• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.1219-1236
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between subject matter knowledge (SMK) and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) for science teachers. To this end, a total of 26 secondary Earth science teachers participated in this study and a concept diagnostic questionnaire and a lesson planning task of atmospheric pressure were devised to give an indication of participating teachers' SMK and PCK, respectively. The results of this study are summarized as follows: First, participating teachers showed a variety of SMK levels about atmospheric pressure. Second, teachers at high level of SMK focused on 'supplementary' and 'fundamental' curriculum contents for in-depth conceptual understanding, but teachers at low level of SMK, on the contrary, stressed 'applicative' curriculum contents. Third, teachers at high level of SMK grasped students' misconceptions and difficulties in learning atmospheric pressure far more concretely than teachers at low level of SMK. Lastly, teachers at high level of SMK showed a tendency to use learner-centered instructional strategy by utilizing students' prior knowledge, but teachers at low level of SMK were inclined toward teacher-directed concept explanation. Based on this study, some implications for effective science teacher preparation programs were also discussed.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2003

1. Objects of Research This research is purposed to find role and treatment mind of Sasang constitutional medicine in human genome age, through summarizing recognition of human and etiology. treatment on diseases proposed in Sasang constitutional medicine 2. Methods of Research It was researched as bibliologically with Dong-mu's chief medical writings such as ${\ulcorner}Dongyi$ Soose Bowon(東醫壽世保元)${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$Dongyi Soose Bowon Sasang Chongyun(東醫壽世保元四象草本卷${\lrcorner}$. 3. Results and Conclusions 1. The outlook on human of Sasang Constitutional Medicine was completed in the base on Confusianism and it recognized that human is consisted with congenital element based on 'Human nature-shape' and acquired element based on Knowledge-Acting. Dong-mu emphasised acquired element than inborn element. 2. Sasang Constitutional Medicine is thought that we ran overcome inborn limitation of each constitution through moral culture of aposteriori Knowledge-Acting. and that self-correction is methods which is applied to treatment of disease recovering Essential Qi of each constitution with moral culture of personality 3. Sasang Constitutional Medicine is recognizing Essential Qi by main standard that foretell prognosis of disease and emphasize recovery of Essential Qi through self-correction than way of 'Assisting-Good Qi' and 'Removig-Bad Qi' in treatment of disease. 4. Self-correction can be divided into non-herbal self-correction and herbal self-correction. Non-herbal self-correction is to control greed by aposteriori Knowledge-Acting and herbal self-correction is to recover Essential Qi by herb. 5. It is thought that the present constitutional disease is consisted by accumulating life habit nature of a disease of ordinary times, and Sasang Constitutional Medicine that present constitutional disease is treated through administration of life habit nature of a disease of ordinary times in Sasang Constitutional Medicine. 6. Treatment mind to correct oneself into Golden Mean through controlling Knowledge-Acting in Sasang Constitutional Medicine may get into important treatment guide of gene medicine age.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.81-86
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• 2002

In current CBR(Case-Based Reasoning) systems, the case adaptation is usually performed by rule-based method that use rules hand-coded by the system developer. So, CBR system designer faces knowledge acquisition bottleneck similar to those found in traditional expert system design. In this thesis, 1 present a model for learning method of case adaptation knowledge using case base. The feature difference of each pair of cases are noted and become the antecedent part of an adaptation rule, the differences between the solutions in the compared cases become the consequent part of the rule. However, the number of rules that can possibly be discovered using a learning algorithm is enormous. The first method for finding cases to compare uses a syntactic measure of the distance between cases. The threshold fur identification of candidates for comparison is fixed th the maximum number of differences between the target and retrived case from all retrievals. The second method is to use similarity metric since the threshold method may not be an accurate measure. I suggest the elimination method of duplicate rules. In the elimination process, a confidence value is assigned to each rule based on its frequency. The learned adaptation rules is applied in riven target Problem. The basic. process involves search for all rules that handle at least one difference followed by a combination process in which complete solutions are built.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.351-368
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• 2005

The manual construction of the knowledge-base takes much time and effort, and it is hard to adjust intelligence systems to dynamic and flexible environment. Thus mental development in those systems has been investigated in recent years. Autonomous mental development is a new paradigm for developing autonomous machines, which are adaptive and flexible to the environment. Learning conversation, a kind of mental development, is an important aspect of conversational agents. In this paper, we propose a learning conversation method for conversational agents which uses several promising techniques; speech-act templates and genetic programming. Knowledge acquisition of conversational agents is implemented by finite state machines and templates, and dynamic sentence generation is implemented by genetic programming Several illustrations and usability tests how the usefulness of the proposed method.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1992.10b
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• pp.74-78
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• 1992

This paper describes an intelligent system to automatic evaluation of eddy current(EC) signal for Inspection of steam generator(SG) tubes in nuclear power plant. Some features of the intelligent system design in the proposed system are : (1) separation of representation scheme ,or event capturing knowledge in EC signal and for structural inspection knowledge in SG tubes inspection; (2) each representation scheme is implemented in different methods, one is syntactic pattern grammar and the other is rule based production. This intelligent system also includes an data base system and an user interface system to support integration of the hybrid knowledge processing methods. The intelligent system based on the proposed concept is useful in simplifying the knowledge elicitation process of the rule based production system, and in increasing the performance in real time signal inspection application.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.9-25
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• 1991

This tutorial paper has been written for biologists, physicians or beginners in fuzzy sets theory and applications. This field is introduced in the framework of medical diagnosis problems. The paper describes and illustrates with practical examples, a general methodology of special interest in the processing of borderline cases, that allows a graded assignment of diagnoses to patients. A pattern of medical knowledge consists of a tableau with linguistic entries or of fuzzy propositions. Relationships between symptoms and diagnoses are interpreted as labels of fuzzy sets. It is shown how possibility measures (soft matching) can be used and combined to derive diagnoses after measurements on collected data. The concepts and methods are illustrated in a biomedical application on inflammatory protein variations. In the case of poor diagnostic classifications, it is introduced appropriate ponderations, acting on the characterizations of proteins, in order to decrease their relative influence. As a consequence, when pattern matching is achieved, the final ranking of inflammatory syndromes assigned to a given patient might change to better fit the actual classification. Defuzzification of results (i.e. diagnostic groups assigned to patients) is performed as a non fuzzy sets partition issued from a "separating power", and not as the center of gravity method commonly employed in fuzzy control. It is then introduced a model of fuzzy connectionist expert system, in which an artificial neural network is designed to build the knowledge base of an expert system, from training examples (this model can also be used for specifications of rules in fuzzy logic control). Two types of weights are associated with the connections: primary linguistic weights, interpreted as labels of fuzzy sets, and secondary numerical weights. Cell activation is computed through MIN-MAX fuzzy equations of the weights. Learning consists in finding the (numerical) weights and the network topology. This feed forward network is described and illustrated in the same biomedical domain as in the first part.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.295-305
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• 2017

Objectives: This study was performed to provide a reference base to establish foundation for education about dental hygienist-related medical law and introduction of the system. Methods: A survey was conducted on 210 dental hygienists working at a dental clinic/ hospital in Jeollado. Data were analysed through chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, independent t-test, and Pearson's correlation analysis using SPSS 21.0 program. The study instruments included general characteristics of the subjects, knowledge on laws related to dental hygiene, attitude towards dental hygienist-related medical laws, level of understanding of medical related laws, and medical dispute educational hours. Results: The knowledge of dental hygienist-related medical law was high in dental hygienists aged 25 years and younger and with less than 3 years of clinical experience (p<0.05). The attitude towards the law was low in age of younger than 25 years, a three year college degree, a job position as a staff member, more than 5 years of work experience at present work place, and less than 3 years of clinical experience (p<0.05). Understanding of medical related laws was high in clinical staff members and with less than 3 years of clinical experience (p<0.05). Educational needs for medical dispute prevention was high in a job position as a staff member, low level of attitude towards dental hygienist-related medical law, and no attainment of education on medical dispute (p<0.05). Conclusions: The above results demonstrate that education and public relations about laws related with dental hygiene practice are essential. It is imperative to establish a systematic and bureaucratic legal system to prevent dental malpractice.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.107-118
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• 2002

This paper deals with an automated computer-aided process planning and die design system by which designer can determine operation sequences even if they have a little experience in process planning and die design of quasi-axisymmetric cold forging product by cold former working. The approach to the system is based on knowledge-based rules and a process knowledge base consisting of design rules is built. Knowledge for the system is formulated from plasticity theories, empirical results and the empirical knowledge of field experts. Programs for the system have been written in AutoLISP for the AutoCAD using a personal computer. An attempt is made to link programs incorporating a number of expert design rules with the process variables obtained by commercial FEM softwares, DEFORM and ANSYS, to form a useful package. The system is composed of three main modules and five sub-modules. The process planning and die design module considers several factors, such as the complexities of preform geometry, punch and die profiles, specifications of available cold farmer, and the availability of standard parts. As the system using 2D geometry recognition is integrated with the technology of process planning, die design, and CAE analysis, the standardization of die parts for wheel bolt requiring cold forging process is possible. The developed system makes it possible to design and manufacture quasi-axisymmetric cold forging product more efficiently.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.29-38
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• 2003

This paper deals with an automated computer-aided process planning and die design system with which designer can determine operation sequences even after only a little experience in process planning and die design of multi former-bolt products by multi-stage former working. The approach is based on knowledge-based rules, and a process knowledge base consisting of design rules is built. Knowledge fur the system is formulated from plasticity theories, empirical results and the empirical knowledge of field experts. Programs for the system have been written in AutoLISP for AutoCAD with a personal computer. An attempt is made to link programs incorporating a number of expert design rules with the process variables obtained by commercial FEM softwares, DEFORM and ANSYS, to form a useful package. The system is composed of four main modules. The process planning and die design module considers several factors, such as the complexities of preform geometry, punch and die profiles, specifications of available multi former, and the availability of standard parts. It can provide a flexible process based on either the reduction in the number of forming sequences by combining the possible two processes in sequence, or the reduction of deviation of the distribution and the level of the required forming loads by controlling the forming ratios. The system uses 2D geometry recognition and is integrated with the technology of process planning, die design, and CAE analysis. The standardization of die parts for multi former-bolt products requiring a cold forging process is described. The system developed makes it possible to design and manufacture multi former-bolt products more efficiently.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.301-316
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• 2012

Ball, Thames & Phelps(2008) introduced the idea of Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching(MKT) teacher. Specialized Content Knowledge(SCK) is one of six categories in MKT. SCK is a knowledge base, useful especially for math teachers to analyze errors, evaluate alternative ideas, give mathematical explanations and use mathematical representation. The purpose of this study is to analyze the elementary teacher's SCK. 29 six graders made word problems with respect to division fraction $9/10{\div}2/5$. These word problems were classified four sentence types based on Sinicrope, Mick & Kolb(2002) and then representative four sentence types were given to 10 teachers who have taught six graders. Data analysis was conducted through the teachers' evaluation of the answers(word problems) and revision of students' mathematical errors. This study showed how to know meanings of fraction division for effective teaching. Moreover, it suggested several implications to develop SCK for teaching and learning.