• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.220-227
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• 2019

Purpose: To evaluate the usefulness of wash-in color map in detecting early enhancement of prostate focal lesion compared to whole dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DEC MRI) images. Materials and Methods: This study engaged 50 prostate cancer patients who underwent multiparametric MRI and radical prostatectomy as subjects. An expert [R1] and a trainee [R2] independently evaluated early enhancement and recorded the time needed to review 1) a wash-in color map and 2) whole DCE MRI images. Results: The review of whole DCE images by R1 showed fair agreement with color map by R1, whole images by R2, and color map by R2 (weighted kappa values = 0.59, 0.44, and 0.58, respectively). Both readers took a significantly shorter time to review the color maps as compared to whole images (P < 0.001). Conclusion: A trainee could achieve better agreement with an expert when using wash-in color maps than when using whole DCE MRI images. Also, color maps took a significantly shorter evaluation time than whole images.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.426-438
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to help science gifted students construct posters after conducting scientific open inquiry. To this end, we analyzed 25 posters written by elementary science gifted students and extracted deficient aspects from the posters. Based on this, a checklist consisting of 17 items in 5 categories was developed to help students construct posters. By applying the developed checklist to the evaluation of 14 posters constructed by science gifted students in middle school, the correlations between evaluators and Cohen's kappa values showed high reliability. In addition, by comparing the evaluation results of the seven 7 posters constructed using the checklist with the evaluation results of control group, a significant difference at the level of p<.01 was obtained, therefore, the usefulness of the checklist was confirmed. Students who used checklists responded positively, including that the checklist helped them to recognize deficiencies in their inquiry and to construct posters systematically without omitting key items of the posters. Finally, additional considerations were discussed for the preparation and presentation of the students' posters.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.83-91
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• 2022

Purpose: This study assessed the associations between chronological age, dental maturation (DM), cervical vertebrae maturation (CVM), and hand-wrist maturation (HWM) in individuals aged 9-19 years. In addition, this study aimed to derive practical methods to evaluate the skeletal age using DM, CVM, or HWM for orthodontic, medical, and forensic purposes and to compare which of these 3 developmental parameters is more accurate for estimating the age of individuals in a Turkish population. Materials and Methods: Panoramic, lateral cephalometric, and hand-wrist radiographs of 284 patients aged 9-19 years were used in this study. The DM, CVM, and HWM stages were determined. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov, kappa, Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis, chi-square, and Spearman correlation tests and simple linear regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. The significance level was 0.05. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between chronological age and DM, chronological age and CVM, and chronological age and HWM in both sexes (P<0.05). DM did not show statistically significant differences according to sex (P>0.05), but CVM and HWM were statistically different between males and females (P<0.05). The DM-estimated age yielded more accurate values than the other methods. Conclusion: All correlations between skeletal and dental stages were statistically significant. Our results showed that there was no statistically significant difference between chronological age and DM-estimated age. Therefore, it can be concluded that DM stages have the potential to be used for legal purposes.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.321-327
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• 2022

Background: Scapular dyskinesis is considered a risk factor for the shoulder pain that may warrant screening for prevention. Clinicians of all experience screen scapular dyskinesis using the scapular dyskinesis test yes-no classification (Y-N), yet its reliability in asymptomatic individuals is unknown. We aimed to establish Y-N's intra- and inter-reliability between students and expert physical therapists. Methods: We utilized a cross-sectional design using consecutive asymptomatic subjects. Six students and two experts rated 100 subjects using the Y-N. Cohen's kappa (κ) and Krippendorff's alpha (K-α) were calculated to determine intra- and inter-rater reliability. Results: Intra- and inter-rater values for experts were κ=0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91-0.93) and 0.85 (95% CI, 0.84-0.87) respectively; students were κ=0.77 (95% CI, 0.75-0.78) and K-α=0.63 (95% CI, 0.58-0.67). Conclusions: The Y-N is reliable in detecting scapular dyskinesis in asymptomatic individuals regardless of experience.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.1071-1083
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• 2023

The on-the-fly energy release per fission (OTFK) model is implemented in STREAM to continuously update the Kappa values during the depletion calculation. The explicit neutron and photon energy distribution, which has not been considered in previous STREAM versions, is incorporated into the existing on-the-fly model. The impacts of the modified OTFK model with explicit neutron and photon heating in STREAM on the power distribution, fuel temperature, and other core parameters during depletion with feedback calculations are studied using several problems from the VERA benchmark suit. Overall, the explicit heating calculation provides a better power map for the feedback calculations particularly when strong gamma emitters are present. Generally, the fuel temperature decreases when neutron and photon heating is employed because fission neutrons and gamma rays are transported away from their points of generation. This energy release model in STREAM indicates that gamma energy accounts for approximately 9.5%-10% of the total energy released, and approximately 2.4%-2.6% of the total energy released will be deposited in the coolant for the VERA 5, NuScale, and Yonggwang Unit 3 2D cores.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제59권6호
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• pp.638-643
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• 2005

목 적 : 본 연구는 외래에서 진료가 가능한 경도의 천식 환자에서 $FEV_1$ %와 PEFR% 값의 연관성을 알아보고자 시행 하였다. 방 법 : 2003년 9월부터 2004년 8월까지 건국 대학교 병원 호흡기 내과 외래에서 진료를 받은 경증의 기관지 천식 환자들을 대상으로 PEFR과 $FEV_1$를 측정하여 두 검사 값 사이의 연관성을 분석하였다. 결 과 : $FEV_1$ (predicted %)로 경증으로 분류된 87명의 환자 중 PEFR 검사로 82명(94.3%)의 환자가 동일한 경증으로 분류되었고, $FEV_1$ %가 중등증으로 분류된 5명의 환자 중 PEFR로 중증도 분류 시 5명(100%) 모두 동일한 중등증 분류되었다. $FEV_1$ %에 의한 중증도와 PEFR %에 의한 중증도가 일치하지 않는 경우는 전체 92명 중 5명(5.7%)였다. $FEV_1$ %와 PEFR %값의 상관 계수는0.686로(Y= 0.427 + 56.35 X, p<0.01 순상관 관계를 보였고 가중 ${\kappa}$(kappa)상관계수는 0.74 (95% CI, 0.63-0.81)로 일치성을 보였다. 결 론 : 증상이 심하지 않은 경도의 천식 환자에서 PEFR%와 $FEV_1$ %은 높은 일치성을 보여 상호 교환 사용이 가능할 것으로 생각되며, 경도의 증상만 있는 천식 환자에 대해서 폐 기능 검사 기계가 구비되어 있지 않은 의료 기관에서 최대 호기 유속기의 올바른 사용만으로도 정확하고 객관적인 자료를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.351-363
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• 2014

본 연구는 도시지역의 식품상점 환경을 측정하기 위한 조사도구를 개발하고, 활용가능성 및 신뢰도를 검증하기 위해 실시하였다. 문헌고찰을 통해 기 개발된 식품상점 조사도구를 검토하여, 우리나라 실정에 맞는 식환경 조사도구를 개발하였고, 크게 식품상점의 특성, 접근성, 식품의 이용가능성에 대한 문항으로 구성하였다. 개발된 조사도구의 현장 적용성 검토를 위해 소요시간, 응답수월성, 참여의사, 현장조사의 어려움, 사용된 용어의 적절성 등을 평가한 결과, 조사시간이 상점의 특성에 따라 차이가 있다는 점을 제외하고는, 모든 측면에서 현장적용성이 높았다. 그리고 식품의 이용가능성 문항에 대해 신뢰도를 검증한 결과, 조사자간 및 조사자내 일치율이 매우 높았다. 건강이 강조된 식품의 경우에는 일반식품에 비해 상대적으로 일치율이 낮았으나, 여전히 높은 일치율 수준을 보였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 식환경 조사도구는 현장적용성과 신뢰도가 높은 것이 확인되었으므로, 추후에 객관적인 식환경 측정이 필요한연구에 다양하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.135-141
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• 2002

내진설계에 이용되는 지반진동과 관련된 주요 입력자료는 지진재해도 및 지반 응답스펙트럼 등이 있고 이러한 지진재해도 및 지반 응답스펙트럼을 평가하기 위하여 지역특성에 고유한 감쇠식이 필수적이다. 지역특성에 적합한 지반진동 감쇠식의 계수를 결정하기 위해 지진원 변수 및 지진파 전달특성 변수가 반드시 필요하고 본 논문에서는 지진원 변수 및 지진파 전달특성 변수를 평가하였다. 지진원 변수 및 지진파 전달특성 변수는 관측 지반 지진동에 대해 비선형적인 지배방정식을 이루고 있는 모델을 이용하였다. 이러한 비선형 지배방정식에 대한 수치해석 알고리즘을 통하여 지진원 변수 및 지진파 전달특성 변수 전체를 동시에 구하였다. 지반진동 자료는 주로 한반도 동남부 지역에서 발생하여 경상분지 주변 관측망에서 관측된 지반진동 자료를 이용하였다. 분석결과에 의하면 3개 지진원의 모멘트 지진규모(Mw)는 각각 2.9, 3.1 및 3.2로 분석되었다. 또한 3개 지진원의 코너 주파수는 각각 8.2, 6.9 및 8.3 Hz로 분석되었다. 그리고 지각 심부의 비탄성 감쇠율(Qo) 및 주파수 지수값 (${\eta}$)은 약 211 및 0.63으로 평가되었다. 지각 천부의 비탄성 감쇠율(${\kappa}$)은 각각의 관측소에서 약 0.02에서 약 0.06의 범위의 값을 가지고 있는 것으로 평가하였다. 결론적으로 하부지각 및 상부 지각의 비탄성 감쇠율 값을 미국 중동부와 서부와 비교할 경우 미국의 서부지역과 유사한 값을 보여주었다. 또한 지진원의 특성도 응력강하값 만을 고려한다면 역시 미국의 서부지역과 유사한 값을 보여주었다.TEX>의 범위로서 관측치와 거의 일치하였다. 그리고 분석유역의 양수 전의 모의발생분석 결과를 이용하여 지하등수두분포와 유속벡터를 산정한 결과 지하수 유동분포는 높은오름과 문석이오름 등에서 월랑봉, 용눈이오름 및 손자봉 등 각 방향으로 고르게 유출되고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 이러한 분석결과는 MODFLOW모델과 비교할 때 일치된 결과를 나타내었다.기 등 벼 생육의 질적인 변화를 보이는 시기에 따라 나누어 분석하는 것이 변화추이를 더 잘 설명하는 것으로 나타났다. 모든 군에서 법랑질에 대한 광중합 복합레진의 미세전단 결합강도는 화학중합 복합레진보다 통계학적으로 높게 나타났다 (p < 0.05). 4. 모든 접착제와 법랑질 계면은 긴밀한 접합을 나타내어 화학중합 복합레진과 접착제 간에 비적합성이 나타나지 않았다.이를 나타내었다. (F = 49.705, p = 0.000) 3. B-IM군의 Ra 증감율은 F 군에 비해 210.72%감소되었으며, B-8 군과 B-15군의 Ra 증감율은 B-IM군에 비해 각각 35.49%와 51.35% 증가되었다. 4. FE-SEM 관찰에서 B-IM 군은 매우 평활한 복합레진 표면을 나타내었고, B-8 군은 전체적으로 평활한 복합레진 표면을 보였지만 표면에 수직으로 아주 얕은 흠집을 나타내었다. B-15 군은 복합레진 표면의 중앙에서 B-8군보다 더 넓고 불규칙한 수직의 흠집을 나타내었고, B-18군은 복합레진 표면 전체에 넓은 흠집을 나타내었다.교적 낮은 농도의 영양염류를 가지고 있고, 많은 처리수량을 요구하는 부영양화된 저수지의 수질개선을 위해서는 높은 수리학적 부하조건에서 시간당 정화량을 늘리는 관리방법이

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.376-394
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• 1996

This study evaluated the reproducibility and validity of the self-administered semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire used in a large prospective cohort study(Korean Cancer Research Survey) in middle-aged men. The questionnaire was administered twice at an interval of approximately two years(December, 1992-January, 1995), and four or five 24-hour recalls for each subject were collected at intervals of approximately three months. The results were as follows; 1) Although the distributions of the data estimated by the questionnaire were somewhat wider, the mean nutrient intakes of group estimated by our questionnaires and the multiple 24-hour recalls were roughly comparable. 2) The reproducibility determined by correlation of absolute(unadjusted nutrient intake) and calorie adjusted nutrient intakes from two semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires were more than 0.5, and the weighted kappa values were more than 0.4. 3) The Pearson correlation coefficients between unadjusted nutrient intakes values were average 0.40 on the average(Ca, 0.13-Carbohydrate, 0.58) at the first questionnaire vs. 24-hour recalls, and 0.28 at the second questionnaire vs. 24-hour recalls. The spearman rank order correlation coefficients were similar. When energy intake was adjusted, there was a slight reduction : 0.28 at the second questionnaire, 0.25 average on the second. In order to correct the measurement error of 24-hour recall data, the deattenuated correlation coefficient was calculated. It averaged 0.53 on the first questionnaire, 0.37 on the second questionnaire for unadjusted nutrient intake. for calorie-adjusted nutrient intake, it averaged 0.44 on the first questionnaire, 0.37 on the second questionnarie. 4) There was lower agreement(k<0.4) between the questionnaries and the 24-hour recalls. And the subjects classified in the same quartile by 24-hour recalls and first questionnaire were average 37$\%$(energy-adjusted values) and 40$\%$(unadjusted values) on the average. More than k10$\%$(average) of subjects were in the extreme quartile of the questionnarie and 24-hour recall method. But 8.2$\%$(average) of subjects classified in the lowest quartile of unadjusted nutrient intake level by the 24-hour recalls were in the highest quartile by the first questionnaire. These data indicate that our self-administered semiquantitative food frequency questionnarie is reproducible. Correlation coefficients comparing nutrient intakes measured by two different dietary assessment methods were less than 0.5. The validity of our questionnarie is not high enough.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.603-609
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• 2003

This study examined the reproducibility of nutrient intakes estimated by the 24-hour recall method in a prospective cohort study (Longitudinal study of aging and health monitoring of Korean elderly) of middle-aged volunteer subjects (42 males and 49 females) in the Seoul area. The three-day 24-hour recall was administered twice at an interval of approximately 6 months. The first data were collected and a corrective procedure was performed by interviewing of the subjects and a trained dietitian. The second data were collected by mail from the subjects without the performance of any corrective procedure. The mean age of the subjects was 53.5 $\pm$ 9.6 for the males and 52.2 $\pm$ 8.9 for the females. The subjects who had above college education were 95% in the case of the males and 60% in the case of the females. The characteristics of the male subjects in this study were that they were highly educated and held professional jobs and were from the middle or upper class. Comparing the first and second 24-hour recall data, the second data showed relatively lower intakes of all nutrients, except vitamin A, vitamin Bi and cholesterol. There was no difference in the nutrients of the first and the second data with respect to vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$ and cholesterol in the males and calcium, iron, sodium, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$ and cholesterol in the females. This data may indicate that the 24 hour retail method without a dietitian's help may result in lower reporting of the subject's intakes. The men had a tendency to remember less than the women. Pearson's correlation coefficients with unadjusted nutrient intakes values were ranged from 0.24 to 0.66. When energy intake was adjusted, there was a slight increase (from 0.26 to 0.71). Intra-class correlation coefficients with nutrient-unadjusted values ranged from 0.22 to 0.66, and the energy-adjusted values were ranged from 0.23 to 0.69. The weighted Kappa statistical values ranged from 0.10 to 0.40. On the average,46.3% of the subjects who were found in the lowest quartile of the nutrient intake levels based on the first 24-hour recall, were in the lowest quartile based on the second 24-hour recall. Therefore, there was a low reproducibility between the first and the second 24-hour recall. We should examine the factors influencing low reproducibility. Also, strategies should be developed to maximize the reliability of the assessment, with regard to portion-size training and telephone validation. (Korean J Community Nutrition 8(4) : 603∼609, 2003)