion: Rural married immigrant women may have more problems in adjusting to Korean culture and marriage compared to urban women. Therefore, to improve the physical and psychological wellbeing and marital adjustment of married immigrant women, development of nursing strategies according to area of residence is needed.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.179-185
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• 2006

Objective : This research was designed to study the characteristics of heart rate variability in postpartum women compared with normal women. Method : HRV data of postpartum women were gathered from 255 women who was hospitalized for oriental postpartum treatments(Age : 25-35). HRV data of comparison group were gathered from 327 women who visited hospital to check up their health(Age : 25-35). The SPSS 12.0 for windows was used to analyze the date and the independent samples t-test was used to verify the result. Result : 1. Mean-RR and SDNN of postpartum women group significantly decreased compared with that of normal women group. But, Heart Rate of postpartum women group significantly increased compared with that of normal women group. 2. HRV-Index, RMSSD and SDSD of postpartum women group significantly decreased compared with that of normal women group. pNN50 of postpartum women group significantly increased compared with that of normal women group. 3. Ln(TP), Ln(VLF), Ln(LF) and Ln(HF) of postpartum women group significantly increased compared with that of normal women group. 4. There were no significant differences in Normal LF, Normal HF and LF/DF Ratio between postpartum women group and normal women group. Conclusion : The result suggest that the function of heart of postpartum women group significantly decreased compared with that of normal women group. Futhermore although the ANS maintained the balance in the range of normality, the sympathetic nervous system frequently revitalized which caused increasing the heart of pulsation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.641-655
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• 2015

This study examined the ideal image and fashion of Korean women in the 1970s from a socio-cultural context. This study used information on the 1970s politics, economy, and culture provided by "Chosun Ilbo" and "Yosungjungang" as well as their presentation of the ideal image and fashion for Korean women in the 1970s. The ideal image and fashion of women were considered from the viewpoint of Hamilton's Meta-theory. The ideal image of women in the 1970s is divided into two aspects. The image from the traditional Confucian perspective was prevalent and restricted the lives of women to housekeeping chores. On the contrary, women have increasingly participated in society vis-$\grave{a}$-vis education and employment opportunities to present a progressive image of women. These aspects coexisted during the turmoil of social change. Progressive women had money to buy clothes because they were economically independent. These women embraced styles that included mini, midi, maxi, and bell-bottom pants. Further, pants were developed into different styles such as pant suits. T-shirts and blue jeans as casual wear were very popular among the youth. At the end of the 1970s, the tailored look and the big look (which copied men's clothing) were in fashion. Masculine styles such as wide shoulders with pads and neckties strengthened gender equality. Other fashions were dominated by feminine styles described as beautiful, sweet, and elegant that reflected Korean society's tendency to regard women as sex objects. Clothing that exposed the body highlights this sexual objectification aspect. Women wore miniskirts, hot pants, and bikinis because they wanted to enhance their sex appeal, propagating the view of women as sex objects. In conclusion, all aspects of society and culture were closely interrelated with a fashion style that reflected the values of those aspects.