• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• no.78
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• pp.33-41
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• 2007

Alpine caves, subterranean passages, are extensively controlled by folds and faults. Caves of the regions demonstrate a significant dip of the passages due to the structural deformations. There are many vertical voids and shaft. Speleo-scapes in the internal caves are various. Calcite formations show the water table alternations which indicate the uplifting and erosional base level droppings during at least the Quaternary. Around cave entrenches there are remnants of the Fluvial terraces on the middle of the hills. These relationship between cave locations and terraces will generate a key to the Plestocene history of the south Korean peninsula. Hence, the Korean karst is turned as "the overburden alpine karst".

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• no.95
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• pp.23-33
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• 2009

This study analyzed the distribution of China's caves and cave resources in Research. The results are as follows: First, China's melting karst caves are mainly distributed in southwest widely distributed. Recently in Beijing and other northern areas found in many caves. First, China's Karst caves are mainly distributed in karst-flung southwest. Recently in Beijing and other northern areas found in many caves. Second, although China is widespread volcanic landscapes, but most of the extinct volcano, the lava caves less so. Are mainly distributed in Hainan Island, north-east there are some distribution. Third, China's recent development and evolution of the cave, analysis of the paleo-environment records of cave stalagmites, cave biology, cave tourism development, environmental aspects of cave research more active.

• Journal of the speleological society of Korea
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• no.5
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• pp.56-65
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• 1997

The cavernous rocks of New Zealand can be grouped broadly into two main geologic types-the massive, metamorphosed, Ordovician, Mt. Arthour Marble of north-west South Island, and the stratified, bioclastic, Tertiary Te Kuiti limestones of western regions of both islands. Although much cave exploration has been carried out in both these regions, the principal study so far has involved caves and karst in the central western portion of North Island near the well-known Waitomo Caves, where some 85km of caves have been surveyed during the past 12 years by members of New Zealand Speleolgical Society.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• no.69
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• pp.21-31
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• 2005

There are lots of depression forms and closed small hollows in the Karst landforms. For example, doline, uvalas, corrosion plains are belong to this case. In Karst surface it can be find that the gorges, meander caves, natural bridges, blind valleys, steepheads and dry valleys are well known landforms.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.23-36
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• 2010

The Cat Ba Islands in Hai Phong City, northern Vietnam, consist of a large limestone island with a maximum height of 322 m above sea level and 366 small limestone islets with a total area of about $180\;km^2$. The islands are relicts of karst limestone mountains that became submerged during the Holocene transgression 7000 - 8000 year ago. The combination of the longtime karst process and recent marine processes in the monsoonal tropical zone has created a very diversity landscape on the Cat Ba Islands that can be divided into 3 habitat types with 16 forms. The first habitat type is the karst mountains and hills, including karst mountains and hills, karst valleys and dolines, karst lakes, karst caves, and old marine terraces. The second habitat type is the limestone island coast, including beaches, mangrove marshes, tidal flats, rocky coasts, marine notch caves, marine karst lakes, and bights. The third habitat type is karst plains submerged by the sea, including karst cones (fengcong) and towers (fengling), bedrock exposed on the seabed, sandy mud seabed, and submerged channels. Like the landscape, the biodiversity is also high in ecosystems composed of scrub cover - bare hills, rainy tropical forests, paddy fields and gardens, swamps, caves, beaches, mangrove forests, tidal flats, rocky coasts, marine krast lakes, coral reefs, hard bottoms, seagrass beds and soft bottoms. The ecosystems on the Cat Ba Islands that support very high species biodiversity include tropical evergreen rainforests, soft bottoms; coral reefs, mangrove forests, and marine karst lakes. A total of 2,380 species have been recorded in the Cat Ba Islands, included 741 species of terrestrial plants; 282 species of terrestrial animals; 30 species of mangrove plants; 287 species of phytoplankton; 79 species of seaweed; 79 species of zooplankton; 196 species of marine fishes; 154 species of corals; and 538 species of zoobenthos. Many of these species are listed in the Red Book of Vietnam as endangered species, included the white-headed or Cat Ba langur (Trachypithecus poliocephalus), a famous endemic species. Human activities have resulted in significantly changes to the landscape end ecosytems of the Cat Ba islands; however, many natural aspects of the islandsd have been preserved. For this reason, the Cat Ba Islands were recognized as a Biological Reserved Area by UNESCO in 2004.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 2012

Two new harpacticoid species belonging to the genera $Microarthridion$ Lang, 1944 (Tachidiidae) and $Nitocra$ Boeck, 1864 (Ameiridae) are recorded from underground caves in the karst area of Ninh Binh Province, North Vietnam. $Microarthridion$ $thanhi$ n. sp. is distinguished from congeneric species by the number of setae on the antennary exopod, the structure of leg 5 in both sexes, and the finger-like process modified from an outer distal pinnate seta of the third endopodal segment of leg 2 in the male. $Nitocra$ $vietnamensis$ n. sp. has the character combination of six setae on the ellipsoidal exopod of leg 5 in both sexes, the first endopodal segment of leg 1 shorter than the whole exopod, the seta/spine armature of an inner seta of P2-P4 enp-1 and four elements on P2 enp-3, and the reduction of the proximal endite to a seta on the maxillary syncoxa.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• no.90
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• pp.35-56
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• 2009

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the implementation of the karst infrastructure systems for the u-cave. IT based u-cave represents spatial information derived fields, such as geographical distribution of the cave boundaries, physical configuration of the cave locations and formation characteristics of the karst history. These three aspects relate to karst infrastructure systems, cave monitoring center and spatial database implementation. In terms of the IT based u-cave infrastructure implementation systems, the u-cave depends on IT contents and spatial features. uIT contents are strongly related to IT839 strategy due to the national agenda is "u-Korea". Cave should contribute to u-cave construction through the spatial analyses methods including USN, RFID, LiDAR, ELD, and GIS technologies. For these methods various cave functions will guide to u-cave's distribution, location, and characteristics of karst. The infrastructure consists of landforms and speleothem facilities, underground related facilities, environmental protection systems, and cave planning. These six units of the cave infrastructures have spatial databases that consist of spatial configuration, such as 4-D in order to draw the spatial distribution of the limestone and lava caves. IT based u-cave system infrastructure implementation should deal with IT convergence to generate fusion affects.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.415-421
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• 2018

A location determining method is proposed for critical sliding surface in the stability analysis of the filling materials in karst caves. First, a preliminary location of the sliding surface is determined based on simulation results which includes displacement contour and plastic zone. The sliding surface will locate on the bottom contact interface when the friction angle is relative small. However, a weakened contact interface always becomes the critical sliding surface no matter what the friction angle is. Then when the friction angle becomes larger, the critical sliding surface inside fillings can be determined by a parabola, the coefficient of which increases linearly with the friction angle under the same cohesion. Finally, the critical sliding surface approximately remains unchanged with friction angle. The influence of cohesion is similar to that of friction angle. Although affected by shape, size or position of the karst cave, the critical sliding surface mainly depends on both friction angle and cohesion. Thus, this method is always useful in determining the critical sliding surface.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2013

This study aims to provide fundamental data for further shape-factor research on karst by measuring and classifying the shape of surface topography in Hogye, Mungyeong. First, in the research area, there are 35 dolines and uvalas. Second, large uvalas are found in three places, including Gulnomjae in Bugokri, and Teotgol and Denjimigol in Urori. Third, there are 13 round dolines and 22 oval dolines. Next examining the cross section of dolines, there are 27 bowl shaped dolines, 2 plate shaped dolines, and 6 funnel shaped dolines. Fourth, most dolines lay over 200m elevation, which is ridge and top of mountain. Fifth, development direction of dolines resembles the strike direction of limestone in Hogye, suggesting that the development direction of limestone affects doline corrosion. From this situation, we can guess sinkholes of the doline would be linked with limestone caves by the underground water pipe. Three limestone caves, karren and dry valley etc. appear in the research area.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.303-312
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• 2022

The natural hydrology and geological conditions of Xintian County was investigated, the development law of regional karst fissures was studied, the groundwater was collected and tested through a large-scale collection of groundwater to obtain the change law of chemical characteristics and water quality characteristics of groundwater, and the water quality evaluation was carried out for the regional karst groundwater in this paper. The results show that, the whole area is dominated by carbonate rock distribution areas, and the distribution of water systems is relatively developed. The strata are distributed from the Lower Paleozoic Cambrian to the Cenozoic Quaternary, and contain multiple first-order folds. The regional karst dynamic action is strong, and many tunnels or caves of different scales were shown, which are conducive to the enrichment of groundwater. Karst groundwater is neutral and alkaline water, the water is clear and transparent with good taste, and meets the national drinking water hygiene standards. The content of toxic trace elements and fluoride in the water source is generally lower than the limit value specified by the national standard and the accumulated toxic heavy metals is never found. The overall water quality is of good quality and suitable for the development and utilization of various purposes.