• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.500-506
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• 2017

Kimchi cabbage is one of the four major vegetable crops in Korea. The total annual production of kimchi cabbage, the main material of kimchi, was 20,559 tons in 2015. Kimchi cabbage is one of the majer crops produced by farmers which accounts for about 80% of the total leaf vegetable production in Korea. As the consumption of environmental-friendly agricultural products increases, food safety is one of the major public health concerns. We analyzed the biological hazards of kimchi cabbage produced by two types of cultivation methos such as organic farming and conventional farming using various culture media and microscopy. A total of 432 samples were analysed for presence of sanitary indicator microorganisms (aerobic plate count, coliform count, yeast & mold) and food-borne pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, environmental Listeria, Bacillus cereus). The population of sanitary indicating microorganisms and food borne pathogens was under 5 Log CFU/g in all tested samples. The results of total microorganism numbers of leaf surface showed a positive correlation to those of soil samples. Additionally, we examined chemical factors such as pesticide residues and heavy metals in soil samples. All tested samples did not shown contamination levels higher than the standard limit.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.476-488
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• 2021

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is the causal agent of black rot for cruciferous vegetables worldwide, especially for the cole crops such as cabbage and cauliflower. Due to the lack of resistant cabbage cultivars, black rot has brought about considerable yield losses in recent years in China. Understanding of the pathogen features is a key step for disease prevention, however, the pathogen diversity, population structure, and virulence are largely unknown. In this study, we studied 50 Xcc strains including 39 Xcc isolates collected from cabbage in 20 regions across China, using multilocus sequence genotyping (MLST), repetitive DNA sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR), and pathogenicity tests. For MLST analysis, a total of 12 allelic profiles (AP) were generated, among which the largest AP was AP1 containing 32 strains. Further cluster analysis of rep-PCR divided all strains into 14 DNA groups, with the largest group DNA I comprising of 34 strains, most of which also belonged to AP1. Inoculation tests showed that the representative Xcc strains collected from diverse regions performed differential virulence against three brassica hosts compared with races 1 and 4. Interestingly, these results indicated that AP1/DNA I was not only the main pathotype in China, but also a novel group that differed from the previously reported type races in both genotype and virulence. To our knowledge, this is the first extensive genetic diversity survey for Xcc strains in China, which provides evidence for cabbage resistance breeding and opens the gate for further cabbage-Xcc interaction studies.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1041-1051
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to identify for extenders, adhesives, colorants, and fungicides suitable for the production of high-quality film-coated seeds of Chinese cabbage. In addition, the effect of various additives used for film coating on the germination of coated seeds and seedling vigor was investigated to establish appropriate treatment conditions for film coating efficiency. The germination rate and germination speed in Chinese cabbage film-coated seeds did not differ significantly depending on the type and concentration of the extender, while the use of Talc resulted in superior granulation capacity and adhesion of the seed coat in comparison to Zeolite. There was no significant difference in the germination rate depending on the type of adhesive used for film coating of Chinese cabbage seeds, but the germination rate was slightly slower in the film-coated seeds using carboxymethyl cellulose as an adhesive. On the other hand, the seeds coated with a film using 1% PVA as an adhesive not only maintained hardness enough to withstand external pressure, but also showed a high germination rate. In addition, the suitable disinfectant for film coating was venoram, and the treatment concentration was good at 250 mg·L^-1. The type of colorant used in the film-coated seeds of Chinese cabbage did not significantly affect the germination rate, germination speed, and seedling vigor. The seeds film-coated using the liquid colorant were superior in appearance to the seeds film-coated with the solid colorant, which implies the possibility of reduction in the manufacturing costs by using the water-soluble paints as colorants for film-coated seeds.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.825-832
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• 2022

This study aimed to explore companion planting to improve vegetable productivity on extensive green roofs through urban agriculture with limited substrate depth. From May to July 2021, the study conducted on the rooftop to evaluate the effects of marigold (Tagetes patula) planting ratio on the growth and pest control of cabbage (Brassica campestris). The experiment plot measured 1 m in width × 1 m in length × 0.25 m in height and 0.2 m in substrate depth. Fifteen plots were planted in varying proportions of cabbage and marigold for three repetitions per treatment: cabbage control (CC), 2:1(C₂M₁), 1:1(C₁M₁), 1:2(C₁M₂), and marigold control (MC). We found that companion planting marigolds with cabbage significantly increased cabbage growth and reduced pest infestation. The study revealed that C₁M₁, when cabbage and marigold have the same proportion, is an efficient companion planting ratio. Companion planting, in which non-crop vegetation manages pests and increases crop productivity, improves natural pest control and preserves biodiversity on rooftop urban agriculture.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2022

Urea is one of the most common nitrogen fertilizer, but nitrogen use efficiency by crop is low because of rapid hydrolysis of urea and loss of nitrogen in environments. Therefore, it is important to control the nitrogen release from nitrogen fertilizers. In this study, pyroligneous acid (PA) was used as a mean to inhibit urease in soil and prevent excessive nitrogen release from urea. Active ingredient in PA (AI) inhibited ammonification of urea in soil by reducing extracted ammonium nitrogen at 79.7% compared to the soil without PA. In order to evaluate the effect of PA on fertilization efficiency of urea, Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris var. Pekinensis) was cultivated in soil treated with urea and PA both in pot and field. For PA treatment, half amount of urea was used compared to the amount of urea conventionally applied to Chinese cabbage. The PA treatment with half amount of urea resulted in similar Chinese cabbage biomass to the conventional urea application. Nitrogen concentration in Chinese cabbage was less in PA treatment indicating that Chinse cabbage effectively used nitrogen. Consequently, fertilization of urea with PA will reduce amount of fertilizer and frequency of application.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2007

To develop an efficient screening method for detection of the transgene in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa spp. pekinensis) utilizing Basta spray, optimal conditions for Basta application were examined in this study. Two transgenic Chinese cabbage lines were obtained through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and used as transgenic positive controls in the Basta screening experiment. Differential concentrations of glufosinate-ammonium were sprayed into three different growth stages of 12 commercial Chinese cabbage cultivars. The results showed that no plants could survive higher than 0.05% glufosinate-ammonium, and plants at the 2-3 leaf stage were most vulnerable to glufosinate-ammonium. On the other hand, no damage was observed in the transgenic control plants. Reliability of the Basta spray method was proven by showing perfect co-segregation of the tolerance to glufosinate-ammonium and the presence of the bar gene in T₁ segregating populations of the transgenic lines, as revealed by both PCR and Southern blot analyses. Using the developed Basta screening method, we tried to investigate the transgene flow through pollen dispersal, but failed to detect any transgene-containing non-transgenic Chinese cabbages whose parents had been planted adjacent to transgenic Chinese cabbages in field conditions. However, the transgene was successfully detected using Basta spray from the non-transgenic plants bearing the transgene introduced by hand-pollination. Since the Basta spray method developed in this study is easy to apply and economical, it will be a valuable tool for understanding the mechanism of gene flow through pollen transfer and for establishing a biosafety test protocol for genetically modified (GM) Chinese cabbage cultivars.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.247-261
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• 2023

Kimchi cabbage is widely consumed in Korea, with the popularity of this pickled vegetable dish growing internationally due to its health benefits. In this study, the physical (size, color), functional (antioxidant activity, total polyphenol, and flavonoid content), and nutritional (water- and fat-soluble vitamins) characteristics of two new kimchi cabbage varieties, namely red and gold kimchi cabbages (RKC and GKC, respectively), were analyzed and compared with those of the common kimchi cabbage (CKC). There were no significant differences in the thickness or length of the three kimchi cabbages, although RKC had the narrowest outer leaves among the three varieties (11.94 cm). Regarding chromaticity, yellowness was highest in GKC (29.86), whereas redness was highest in RKC (9.31). Furthermore, RKC had the highest recorded vitamin B₆ and B₉ (1,288.5 ㎍/100 g and 776.7 ㎍ dietary folate equivalent/100 g, respectively). On the other hand, the fat-soluble vitamins vitamin A (β-carotene) and K (Phylloquinone) were both highest in GKC (907.1 ㎍/100 g and 712.2 ㎍/100 g, respectively). Generally, all kimchi cabbage samples contained high levels of vitamin E (1.8-4.9 mg α-tocopherol equivalent/100 g). RKC attained the highest antioxidant activity and total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents among the three kimchi cabbages. These results show that gold and red kimchi cabbage can be used as raw materials in the food-processing industry.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.657-666
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• 2022

Nitrogen (N) is a vital element in growing crops and is essential for improving the yield and quality of crops. Thus, N fertilizer is the most widely used fertilizer and the primary N input source in soil-crop systems. Inorganic fertilizers such as urea are known to improve crop productivity and increase soil fertility. However, application with excessive amounts can interfere with crop growth and accelerate soil acidification. For these reasons, the use of organic fertilizers, which mainly contain organic nitrogen, has gradually increased worldwide. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of N fertilizer on the growth of Chinese cabbage including its functional compounds glucosinolates (GSLs). For the cultivation of Chinse cabbage, inorganic fertilizer was used for urea, and organic fertilizers were divided into conventional and biochar-based fertilizers. The growth parameters of Chinese cabbage treated by organic fertilizers was better than those of the inorganic fertilizers. Additionally, it was found that their co-application was more efficient. However, their GSL contents were lower with the application of the organic fertilizers. The characteristics of the experimental soil also changed according to the type, amounts and co-application of fertilizers. Therefore, this study presents the basis for an eco-friendly method that can increase the functionality and productivity of Chinese cabbage compared to conventional cultivations.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.713-721
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• 2011

Korean cabbage (Brassica campestris L.ssp.pekinensis) is one of the major cruciferous vegetables. Cruciferous vegetables contain a rare series of secondary metabolites of amino acids called glucosinolates, as well as carotenoids, tocopherol, vitamin C and fibers. This study evaluated the effect of common cooking methods (boiling, microwaving, steaming and frying) on the phytochemical content (lutein, ${\beta}$-carotene, ${\gamma}$-tocopherol, and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol), and total antioxidant capacity of Korean cabbages, determined by DPPH assay and ABTS assay. Boiling caused a decrease in carotenoids, lutein and tocopherols. Microwaving and steaming were relatively good cooking methods for maintaining lutein, ${\beta}$-carotene, ${\gamma}$-tocopherol, and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol. The overall results of this study demonstrate that some domestic cooking procedures, specifically microwave and steaming, increased the bioaccessibility of carotenoids and tocopherol, highlighting the positive role of the nutritional properties of Korean cabbage.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.1365-1367
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• 2011