• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to elucidate the microscopic patterns of decay caused by brown-rot fungi of Tyromyces palustri and Gloeophyllum trabeum in Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) and radiata pine (Pinus radiata) woods through light and electron microscopies. The ultrastructural changes of cell walls attacked by the two brown-rot fungi were compared in this respect. Macroscopically, radiata pine showed more ring and radial checks than Korean red pine. Microscopically, with the progress of decay, spiral checks associated with cross-field pits and bore holes in the cell wall were more remarkably numerous in the radiata pine than in the Korean red pine. In the radiata pine, G. trabeum produced more spiral checks in the cell wall than T. palustris. In the advanced stages of decay by G. trabeum, the erosions of ray cell walls were identified both in the Korean red pine and radiata pine but $S_3$ layers of tracheid walls were eroded only in the Korean red pine.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1967

We studied on the bark Percentage of red pine (Pinus denssiflora S & Z) and tarch (Larix Kaemdferi sargent) and obtained the results as follows: (1) For diameter classes from 8 to 38 cm in red pine. the linear equation adopts the relation of the bark percentage to the diameter more accurately than the logarithmic equation. (2) The difference between the regression equation of the bark percentage between red pine and Larch is significant and the correlation cofficient in red Pine is high so that standard error of red Pine is lower than its value of Larch. We established, therefore the tables of bark percentage for each species by applying the following regression equations. red Pine Y=10.08205-0.08794x Larch Y=10.3527-0.17071x.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.66-71
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• 1977

The growth of red and black pines in Muan, Seochen, Gapyeong and Kochang areas was compared by means of the growth of annual ring width and stem analysis to study the process of damages caused by pine needle gall midge. Red pine forest of Seocheon area began to suffer by pine needle gall midge from 1961 and the damage was to becoming severe from 1967. The damage became so intense tha tmany forests are withering to death from spring of 1975. Black pine forest also began to suffer from 1973. Red pine forest of Muan area was supposed to be suffered from 1973. Red pine forest of Kochang area suffered by pine needle gall midge from 1967. It seems that the damage became severe from 1973 and that black pine forest was also badly damaged from that time. Red pine forest of the control plot, Gapyeong area, began to suffer from 1967 and it also became intense from 1973. Although the areas of Seocheon, Muan, Kochang, and Gapyeong are different from each other in terms of locality and the infitration period of pine needle gall equally from 1967 due to mass development of population or other factors and the damage became more intense from 1973. Black pine forest was also badly damaged from that time. Black pine seems to be stronger in insect resistant than red pine. This can be justified by the fact that it began to suffer belatedly in each area and the degree of damage is moderate. The damage of Seocheon area is the severest following Kochang. Muan area is relatively moderate but the forest becoming decrease in growth.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.96-103
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• 2003

국산 주요 침엽수재인 소나무, 잣나무, 낙엽송의 철물접합부 인장하중 특성 구명을 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 철물 접합부의 최대 인장하중은 AA형의 경우 소나무가 3,612 kgf로 낙엽송, 잣나무에 비해 각각 1.2배, 1.7배, EA형의 경우 2,704 kgf로 1.1배, 1.5배 우수하였다. 또한 AA형은 EA형에 비해 3 수종 모두 약 1.2배 이상 높은 인장하중을 나타내었다. 철물접합부의 파괴모드는 주로 이의 빠짐, 철물의 인장파괴와 목재의 전단파괴로 이루어지며, 특히 소나무 접합부는 철물의 인장파괴를 나타내었다. 철물접합부재의 인장하중-변위 특성은 Foschi 모형으로 정확하게 추정할 수 있었으며, 철물접합부의 초기강성은 소나무 접합부재가 높게 나타났다. 국산 침엽수재의 철물접합부에 대한 설계하중은 소나무, 낙엽송, 잣나무의 순으로 높게 나타났으며, AA형의 경우 이당 설계하중이 소나무 25 kgf, 낙엽송 22 kgf, 잣나무 15 kgf이었으며, EA형의 경우 소나무 19 kgf, 낙엽송 17 kgf, 잣나무 13 kgf 이었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.1047-1053
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• 2010

본 연구는 브로일러의 성장능력, 도체특성, 혈액지질, 면역능력 및 맹장미생물 변화에 관한 국산 적송수피추출물의 항생제 대체효과를 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 실험처리구는 대조구, 항생제 첨가구, 적송수피추출물 65ppm 및 80 ppm 첨가구 등 4개로 구분하여 완전임의배치였다. 브로일러의 성장능력, 도체특성, 도체중, 도체율, 가슴살과 다리살 무게는 적송수피추출물 80 ppm의 첨가구가 대조구, 항생제 첨가구와 비교할 때 유의하게 높았다. 복강지방은 브로일러 사료 내 2개의 서로 다른 수준의 적송수피추출물 첨가구가 대조구 및 항생제 첨가구에 비해서 유의하게 감소하였으나, 흉선, 비장 및 F낭 등 면역기관 무게는 적송수피추출물 80 ppm 첨가구에서 유의하게 증가하였다. 브로일러의 혈액 중성지방과 총콜레스테롤은 브로일러 사료 내 2개의 서로 다른 수준의 적송수피추출물 첨가구가 대조구 및 항생제 첨가구와 비교할 때 유의하게 낮았다. 혈액 IgG는 브로일러 사료 내 적송수피추출물 80 ppm 첨가구가 대조구 및 항생제 첨가구에 비해서 유의하게 증가하였다. 브로일러 맹장 내 Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus 균수는 적송수피추출물 80 ppm 첨가구가 대조구 및 항생제 첨가구에 비해서 높았으나 Escherichia coli, Salmonella 균수는 감소하였으며 처리구 간 통계적인 유의차가 인정되었다. 본 연구결과는 브로일러 사료 내 항생제 대체제로서 국산 적송수피추출물 80 ppm을 첨가, 급여해주면 브로일러의 성장능력, 도체특성, 면역능력 향상 및 유익한 맹장미생물의 활성을 높여줄 수 있음을 시사해준다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.58-67
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• 2014

울진산 금강송의 재질특성 조사의 일환으로 기계적 성질을 조사하였다. 종압축강도는 $36.2N/mm^2$로 국산 소나무재와 잣나무재보다 다소 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 수로부터의 거리에 따른 종압축강도는 수에서 60 mm 떨어진 지점에서 최대값을 나타내었다. 휨강도는 $76.5N/mm^2$로 나타났으며, 국산 소나무재와 잣나무재보다 다소 높은 값을 나타내었다. 그리고 수로부터 60 mm 떨어진 지점에서 최대값을 나타내었다. 전단강도는 높은 비중을 나타내었던 수 부근에서 $10.4N/mm^2$로 최대값을 나타내었으며, 80 mm 지점에서 $9.1N/mm^2$로 최소값을 나타내었다. 표면경도는 횡단면이 $43.7N/mm^2$, 방사단면이 $12.0N/mm^2$, 접선단면이 $13.7N/mm^2$으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 비슷한 비중을 나타낸 소나무의 표면경도 값과 유사하다. 금강송의 기계적 성질은 비슷한 비중을 가지는 소나무과 수종인 소나무 및 잣나무와 비슷하였다. 그리고 금강송의 기계적 성질은 평균연륜폭보다 비중에 의해 더욱 큰 영향을 받는다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제87권4호
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• pp.543-548
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• 1998

소나무와 해송으로부터 엽록체상의 두 유전자 psbD와 rbcL를 PCR에 의해 증폭한 후 제한효소 HaeIII를 사용해서 절단했다. 두 개의 종 특이적 엽록체 DNA 단편이 확인되었고, 이 두 개의 표지자를 이용하여 소나무(충북3호)와 해송(남난37호)의 인공교잡 가계로부터 엽록체 DNA의 부계 유전양식이 확인되었다. 인공교잡 가계에 있어서 엽록체 DNA의 부계 유전양식을 근거로 해송으로부터 소나무로의 이입교잡에 의해 생겨났다는 가설(현신규 등, 1967)이 지배적인 금강송 115개체로부터 이입교잡에 의해 유입되어진 흔적을 구명하기 위하여 해송 특이 엽록체 DNA의 존재 여부를 검색하였다. 분석에 사용된 금강송 전 개체에서 소나무에서 관찰된 엽록체 DNA(psbD와 rbeL)의 절편 분획 양상과 동일한 절편 분획 양상이 확인되었다. 본 실험의 결과로부터는, 금강송에는 해송으로부터 유입된 엽록체 게놈의 흔적을 찾아 볼 수 없었으며, 따라서 금강송을 소나무(♀)약 해송(♂)의 이입교잡종이이라고 간주할만한 확고한 증거를 제시할 수 없었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.53-66
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• 1987

Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et. Z.) and pitch pine(Pinus rigida Mill) $5{\times}10cm$ dimension lumber were dried in a kiln providing a cross-circulation velocity of 5 m/sec at dry-and wet-bulb temperatures of 116 and $71^{\circ}C$, followed by 3 hours at 91 and $85^{\circ}C$. Compared to dimension lumber dried lumber were as follows. 1. To dry to 10 percent moisture content, the high-temperatures schedule of Korean red pine and pitch pine lumber took less than one seventh the time required by the conventional kiln drying schedule. 2. High-temperature drying rate and conventional drying rate to 10 percent moisture content of Korean red pine lumber were 2.75 and 0.35%/hr, and those of pitch pine lumber were 3.38 and 0.46%/hr respectively. 3. Compared to lumber of both species on conventional schedule, moisture gradient of high-temperature lumber was greater. 4. Compared to lumber on conventional schedule, maximum surface checking of high-temperature lumber of both species was severer, and maximum end checking of high-temperature lumber of both species was similar to that of lumber on conventional schedule. 5. Compard to lumber on conventional schedule, Korean red pine lumber dried at high temperature showed more honeycombing, but pitch pine lumber dried at high-temperature showed significantly slighter honeycombing. 6. Compared to lumber on conventional schedule, the high-temperature lumber showed less warping lumber of both species. 7. Collapse and casehardening of Korean red pine and pitch pine lumber on both scheules were slight.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2005

As physical condition of students improves, there is a need to develop human body-friendly desk and chair for students. In this study, desks and chairs were manufactured with curved veneer lamination under high frequency heating and pressing, using ten wood species such as Japanese red pine, Korean pine, pitch pine, Japanese larch, yellow poplar, black locust, oak, radiata pine, beech, and birch. The performance of these products were evaluated. The results obtained were summarized as follows; With high frequency heating, the turned lamination of veneers with full size sheet ($3{\times}6\;feet$) prepared by rotary lathe peeling was successfully applied for making the members of desk top, leg frames of desk and chair. Bending strengths of desk tops were relatively greater for yellow poplar, black locust and red pine, which were similar to those of beech and birch. Bending strengths of desk legs were classified into greater species group (red pine, yellow poplar, larch) and lower species group (radiata pine, Korean pine, pitch pine). Compressive strengths of chair legs in parallel direction to the lamination were greater in black locust and larch. On the other hand, differences between outer and inner gap at the top and drawer bottom of desk top were rather larger for the laminations of birch and beech, and less for those of yellow poplar and pitch pine, showing greater stability of open drawer space. In results, yellow poplar, larch, pitch pine and red pine showed good appearance and strength properties at the curved veneer lamination. Accordingly, it was believed that these domestic woods were able to substitute for birch which was being imported for the use of veneer-laminates type furniture.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.689-693
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• 2005

Different masking materials were evaluated for their ability to ameliorate odor of model poultry manure solution by assessing their effects on sensory pleasantness and odor intensity. Results indicated extracts from Eastern red cedar leaves, Loblolly pine needles', and commercial masking agents such as pine extract and odor neutralizer were effective (p<0.05) for masking odor of model poultry manure solution by increasing (p<0.05) pleasantness (82 and 86% increases in pleasantness using red cedar and pine needle extracts, respectively) and decreasing (p<0.05) odor intensity (odor intensity reduction by 66 and 76% using red cedar pine needle extract). The most odor-active compound in Loblolly pine needle extract was ${\alpha}$-terpineol (1,573.8 ug/g) which is responsible for aroma of pine trees (piney) and effective for ameliorating agricultural odors.