• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.726-735
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• 2016

This study was carried out to evaluate the high-temperature drying characteristics of douglas-fir, hemlock, and radiata pine square timber with dimensions of thickness 15 cm and 18 cm. As a result, radiata pine showed the lowest final moisture content followed by douglas-fir and hemlock without reference to the timber size. Moreover, when the longitudinal kerfing is processed, the final moisture content was lower than control. The kerfing treatment was effective to decreasing the twist of radiata pine and hemlock. When douglas-fir is processed to the shape like the edge-grained timber that does not include the pith, the decrease of drying defect was possible.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.78-99
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• 2000

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of pine oil on the body weight and lipid levels of serum in rats fed high cholesterol diet and high fat diet, Body weight, weight of various organs, and feeding efficiency ratio were measured to study the effect of pine oil on obesty at 4 weeks after an oral administration, Total cholesterol, triglyceride, total lipid, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were also analysed to identify the ameliorating effect of pine oil on lipid metabolism in serum of same rats, The results were summerized as follows; 1. The increase in body weight and feeding efficiency ratio induced by choleserol diet was less in pine oil treated rats, Furthermore, decrease in weight of liver, kidney, spleen, testis, and epididymis were observed in pine oil treated rats. 2, Associated with the decrease in body weight, there was a concomitant reduction in serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and total lipid in rats fed high cholesterol diet and high fat diet. respectively, after an oral administration of pine oil. 3. Serum levels of LDL-cholesterol was significantly decrease after an oral administration of pine oil in rats fed high fat diet. These results suggest that pine oil can ameliorate obesity and lipid metabolism in serum.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.3
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• pp.296-301
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• 2019

This study was conducted to measure litterfall and nutrient (P, K, Ca, Mg) inputs under varying degrees of disturbance by pine wilt disease in pine forests in southern Korea. Litterfall was collected to evaluate nutrient responses at different intensities of disturbance (various levels of basal area) by pine wilt disease across 2 years. Phosphorus, Ca, and Mg concentrations in needle litterfall were positively correlated (p < 0.05) with decreased disturbance intensities (increased basal area) depending on the time of sampling, whereas the nutrient concentrations in other litterfall components (branches, bark, reproductive organs, and miscellaneous litterfall) were not significantly correlated (p > 0.05) with the intensity of pine wilt disease disturbance. Dry weight and nutrient inputs through litterfall components decreased linearly with increasing intensity of disturbance by pine wilt disease (p < 0.05), except for the nutrient inputs of branch (K, Ca, Mg) and reproductive organ (K, Ca) litterfall. These results indicate that decreased litterfall across different levels of disturbance may be related to the reduced soil nutrients in pine wilt disease forests.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.513-518
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• 2004

Pine needle oil and Korean medicinal herbs (KMH) are known as effective therapeutic agents on various blood vessel disease. We have already reported the ameliorative effect of complex of pine needle oil and Korean medicinal herbs against hyperlipidemia. But safety and non - toxicity of pine needle oil and Korean medicinal herbs to normal animal cells have not been studied clearly. In this study, we investigated whether pine needle oil and Korean medicinal herbs show side effects on rat or not. These materials were administered to rats, and subacute toxicity was examined by measuring the hematological values, CBC differentiation, biochemical levels of blood (TP, total protein; albumin; ALP, alkaline phosphotase; AST, aspatate aminotrans- ferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; T-Chol., total cholesterol; T-Bil., total bilirubin) and urine analysis, suggesting that the sample have no side effects and cytotoxicity. These results indicate that the complex of pine needle oil and Korean medicinal herbs may effective non- toxic, safety therapeutic agents on hepatocytes and hyperlipidemia.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.463-468
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• 1993

In order to elucidate the translocation of the systemic insecticide, phosphamidon (2-chloro-2-diethylcarbamoyl-1-methylvinyl dimethyl phosphate), treated to pine trees against pine leaf gall midges (Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye), $[vinyl,\;carbonyl-^{14}C]$ phosphamidon was implanted into the trunks of 10-year-old Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) and Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.), respectively. The upward movement rates of the chemical within Korean red pine in July and Japanese black pine in December were ca. 10 cm/hr and 2 cm/hr, respectively. The original radioactivity level persisted up to 75 days after treatment throughout the whole tree in Korean red pine in July, whereas it did up to 150 days in Japanese black pine in December. The chemical was translocated up to the top at the insecticidal level within 3 days after treatment in July, whereas in December it was within 15 days. The translocation of the chemical was much dependent upon pine tree species and the treated season. Methanol was suitable for the extraction of phosphamidon and its metabolites from pine needles. Autoradiography of the methanol extracts of pine needles collected from the treated pine trees proved that phosphamidon broke down very quickly within pine trees (ca. 80% metabolized within 7 days).

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 2008

The characteristics of PAHs accumulated on pine needles which were used as passive samplers of atmospheric POPs were studied. Atmospheric PAHs were accumulated on pine needles. The absorbed rate of PAHs was higher in gaseous state than in particulate and is not constant. The accumulation rate did not change too much among different classes of pine trees. Therefore young pine needles is better as a passive sampler of atmospheric PAHs for short monitoring period.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.66-71
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• 1977

The growth of red and black pines in Muan, Seochen, Gapyeong and Kochang areas was compared by means of the growth of annual ring width and stem analysis to study the process of damages caused by pine needle gall midge. Red pine forest of Seocheon area began to suffer by pine needle gall midge from 1961 and the damage was to becoming severe from 1967. The damage became so intense tha tmany forests are withering to death from spring of 1975. Black pine forest also began to suffer from 1973. Red pine forest of Muan area was supposed to be suffered from 1973. Red pine forest of Kochang area suffered by pine needle gall midge from 1967. It seems that the damage became severe from 1973 and that black pine forest was also badly damaged from that time. Red pine forest of the control plot, Gapyeong area, began to suffer from 1967 and it also became intense from 1973. Although the areas of Seocheon, Muan, Kochang, and Gapyeong are different from each other in terms of locality and the infitration period of pine needle gall equally from 1967 due to mass development of population or other factors and the damage became more intense from 1973. Black pine forest was also badly damaged from that time. Black pine seems to be stronger in insect resistant than red pine. This can be justified by the fact that it began to suffer belatedly in each area and the degree of damage is moderate. The damage of Seocheon area is the severest following Kochang. Muan area is relatively moderate but the forest becoming decrease in growth.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.629-638
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• 2008

The principal objective of this study was to determine the quality characteristics of seasoned sauce and seasoned pork rib to which pine needle powder was added during storage. The pH value, color value, active bacterial cell count, lipid oxidation, shear force, and sensory evaluation of seasoned sauce and seasoned pork rib to which 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4% pine needle powder was added were measured during storage at $5^{\circ}C$. The storage periods for the seasoned sauce were 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days, and the storage periods for the seasoned pork ribs were 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 days. We determined that the pH values of both seasoned sauce and seasoned pork rib decreased with increasing quantities of pine needle powder and longer storage periods. The lightness (L) and yellowness (b) of the seasoned sauce were increased and the redness (a) of that decreased with increasing pine needle powder contents and longer storage periods. The L, a, and b values of the seasoned pork rib decreased with increasing pine needle powder contents, whereas the L and b values of that were decreased and the a value increased with longer storage periods. The active bacterial cell count of the seasoned sauce was detected at between $10^2$ to $10^4$ CFU/mL over a storage period of 30 days, regardless of the addition of pine needle powder; additionally, the addition of 4% pine needle powder resulted in the lowest active bacterial cell count among the samples. The active bacterial cell count in the seasoned pork rib decreased with increasing additions of pine needle powder, and was increased during storage. The influence of pine needle powder contents on the active bacterial cell count of seasoned pork rib were minimal, and the active bacterial cell count of that was suppressed by the addition of only 1% pine needle powder. Lipid oxidation in the seasoned pork rib was suppressed by the addition of more than 2% pine needle powder. We noted no difference in the shear force of the seasoned pork rib to which pine needle powder was added. In our sensory evaluation, the intensity of color (greenish brown), flavor (herbal flavor) and taste (bitter & herbal taste) of the seasoned pork rib increased with increasing pine needle powder contents, whereas the texture of the seasoned pork rib evidenced no differences. The overall acceptability of the seasoned pork rib with 0, 1 and 2% added pine needle powder was higher than that of the seasoned pork rib with 3 and 4% added pine needle powder. Thus, the addition of 2% pine needle powder to seasoned pork rib sauce yielded appropriate results with regard to antibacterial, antioxidative, and sensory properties.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.85-98
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• 2022

Background: Korean white pine (Pinus koraiensis) is a major commercial species, and the importance of the oak trees (Quercus spp.) is increasing due to various factors such as environmental and ecological values. However, more information is required to clearly understand the growth characteristics of these species especially regarding thinning intensity. This study was performed to provide the basic information to develop the silvicultural guideline and field manual by analyzing tree and stand characteristics in line with thinning intensity in the Korean white pine plantation and oak-dominated natural deciduous forest. Results: Diameter at breast height (DBH) and volume changes by the thinning intensity in the Korean white pine plantation were significantly different from those in the oak-dominated deciduous natural forest. In particular, DBH distribution in the pine stand appeared that there were more large diameter trees as the thinning intensity was higher. DBH periodic annual increment (PAI) of the pine stand was higher as the thinning intensity was stronger and the growth period was shorter. This trend was similarly shown in the natural deciduous forest, but the amount of PAI was smaller than in pine stand. The volume PAI after thinning was not decreased over time. In each stand type, the PAI tended to be lower as stand density was higher. The volume PAI in the pine stand was significantly higher than that in the oak-dominated natural deciduous forest. Dead trees occurred the most in the unthinned plots of each stand type, and those were higher in the natural deciduous forest. Ingrowth trees were observed only in the natural deciduous forest, and its distribution was the lowest in unthinned plots; Korean white pine as ingrowth occurred the most frequently among many tree species. Conclusions: Different effects of thinning treatment on DBH and volume PAI, mortality, and ingrowth were observed for each stand. With respect to forest growth, Korean white pine plantation was superior to the oak-dominated natural deciduous forest. The results of this study offer fundamental information for the development of silvicultural guidelines for Korean white pine plantations and oak-dominated natural deciduous forests in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.410-414
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• 2003

The effect of treatment with pine needle oil complex (complex of pine needle oil and Korean medicinal herbs) upon rat hepatocytes exposed to alcohol was investigated. We compared body weight gain and ratios of liver and kidney to body weight and the serum biochemistry of rats administered both alcohol and Pine needle oil complex to control rats treated with alcohol alone. Pine needle oil complex treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and triglycerides (TG) compared to the control rats. These data suggest that Pine needle oil complex represents an excellent candidate for protection of rat hepatocytes from alcohol-mediated damage.